1
|
Hruska-Plochan M, Wiersma VI, Betz KM, Mallona I, Ronchi S, Maniecka Z, Hock EM, Tantardini E, Laferriere F, Sahadevan S, Hoop V, Delvendahl I, Pérez-Berlanga M, Gatta B, Panatta M, van der Bourg A, Bohaciakova D, Sharma P, De Vos L, Frontzek K, Aguzzi A, Lashley T, Robinson MD, Karayannis T, Mueller M, Hierlemann A, Polymenidou M. A model of human neural networks reveals NPTX2 pathology in ALS and FTLD. Nature 2024; 626:1073-1083. [PMID: 38355792 PMCID: PMC10901740 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Human cellular models of neurodegeneration require reproducibility and longevity, which is necessary for simulating age-dependent diseases. Such systems are particularly needed for TDP-43 proteinopathies1, which involve human-specific mechanisms2-5 that cannot be directly studied in animal models. Here, to explore the emergence and consequences of TDP-43 pathologies, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, colony morphology neural stem cells (iCoMoNSCs) via manual selection of neural precursors6. Single-cell transcriptomics and comparison to independent neural stem cells7 showed that iCoMoNSCs are uniquely homogenous and self-renewing. Differentiated iCoMoNSCs formed a self-organized multicellular system consisting of synaptically connected and electrophysiologically active neurons, which matured into long-lived functional networks (which we designate iNets). Neuronal and glial maturation in iNets was similar to that of cortical organoids8. Overexpression of wild-type TDP-43 in a minority of neurons within iNets led to progressive fragmentation and aggregation of the protein, resulting in a partial loss of function and neurotoxicity. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a novel set of misregulated RNA targets in TDP-43-overexpressing neurons and in patients with TDP-43 proteinopathies exhibiting a loss of nuclear TDP-43. The strongest misregulated target encoded the synaptic protein NPTX2, the levels of which are controlled by TDP-43 binding on its 3' untranslated region. When NPTX2 was overexpressed in iNets, it exhibited neurotoxicity, whereas correcting NPTX2 misregulation partially rescued neurons from TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration. Notably, NPTX2 was consistently misaccumulated in neurons from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology. Our work directly links TDP-43 misregulation and NPTX2 accumulation, thereby revealing a TDP-43-dependent pathway of neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera I Wiersma
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina M Betz
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Izaskun Mallona
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ronchi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna Maniecka
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva-Maria Hock
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florent Laferriere
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonu Sahadevan
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Hoop
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Gatta
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Panatta
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- NCCR RNA and Disease Technology Platform, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura De Vos
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological diseases, Department of Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Voigt FF, Kirschenbaum D, Platonova E, Pagès S, Campbell RAA, Kastli R, Schaettin M, Egolf L, van der Bourg A, Bethge P, Haenraets K, Frézel N, Topilko T, Perin P, Hillier D, Hildebrand S, Schueth A, Roebroeck A, Roska B, Stoeckli ET, Pizzala R, Renier N, Zeilhofer HU, Karayannis T, Ziegler U, Batti L, Holtmaat A, Lüscher C, Aguzzi A, Helmchen F. The mesoSPIM initiative: open-source light-sheet microscopes for imaging cleared tissue. Nat Methods 2019; 16:1105-1108. [PMID: 31527839 PMCID: PMC6824906 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Light-sheet microscopy is an ideal technique for imaging large cleared samples; however, the community is still lacking instruments capable of producing volumetric images of centimeter-sized cleared samples with near-isotropic resolution within minutes. Here, we introduce the mesoscale selective plane-illumination microscopy initiative, an open-hardware project for building and operating a light-sheet microscope that addresses these challenges and is compatible with any type of cleared or expanded sample ( www.mesospim.org ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F Voigt
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Evgenia Platonova
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Pagès
- Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva Neuroscience Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rahel Kastli
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Schaettin
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ladan Egolf
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander van der Bourg
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Bethge
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karen Haenraets
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Frézel
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniel Hillier
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sven Hildebrand
- Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Schueth
- Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Botond Roska
- Friedrich Miescher Institute Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Batti
- Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Holtmaat
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva Neuroscience Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva Neuroscience Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Bourg A, Yang JW, Stüttgen MC, Reyes-Puerta V, Helmchen F, Luhmann HJ. Temporal refinement of sensory-evoked activity across layers in developing mouse barrel cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2955-2969. [PMID: 30941846 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic whisking behavior in rodents fully develops during a critical period about 2 weeks after birth, in parallel with the maturation of other sensory modalities and the onset of exploratory locomotion. How whisker-related sensory processing develops during this period in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized neuronal activity evoked by single- or dual-whisker stimulation patterns in developing S1, before, during and after the occurrence of active whisking. Employing multi-electrode recordings in all layers of barrel cortex in urethane-anesthetized mice, we find layer-specific changes in multi-unit activity for principal and neighboring barrel columns. While whisker stimulation evoked similar early responses (0-50 ms post-stimulus) across development, the late response (50-150 ms post-stimulus) decreased in all layers with age. Furthermore, peak onset times and the duration of the late response decreased in all layers across age groups. Responses to paired-pulse stimulation showed increases in spiking precision and in paired-pulse ratios in all cortical layers during development. Sequential activation of two neighboring whiskers with varying stimulus intervals evoked distinct response profiles in the activated barrel columns, depending on the direction and temporal separation of the stimuli. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the temporal sharpening of sensory-evoked activity coincides with the onset of active whisking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander van der Bourg
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maik C Stüttgen
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vicente Reyes-Puerta
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
van der Bourg A, Yang JW, Reyes-Puerta V, Laurenczy B, Wieckhorst M, Stüttgen MC, Luhmann HJ, Helmchen F. Layer-Specific Refinement of Sensory Coding in Developing Mouse Barrel Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4835-4850. [PMID: 27620976 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent rhythmic whisking behavior matures during a critical period around 2 weeks after birth. The functional adaptations of neocortical circuitry during this developmental period remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized stimulus-evoked neuronal activity across all layers of mouse barrel cortex before, during, and after the onset of whisking behavior. Employing multi-electrode recordings and 2-photon calcium imaging in anesthetized mice, we tested responses to rostro-caudal whisker deflections, axial "tapping" stimuli, and their combination from postnatal day 10 (P10) to P28. Within this period, whisker-evoked activity of neurons displayed a general decrease in layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L4, but increased in L5 and L6. Distinct alterations in neuronal response adaptation during the 2-s period of stimulation at ~5 Hz accompanied these changes. Moreover, single-unit analysis revealed that response selectivity in favor of either lateral deflection or axial tapping emerges in deeper layers within the critical period around P14. For superficial layers we confirmed this finding using calcium imaging of L2/3 neurons, which also exhibited emergence of response selectivity as well as progressive sparsification and decorrelation of evoked responses around P14. Our results demonstrate layer-specific development of sensory responsiveness and response selectivity in mouse somatosensory cortex coinciding with the onset of exploratory behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander van der Bourg
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vicente Reyes-Puerta
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Balazs Laurenczy
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wieckhorst
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maik C Stüttgen
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Voigt FF, Emaury F, Bethge P, Waldburger D, Link SM, Carta S, van der Bourg A, Helmchen F, Keller U. Multiphoton in vivo imaging with a femtosecond semiconductor disk laser. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:3213-3231. [PMID: 28717563 PMCID: PMC5508824 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We use an ultrafast diode-pumped semiconductor disk laser (SDL) to demonstrate several applications in multiphoton microscopy. The ultrafast SDL is based on an optically pumped Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VECSEL) passively mode-locked with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) and generates 170-fs pulses at a center wavelength of 1027 nm with a repetition rate of 1.63 GHz. We demonstrate the suitability of this laser for structural and functional multiphoton in vivo imaging in both Drosophila larvae and mice for a variety of fluorophores (including mKate2, tdTomato, Texas Red, OGB-1, and R-CaMP1.07) and for endogenous second-harmonic generation in muscle cell sarcomeres. We can demonstrate equivalent signal levels compared to a standard 80-MHz Ti:Sapphire laser when we increase the average power by a factor of 4.5 as predicted by theory. In addition, we compare the bleaching properties of both laser systems in fixed Drosophila larvae and find similar bleaching kinetics despite the large difference in pulse repetition rates. Our results highlight the great potential of ultrafast diode-pumped SDLs for creating a cost-efficient and compact alternative light source compared to standard Ti:Sapphire lasers for multiphoton imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F Voigt
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- These authors have contributed equally
| | - Florian Emaury
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- These authors have contributed equally
| | - Philipp Bethge
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Waldburger
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro M Link
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Carta
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander van der Bourg
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madisen L, Garner AR, Shimaoka D, Chuong AS, Klapoetke NC, Li L, van der Bourg A, Niino Y, Egolf L, Monetti C, Gu H, Mills M, Cheng A, Tasic B, Nguyen TN, Sunkin SM, Benucci A, Nagy A, Miyawaki A, Helmchen F, Empson RM, Knöpfel T, Boyden ES, Reid RC, Carandini M, Zeng H. Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance. Neuron 2015; 85:942-58. [PMID: 25741722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this are still limited in functionality and specificity. Here we utilize several intersectional strategies to generate multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing high levels of novel genetic tools with high specificity. We developed driver and double reporter mouse lines and viral vectors using the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic effectors, all at substantially higher levels than before. High functionality was shown in example mouse lines for GCaMP6, YCX2.60, VSFP Butterfly 1.2, and Jaws. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the ability to monitor and manipulate neuronal activities with increased specificity. VIDEO ABSTRACT
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Aleena R Garner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Daisuke Shimaoka
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amy S Chuong
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathan C Klapoetke
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Alexander van der Bourg
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Niino
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ladan Egolf
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Monetti
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Maya Mills
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Adrian Cheng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Thuc Nghi Nguyen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Andrea Benucci
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth M Empson
- Department of Physiology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- The Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 160 DuCane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34(th) Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|