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Aghadadashi V, Mehdinia A, Rezaei M, Molaei S, Seyed Hashtroudi M, Ahmadian F, Hamzehpour A, Rahnama R. Basin scale monitoring of microplastics and phthalates in sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Makran using GIS-based algorithms: Insights towards spatial variation and potential risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171950. [PMID: 38537822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Information on sedimentary microplastics and phthalates has been restricted to the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Makran. Our basin-wide study monitored their levels, spatial behaviors, and potential risks using GIS-based techniques. Microplastics and phthalates ranged from 5 to 75 particles/kg d.w and 0.004-1.219 μg g-1 d.w, respectively. Microplastics were in the size category of 100 μm to 3 mm, and black microfibers (< 1 mm) and high-density polymers were dominant. The total number of microplastics was between 356.333 × 1012 and 469.075 × 1012 particles in the surface sediments of the studied regions (confidence interval = 99 %). Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and Di-isobutyl phthalate contributed 88 % of detected phthalates. Significant correlations among microplastic abundance, total phthalates, and DEHP were distinguished (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings reiterated the widespread presence of microplastics and a potential link between phthalates and microplastics. Semi-variogram, cluster Voronoi polygons, and Trend analysis identified spatial outliers and major deposition sites of microplastics and phthalates and consequently outlined the localities where upcoming studies should be concentrated. A hotspot of potential risks was marked using Fuzzy logic and GIS-based algorithms in the Sea of Makran, covering an area equal to 342. 99 km2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Aghadadashi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdie Rezaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Molaei
- Department of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadian
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOA, Tehran, Iran
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Bastami KD, Manbohi A, Mehdinia A, Hamzehpour A, Haghparast S, Taheri M. Distribution of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and phosphorous species in inshore and offshore sediments of the south Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 202:116330. [PMID: 38636340 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to geochemically investigate the sediments of the south Caspian Sea at different depths in summer and winter 2020. Sampling was conducted in 5 transects along the south coastline of the Caspian Sea and sediment grain size, hydrogen sulfide, Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorus, organic and inorganic phosphorous were measured. Eh values showed significant differences between seasons and between different transects (p < 0.05). Hydrogen sulfide ranged from 1.87 to 307.00 ppm. No significant difference was observed in hydrogen sulfide between seasons and among depths (p > 0.05). Total, inorganic and organic phosphorus contents were 782.96-1335.79 ppm, 639.66-1183.60 ppm, and 42.58-205.46 ppm, respectively. Total nitrogen revealed significant differences among transects (p < 0.05). Based on sediment quality guidelines, most sampling sites had alerting conditions for organic matter, and phosphorous contamination was detected at all stations. Anoxic condition was seen at most sites according to sedimentary Eh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Darvish Bastami
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 1411813389 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Manbohi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 1411813389 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 1411813389 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 1411813389 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Haghparast
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Km 9 Darya Boulevard, P.O. Box, 578 Sari, Iran
| | - Mehrshad Taheri
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 1411813389 Tehran, Iran
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Manbohi A, Mehdinia A, Rahnama R, Hamzehpour A, Dehbandi R. Distribution of microplastics in upstream and downstream surface waters of the Iranian rivers discharging to the southern Caspian Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:92359-92370. [PMID: 37486467 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in the riverine ecosystems has caught many attentions in the scientific literatures. However, little information is available about the abundance and distribution of microplastics of the rivers discharging to the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics in the surface waters of thirteen rivers discharging to the southern Caspian Sea. Microplastics were found in all stations with uneven distributions. The average concentrations of microplastics in the stations during snowmelt and dry seasons were 1.406 ± 0.1380 microplastics/m3 and 0.4070 ± 0.01500 microplastics/m3, respectively. Positive gradients of the rivers microplastics concentration from upstream to downstream were found. White/transparent polyethylene (PE) particles with the shape of fragment/film and the length (L) of ≤ 1 mm were the most common microplastics in the surface waters of the rivers discharging to the southern Caspian Sea. Also, the mean concentration of microplastics in spring snowmelt and runoff period was 3.45 times higher than in dry period. Factors such as sewage and household wastes; landfills; and recreational-tourism, fishing and agricultural activities along the rivers may contribute to microplastic contamination in downstream stations. Our data provide baseline information of microplastics in surface waters of rivers discharging to the southern Caspian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Manbohi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Manbohi A, Mehdinia A, Rahnama R, Hamzehpour A, Dehbandi R. Sources and hotspots of microplastics of the rivers ending to the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 188:114562. [PMID: 36680952 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in beach sediments of the southern Caspian Sea was well documented, however, there are still many unknowns about the abundances and distributions of MPs in the rivers ending to the Caspian Sea. Here, bank sediments of 26 sites in the thirteen rivers were surveyed in two seasons. However, there was not any significant difference (p > 0.05) between the concentrations of MPs during the two seasons. MPs were detected in all samples with mean concentrations of 214.08 ± 14.35 MPs/kg. The most common size, shape, color, and polymer types of MPs were L < 300 μm, fragment/film, white/transparent, and polystyrene (PS), respectively. In all rivers, positive MP gradients from upstream to downstream were observed. Maximum concentrations of MPs were found in the downstream parts of Chalus, Haraz, and Safarud rivers. Recreational-tourism and fishing activities had significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) with concentration of MPs in the rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Manbohi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Lahijani HAK, Azizpour J, Arpe K, Abtahi B, Rahnama R, Ghafarian P, Hamzeh MA, Hamzehpour A, Penchah MM, Mahmoudof SM. Tracking of sea level impact on Caspian Ramsar sites and potential restoration of the Gorgan Bay on the southeast Caspian coast. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:158833. [PMID: 36122717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The situation of Ramsar sites along the Caspian Sea coast has deteriorated over the past decades, and this is more noticeable in the narrow coastal strip of the south Caspian Sea. In this study we investigate how the Caspian Sea level changes affect the coastal Ramsar sites. Particularly, we focus on the Gorgan Bay in the southeast corner of the Caspian Sea, which is experiencing extensive water level decline, even desiccation. We used satellite images from three periods corresponding to periods of two sea level falls and one sea level rise, in order to decipher spatio-temporal changes of the wetlands. We conducted field campaign in the Gorgan Bay for sampling and measurement of physical, chemical and biological parameters. We simulated water circulation for the past, current and future conditions of the Gorgan Bay, which is essential to sustain better water exchange between the Bay and the Caspian Sea. We applied dust simulation in the case of a total desiccation of the Gorgan Bay. The result shows that the total area of the Caspian coastal Ramsar sites during the two periods of the sea level fall is almost the same; however, the aerial changes in the southern wetlands are more visible. Nutrient and plankton analysis of the Gorgan Bay display mainly mesotrophic conditions, in some areas close to eutrophic ones. The average current velocity in the main inlet is 2.5 cms-1. Dust simulation indicates that in case of the Gorgan Bay desiccation, it will become a dust source for the surrounding area up to 60 km. Simulation of the water circulation with dredging of inlets (future scenario), indicates that the water exchange velocity doubles compared to the current scenario. A recommended inlet maintenance would accelerate water circulation and reduce residence time, which will lead to better trophy and prevent bay desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid A K Lahijani
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran; Eurasian Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Jafar Azizpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
| | - Klaus Arpe
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behrooz Abtahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
| | - Parvin Ghafarian
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Hamzeh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Masoud Mahmoudof
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 14118-13389, Iran
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Manbohi A, Mehdinia A, Rahnama R, Dehbandi R, Hamzehpour A. Spatial distribution of microplastics in sandy beach and inshore-offshore sediments of the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 169:112578. [PMID: 34102414 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in nearshore zones of the southern Caspian coasts is well documented; however, no data are available on MP occurrence in offshore sediments. In this study, six sandy beach stations and 18 inshore-offshore stations (six transects) were surveyed. MPs were detected in all sediment samples. The mean abundances of MPs in the beach and inshore-offshore stations were 196.67 ± 11.58 and 103.15 ± 7.21 MPs/kg, respectively. Fibers constituted the most common shape of MPs. Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the major polymer types found in the beach and inshore-offshore sediments, respectively. In most transects, negative MP gradients were observed from nearshore to offshore, which showed that coastal fishing, tourism, and rivers were the main sources of MPs in this area. These results will improve our understanding on MPs pollution in the marine ecosystem. We recommend further MP studies in different parts of the Caspian Sea to develop appropriate management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Manbohi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
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Saleh A, Abtahi B, Mirzaei N, Chen CTA, Ershadifar H, Ghaemi M, Hamzehpour A, Abedi E. Hypoxia in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 167:112354. [PMID: 33866201 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article dissolved oxygen results of research cruises through the Persian Gulf during 2018-2019 are discussed. The results showed that summer to autumn hypoxia occurred mainly at depths ≥ 50 m to the bottom. This seasonal hypoxia started in late summer reaching its greatest severity in mid-autumn with an area of 50,000 km2 in the Persian Gulf. The minimum oxygen measured at the near-bottom layer of the western basin in autumn (25.8 μmol/kg) was lower than any previous measurement in the open waters of the Persian Gulf. In the Strait of Hormuz, the seasonal hypoxia appeared in summer in the near bottom of the most eastern part at the Iranian side. pHT values recorded in hypoxic waters were as low as what is predicted for surface ocean under ocean acidification in 2100. Considering the results, we suggest evaluating the effects of hypoxia and acidification on the Persian Gulf ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Saleh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Abtahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Mirzaei
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chen-Tung Arthur Chen
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hamid Ershadifar
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ehsan Abedi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
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Mehdinia A, Dehbandi R, Hamzehpour A, Rahnama R. Identification of microplastics in the sediments of southern coasts of the Caspian Sea, north of Iran. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113738. [PMID: 31838395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MPs) pollution in the aquatic and terrestrial environments has caught many attentions in the scientific literatures. Currently, no information is available about MPs pollution in Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world. This study indicates the first report on the MPs pollution in the sediments of the southern Caspian coastal zones, northern Iran. Density separation method was conducted on 17 surficial sediments. The combination of observation techniques including SEM-EDS analysis, polarized light microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy were used to identify MPs. The abundance and size of microplastics in the samples ranged between 25 and 330 items/kg and 250-500 μm, respectively. Fibers constituted the most common MPs shape and polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) were major polymer types in the samples. The distribution of MPs in the study area reflected a patchy and irregular spatial pattern implying that the higher MPs concentration are near mouth of permanent rivers and in the regions with higher level of the fishing and tourism activities. The results showed the wide occurrence of MPs in the sediments of the world's largest lake which extend the knowledge on MPs pollution in the marine system. We also recommend further research on microplastics in different compartments of Caspian Sea to inform policy discussions and the development of appropriate management responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Reza Rahnama
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
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Saleh A, Hamzehpour A, Mehdinia A, Darvish Bastami K, Mazaheri S. Hydrochemistry and nutrient distribution in southern deep-water basin of the Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 127:406-411. [PMID: 29475678 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the results of hydrochemical studies aboard the R/V Iran Behshahr in southern Caspian Sea in late-winter 2014 were presented. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate and silicate concentrations in water column of Neka-Amir Kabir oil platform section in the southern Caspian Sea were measured to study the status of hydrochemistry of this area. Results showed that the hypoxia continues to intensify in the deep-water basin of the South Caspian Sea. Near-zero concentration of dissolved oxygen and accumulation of phosphate, silicate and total dissolved inorganic carbon in near-bottom layers in the study area showed that vertical winter mixing of water column did not reach the near-bottom layers at the time of this survey. Nitrate showed its maximum concentration at the intermediate maximum depth of 300m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Saleh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Ali Hamzehpour
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Kazem Darvish Bastami
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Said Mazaheri
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
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