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Rincón-Rubio A, Mérida-Ortega Á, Ugalde-Resano R, Gamboa-Loira B, Rothenberg SJ, González FB, Cebrián ME, López-Carrillo L. Carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic risk, and attributable cases to organochlorine pesticide exposure in women from Northern Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:421. [PMID: 38570395 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk as well as the attributable cases due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, and chlordane. From serum concentrations of pesticides of interest in a sample of 908 women from Northern Mexico, the risk for both cancer and non-cancer health effects was evaluated. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was also calculated based on summary association estimates between exposure to OCPs and different health events. Findings revealed that due to their OCP exposure slightly less than half of the women in the sample were at increased risk of developing non-cancerous diseases. Moreover, approximately 25% and 75% of participants were at risk of develop some type of cancer associated with their HCB and DDE concentrations, respectively. In addition, it was estimated that 40.5% of type 2 diabetes, 18.7% of endometriosis, and 23.1% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases could have been prevented if women had not been exposed to these OCPs. Results suggest that the use of OCPs may have contributed to the disease burden in the study area and, based on the time required for these substances to be eliminated from the body, there are probably some women who are still at elevated risk of developing diseases associated to OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel Mérida-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rodrigo Ugalde-Resano
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Brenda Gamboa-Loira
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzáes 498, Colonia Centro, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Stephen J Rothenberg
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Bejarano González
- Red de Acción Sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México, A. C. (RAPAM), Amado Nervo 23, Int. 3, Col. San Juanito, C.P. 56121, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Mariano E Cebrián
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Ugalde-Resano R, Gamboa-Loira B, Mérida-Ortega Á, Rincón-Rubio A, Flores-Collado G, Piña-Pozas M, López-Carrillo L. Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides and Female Breast Cancer Risk According to Molecular Receptors Expression: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:442-458. [PMID: 37639190 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) have been proposed as potential mammary carcinogens since they interact with steroid signaling pathways. However, the epidemiological results are not conclusive. Most studies have evaluated breast cancer (BC) as a single entity without considering the different molecular expressions, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2, that could differ in their association with these contaminants. Hence, we assessed the association between biological concentration of OCP and BC, according to its molecular receptor expression, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 141 articles eligible for full-text review, nine met the inclusion criteria. The way in which molecular expression was reported was heterogeneous; therefore, the inclusion of studies in the meta-analysis was limited to eight articles. A negative association was identified for β-hexachlorocyclohexane and trans-nonachlor with ER + tumors and between hexachlorobenzene and ER - tumors. No associations were observed for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, cis-nonachlor, and dieldrin, and it was not possible to evaluate the associations between OCP with HER2 expression or triple-negative tumors due to lack of data. The results suggest that some OCP might be associated with BC depending on the expression of ER. However, the evidence is not conclusive due to the scarce data. We identified several methodological aspects to fill the gaps in knowledge and increase the comparability among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ugalde-Resano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Brenda Gamboa-Loira
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel Mérida-Ortega
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Gisela Flores-Collado
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Maricela Piña-Pozas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Iša P, Taboada B, García-López R, Boukadida C, Ramírez-González JE, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Hernández-Terán A, Romero-Espinoza JÁ, Muñoz-Medina JE, Grajales-Muñiz C, Rincón-Rubio A, Matías-Florentino M, Sanchez-Flores A, Mendieta-Condado E, Barrera-Badillo G, López S, Hernández-Rivas L, López-Martínez I, Ávila-Ríos S, Arias CF. Metagenomic analysis reveals differences in the co-occurrence and abundance of viral species in SARS-CoV-2 patients with different severity of disease. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:792. [PMID: 36261802 PMCID: PMC9580447 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 infections have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations whose causes are not completely understood. Some human conditions predispose to severe outcome, like old age or the presence of comorbidities, but many other facets, including coinfections with other viruses, remain poorly characterized.
Methods In this study, the eukaryotic fraction of the respiratory virome of 120 COVID-19 patients was characterized through whole metagenomic sequencing. Results Genetic material from respiratory viruses was detected in 25% of all samples, whereas human viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 were found in 80% of them. Samples from hospitalized and deceased patients presented a higher prevalence of different viruses when compared to ambulatory individuals. Small circular DNA viruses from the Anneloviridae (Torque teno midi virus 8, TTV-like mini virus 19 and 26) and Cycloviridae families (Human associated cyclovirus 10), Human betaherpesvirus 6, were found to be significantly more abundant in samples from deceased and hospitalized patients compared to samples from ambulatory individuals. Similarly, Rotavirus A, Measles morbillivirus and Alphapapilomavirus 10 were significantly more prevalent in deceased patients compared to hospitalized and ambulatory individuals. Conclusions Results show the suitability of using metagenomics to characterize a broader peripheric virological landscape of the eukaryotic virome in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with distinct disease outcomes. Identified prevalent viruses in hospitalized and deceased patients may prove important for the targeted exploration of coinfections that may impact prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07783-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Iša
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Taboada
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo García-López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Celia Boukadida
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Concepción Grajales-Muñiz
- Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Matías-Florentino
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Mendieta-Condado
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gisela Barrera-Badillo
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lucía Hernández-Rivas
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Irma López-Martínez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Hernández-Terán A, Mejía-Nepomuceno F, Herrera MT, Barreto O, García E, Castillejos M, Boukadida C, Matias-Florentino M, Rincón-Rubio A, Avila-Rios S, Mújica-Sánchez M, Serna-Muñoz R, Becerril-Vargas E, Guadarrama-Pérez C, Ahumada-Topete VH, Rodríguez-Llamazares S, Martínez-Orozco JA, Salas-Hernández J, Pérez-Padilla R, Vázquez-Pérez JA. Dysbiosis and structural disruption of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 patients with severe and fatal outcomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21297. [PMID: 34716394 PMCID: PMC8556282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has caused over three million deaths worldwide. Understanding the pathology of the disease and the factors that drive severe and fatal clinical outcomes is of special relevance. Studying the role of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 is especially important as the respiratory microbiota is known to interact with the host immune system, contributing to clinical outcomes in chronic and acute respiratory diseases. Here, we characterized the microbiota in the respiratory tract of patients with mild, severe, or fatal COVID-19, and compared it to healthy controls and patients with non-COVID-19-pneumonia. We comparatively studied the microbial composition, diversity, and microbiota structure between the study groups and correlated the results with clinical data. We found differences in the microbial composition for COVID-19 patients, healthy controls, and non-COVID-19 pneumonia controls. In particular, we detected a high number of potentially opportunistic pathogens associated with severe and fatal levels of the disease. Also, we found higher levels of dysbiosis in the respiratory microbiota of patients with COVID-19 compared to the healthy controls. In addition, we detected differences in diversity structure between the microbiota of patients with mild, severe, and fatal COVID-19, as well as the presence of specific bacteria that correlated with clinical variables associated with increased risk of mortality. In summary, our results demonstrate that increased dysbiosis of the respiratory tract microbiota in patients with COVID-19 along with a continuous loss of microbial complexity structure found in mild to fatal COVID-19 cases may potentially alter clinical outcomes in patients. Taken together, our findings identify the respiratory microbiota as a factor potentially associated with the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fidencio Mejía-Nepomuceno
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Omar Barreto
- Coordinación de Atención Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Emma García
- Coordinación de Atención Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos
- Departamento de Unidad de Epidemiología Hospitalaria e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Celia Boukadida
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIENI, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Margarita Matias-Florentino
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIENI, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIENI, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Santiago Avila-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIENI, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mario Mújica-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Serna-Muñoz
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Becerril-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Cristobal Guadarrama-Pérez
- Servicio de Urgencias Médicas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Ahumada-Topete
- Departamento de Unidad de Epidemiología Hospitalaria e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Llamazares
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Arturo Martínez-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salas-Hernández
- Dirección General INER, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joel Armando Vázquez-Pérez
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, INER, Mexico, Mexico.
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Taboada B, Zárate S, Iša P, Boukadida C, Vazquez-Perez JA, Muñoz-Medina JE, Ramírez-González JE, Comas-García A, Grajales-Muñiz C, Rincón-Rubio A, Matías-Florentino M, Sanchez-Flores A, Mendieta-Condado E, Verleyen J, Barrera-Badillo G, Hernández-Rivas L, Mejía-Nepomuceno F, Martínez-Orozco JA, Becerril-Vargas E, López S, López-Martínez I, Ávila-Ríos S, Arias CF. Genetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Mexico during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:2161. [PMID: 34834967 PMCID: PMC8622467 DOI: 10.3390/v13112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Mexico, more than two million people were infected. In this study, we analyzed full genome sequences from 27 February 2020 to 28 February 2021 to characterize the geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and identify the most common circulating lineages during this period. We defined six different geographical regions with particular dynamics of lineage circulation. The Northeast and Northwest regions were the ones that exhibited the highest lineage diversity, while the Central south and South/Southeast regions presented less diversity with predominance of a certain lineage. Additionally, by late February 2021, lineage B.1.1.519 represented more than 89% of all circulating lineages in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Taboada
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (B.T.); (P.I.); (S.L.)
| | - Selene Zárate
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico;
| | - Pavel Iša
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (B.T.); (P.I.); (S.L.)
| | - Celia Boukadida
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.B.); (A.R.-R.); (M.M.-F.); (S.Á.-R.)
| | - Joel Armando Vazquez-Perez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.A.V.-P.); (F.M.-N.); (J.A.M.-O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - José Ernesto Ramírez-González
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (J.E.R.-G.); (E.M.-C.); (G.B.-B.); (L.H.-R.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78120, Mexico;
| | - Concepción Grajales-Muñiz
- Coordinación de Control Técnico de Insumos, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.B.); (A.R.-R.); (M.M.-F.); (S.Á.-R.)
| | - Margarita Matías-Florentino
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.B.); (A.R.-R.); (M.M.-F.); (S.Á.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (A.S.-F.); (J.V.)
| | - Edgar Mendieta-Condado
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (J.E.R.-G.); (E.M.-C.); (G.B.-B.); (L.H.-R.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Jerome Verleyen
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (A.S.-F.); (J.V.)
| | - Gisela Barrera-Badillo
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (J.E.R.-G.); (E.M.-C.); (G.B.-B.); (L.H.-R.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Lucía Hernández-Rivas
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (J.E.R.-G.); (E.M.-C.); (G.B.-B.); (L.H.-R.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Fidencio Mejía-Nepomuceno
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.A.V.-P.); (F.M.-N.); (J.A.M.-O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - José Arturo Martínez-Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.A.V.-P.); (F.M.-N.); (J.A.M.-O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Eduardo Becerril-Vargas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.A.V.-P.); (F.M.-N.); (J.A.M.-O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (B.T.); (P.I.); (S.L.)
| | - Irma López-Martínez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (J.E.R.-G.); (E.M.-C.); (G.B.-B.); (L.H.-R.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.B.); (A.R.-R.); (M.M.-F.); (S.Á.-R.)
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (B.T.); (P.I.); (S.L.)
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