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Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Marzouk AA, Elkaeed EB, Alsfouk BA, Mostafa AE, Eissa IH, Metwaly AM, ElSohly MA. Isolation and in silico investigation of cannflavins from Cannabis sativa leaves as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents targeting the Papain-Like Protease. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 38100380 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2294111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and identify three prenylflavonoids (cannflavin A, B, and C) from Cannabis sativa leaves using different chromatographic techniques. The potential of the isolated compounds against SARS-CoV-2 was suggested through several in silico analysis. Structural similarity studies against nine co-crystallized ligands of SARS-CoV-2's proteins indicated the similarities of the isolated cannflavins with the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease (PLP) ligand, Y95. Then, flexible allignment study confirmed this similarity. Docking experiments showed successful binding of all cannflavins within the active pocket of PLP, with energies comparable to Y95. Among them, cannflavin A demonstrated the most similar binding mode, while cannflavin C exhibited the best energy. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-GPSA confirmed the accurate binding of cannflavin A to the PLP. In silico ADMET studies indicated favourable drug-like properties for all three compounds, suggesting their potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Further In vitro and In vivo investigations are necessary to validate these findings and establish their efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bshra A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad E Mostafa
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Metwaly
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
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Wolfe TJ, Kruse NA, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Sigworth KN, ElSohly MA, Hammer NI. A study of major cannabinoids via Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 303:123133. [PMID: 37473664 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids, a class of molecules specific to the cannabis plant, are some of the most relevant molecules under study today due to their widespread use and varying legal status. Here, we present Raman spectra of a series of eleven cannabinoids and compare them to simulated spectra from density functional theory computations. The studied cannabinoids include three cannabinoid acids (Δ9-THC acid, CBD acid, and CBG acid) and eight neutral ones (Δ9-THC, CBD, CBG, CBDVA, CBDV, Δ8-THC, CBN and CBC). All cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis plant gown at the University of Mississippi. The data presented in this work represents the most resolved experimental and highest-level simulated spectra available to date for each cannabinoid. All cannabinoids displayed higher peak separation in the experimental spectra than CBGA, which is most likely attributable to physical composition of the samples. The overall agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra is good, however for certain vibrational modes, especially those in the -OH stretching region, deviations are observed due to hydrogen bonding, suggesting that the OH stretching region is a good probe for decarboxylation reactions in these and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kalee N Sigworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Majumdar CG, ElSohly MA, Ibrahim EA, Elhendawy MA, Stanford D, Chandra S, Wanas AS, Radwan MM. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Moisture Content of Cannabis Biomass. Molecules 2023; 28:7710. [PMID: 38067441 PMCID: PMC10707833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cannabis has been proposed and promoted not only as a medicine for the treatment of a variety of illnesses, but also as an industrial crop for different purposes. Being an agricultural product, cannabis inflorescences may be contaminated by environmental pathogens at high concentrations, which might cause health problems if not controlled. Therefore, limits have to be placed on the levels of aerobic bacteria as well as yeast and mold. To ensure the safety of cannabis plant material and related products, a remediation process has to be put in place. Gamma irradiation is a sterilization process mainly used for pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, agricultural, and herbal products including cannabis plant material. This study was designed to determine the effect of irradiation on the microbial count as well as on the chemical and physical profiles of the cannabis biomass, particularly cannabinoids, terpenes, and moisture content. The full cannabinoid profile was measured by GC/FID and HPLC analysis, while terpene profile and moisture content were determined using GC/MS and Loss on Drying (LoD) methods, respectively. Analyses were conducted on the samples before and after gamma irradiation. The results showed that the minimum and maximum doses were 15 and 20.8 KiloGray (KGY), respectively. Total Aerobic Microbial Count (TAMC) and Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) were determined. The study showed that irradiation has no effect on the cannabinoids and little effect on terpenes and moisture content, but it did result in the virtual sterilization of the plant material, as evidenced by the low levels of bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) < 10 after gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani G. Majumdar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elsayed A. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA;
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt
| | - Donald Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
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Elhendawy MA, Radwan MM, Ibrahim EA, Wanas AS, Chandra S, Godfrey M, ElSohly MA. Validation and Quantitation of Fifteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Marketed Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet/Photodiode Array Method. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37797227 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis sativa is a psychoactive plant indigenous to Central and South Asia, traditionally used both for recreational and religious purposes, in addition to folk medicine. Cannabis is a rich source of natural compounds, the most important of which are commonly known as cannabinoids that cause a variety of effects through interaction with the endocannabinoid system. Materials and Methods: In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array (PDA) method was developed and validated for the analysis of 15 cannabinoids in cannabis plant materials and cannabis-based marketed products. These cannabinoids are cannabidivarinic acid, cannabidivarin, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, cannabigerol, cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, cannabinol, delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol, delta-8-tetrahyrocannabinol, cannabicyclol, cannabichromene, delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinolic acid A, and cannabichromenic acid. The separation was carried out using a reversed-phase Luna® C18(2) column and a mobile phase consisting of 75% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. A PDA detector was used, and data were extracted at λ=220 nm. Principal component analysis of cannabis four varieties was performed. Results: The method was linear over the calibration range of 5-75 μg/mL with R2>0.999 for all cannabinoids. This method was sensitive and gave good baseline separation of all examined cannabinoids with limits of detection ranging between 0.2 and 1.6 μg/mL and limits of quantification ranging between 0.6 and 4.8 μg/mL. The average recoveries for all cannabinoids were between 81% and 104%. The measured repeatability and intermediate precisions (% relative standard deviation) in all varieties ranged from 0.35% to 9.84% and 1.11% to 5.26%, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed method is sensitive, selective, reproducible, and accurate. It can be applied for the simultaneous determination of these cannabinoids in the C. sativa biomass and cannabis-derived marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elsayed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Gilmore AM, Elhendawy MA, Radwan MM, Kidder LH, Wanas AS, Godfrey M, Hildreth JB, Robinson AE, ElSohly MA. Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation Emission Matrix Method for Quantification of Major Cannabinoids and Corresponding Acids: A Rapid Alternative to Chromatography for Rapid Chemotype Discrimination of Cannabis sativa Varieties. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:911-922. [PMID: 35486823 PMCID: PMC10589469 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phytocannabinoids naturally occur in the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) predominate. There is a need for rapid inexpensive methods to quantify total THC (for statutory definition) and THC-CBD ratio (for classification into three chemotypes). This study explores the capabilities of a spectroscopic technique that combines ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence, absorbance-transmittance excitation emission matrix (A-TEEM). Methods: The A-TEEM technique classifies 49 dry flower extracts into three C. sativa chemotypes, and quantifies the total THC-CBD ratio, using validated gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization (FID) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods for reference. Multivariate methods used are principal components analysis for a chemotype classification, extreme gradient boost (XGB) discriminant analysis (DA) to classify unknown samples by chemotype, and XGB regression to quantify total THC and CBD content using GC-FID and HPLC data on the same samples. Results: The A-TEEM technique provides robust classification of C. sativa samples, predicting chemotype classification, defined by THC-CBD content, of unknown samples with 100% accuracy. In addition, A-TEEM can quantify total THC and CBD levels relevant to statutory determination, with limit of quantifications (LOQs) of 0.061% (THC) and 0.059% (CBD), and high cross-validation (>0.99) and prediction (>0.99), using a GC-FID method for reference data; and LOQs of 0.026% (THC) and 0.080% (CBD) with high cross-validation (>0.98) and prediction (>0.98), using an HPLC method for reference data. A-TEEM is highly predictive in separately quantifying acid and neutral forms of THC and CBD with HPLC reference data. Conclusions: The A-TEEM technique provides a sensitive method for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the major cannabinoids in solution, with LOQs comparable with GC-FID and HPLC, and high values of cross-validation and prediction. As a spectroscopic technique, it is rapid, with data acquisition <45 sec per measurement; sample preparation is simple, requiring only solvent extraction. A-TEEM has the sensitivity to resolve and quantify cannabinoids in solution based on their unique spectral characteristics. Discrimination of legal and illegal chemotypes can be rapidly verified using XGB DA, and quantitation of statutory levels of total THC and total CBD comparable with GC-FID and HPLC can be obtained using XBD regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa A. Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | | | | | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Ibrahim EA, Radwan MM, Gul W, Majumdar CG, Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Ibrahim AK, Ahmed SA, Chandra S, Lata H, ElSohly MA, Wanas AS. Quantitative Determination of Cannabis Terpenes Using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:899-910. [PMID: 36322895 PMCID: PMC10589468 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis has a long history of being credited with centuries of healing powers for millennia. The cannabis plant is a rich source of cannabinoids and terpenes. Each cannabis chemovar exhibits a different flavor and aroma, which are determined by its terpene content. Methods: In this study, a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector method was developed and validated for the determination of the 10 major terpenes in the main three chemovars of Cannabis sativa L. with n-tridecane used as the internal standard following the standard addition method. The 10 major terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, linalool, α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide. The method was validated according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines. Spike recovery studies for all terpenes were carried out on placebo cannabis material and indoor-growing high THC chemovar with authentic standards. Results: The method was linear over the calibration range of 1-100 μg/mL with r2>0.99 for all terpenes. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 0.3 and 1.0 μg/mL, respectively, for all terpenes. The accuracy (%recovery) at all levels ranged from 89% to 104% and 90% to 111% for placebo and indoor-growing high THC chemovar, respectively. The repeatability and intermediate precision of the method were evaluated by the quantification of target terpenes in the three different C. sativa chemovars, resulting in acceptable relative standard deviations (less than 10%). Conclusions: The developed method is simple, sensitive, reproducible, and suitable for the detection and quantification of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in C. sativa biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed A. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Chandrani G. Majumdar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ghada M. Hadad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Randa A. Abdel Salam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany K. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Said AAE, Attia EZ, Wanas AS, Samy MN, Abdelmohsen UR, Matsunami K, Fouad MA. Anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic compounds isolated from marine sponge Hemimycale sp.. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37690006 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2256448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extract of the marine sponge Hemimycale sp. yielded two new compounds; 1-(2'-methyl heptadecyl) phenol (1) and a new pyrazole derivative; 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (2), together with previously isolated (2'R)-2'-hydroxy-N-((2S,3S,4R)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-16-methylpentadecan-2-yl)docosanamide (3), cholesterol (4), 5, 8-epi-dioxycholest-6-en-3-ol (5) and 3-acetylsesterstatin 3 (6), which were firstly reported from family Hymedesmiidae. Their structure elucidation was based on extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activities. Compound 5 showed remarkable anti-leishmanial activity with IC50 value of 15.8 ± 0.92 µg/mL comparable with the standard miltefosine (IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.07 µg/mL), while compound 3 exhibited noteworthy cytotoxicity against A594 cell line with IC50 value of 29.6 ± 1.68 µg/mL compared to etoposide (IC50 = 10.9 ± 1.30 µg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Zekry Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mamdouh Nabil Samy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mostafa A Fouad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Gul W, Ibrahim EA, ElSohly MA. Isolation and Characterization of Impurities in Commercially Marketed Δ 8-THC Products. J Nat Prod 2023; 86:822-829. [PMID: 36827690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative analysis of several commercial products containing Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) as a major component using GC-MS resulted in the identification of several impurities along with Δ8-THC. In an attempt to isolate and identify these impurities, a commercial Δ8-THC distillate was selected for the isolation work. Eleven impurities were isolated using a variety of chromatographic techniques, and their chemical structures were determined. These include Δ4,8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (1), Δ4-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (2), Δ8-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (3), 4,8-epoxy-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (4), 8-hydroxy-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (5), 9β-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (6), 9α-hydroxyhexa-hydrocannabinol (7), iso-tetrahydrocannabifuran (8), cannabicitran (CBT, 9), olivetol (10), and Δ9-THC (11). The chemical structures of the purified compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including 1D (1H, 13C, and DEPT-135) and 2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR, LC-MS, and GC-MS. Other naturally occurring cannabinoids and impurities were also identified in GC-MS chromatograms but were not isolated. These were cannabidiol (CBD, 12), cannabinol (CBN, 13), hexahydrocannabinol (HHC, 14), and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8-THCV, 15). The chemical structure of Δ8-THCV (15), for which a standard was not available, was confirmed by partial synthesis and NMR analysis. This is the first report for many of the above compounds as well as Δ8-THCV as impurities in Δ8-THC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, United States
| | - Elsayed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Abo-Qotb SMS, Hassanein AMM, Desoukey SY, Wanas AS, Tawfik HM, Orabi MAA. In vivo anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of Orobanche crenata (Forssk.) aerial parts in relation to its phytomolecules. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:1067-1072. [PMID: 33198532 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1845167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A total methanolic extract and its sub-extracts of Orobanche crenata (Forssk.) aerial parts were subjected to acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective investigations. The methanolic extract was safe upto 3 g/kg on mice. The EtOAc fraction reduced the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema better than indomethacin. It also demonstrated a drop in the elevated ALT, AST, and TB at 300 mg/kg, better than silymarin. Histopathological examination of liver cells of rats given the EtOAc fraction showed a complete absence of the CCl4-induced cloudy swelling. A phytochemical investigation of the n-hexane and EtOAc fractions yielded 11 compounds [indole-3-carboxylic acid (1), n-butyl palmitate (2), tyrosol (3), L-rhamnonic acid-1,4-lactone (4), β-sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture (5/5'), β-sitosterol/stigmasterol glycosides mixture (6/6'), chrysoeriol (7), luteolin (8), apigenin (9), crenatoside (10), and verbascoside (11)] as identified by UV, 1D & 2D NMR and ESIMS techniques. Their reported biological actions were in relation to and supported our herein detected pharmacological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwat M S Abo-Qotb
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samar Y Desoukey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Heba M Tawfik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A A Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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10
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Marzouk AA, Abdel-Aziz SA, Abdelrahman KS, Wanas AS, Gouda AM, Youssif BGM, Abdel-Aziz M. Design and synthesis of new 1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-thio derivatives targeting VEGFR-2: Molecular docking and antiproliferative evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104090. [PMID: 32683176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-thiol derivatives (scaffold A) as VEGFR-2 inhibitors has been designed and synthesized. Compounds 3a, 3b, 3e and 4b have been selected for in vitro anticancer screening by the National Cancer Institute. Compound 3e showed remarkable anticancer activity against most of the cell lines tested, where a complete cell death against leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon, CNS, melanoma, and breast cancer cell lines was observed. In vitro five dose tests showed that compound 3e had high activity against most of the tested cell lines with GI50 ranging from 19 to 100 μM and selectivity ratios ranging between 0.75 and 1.71 at the GI50 level. VEGFR-2-kinase was tested against 3a, 3b, 3e, 4b and sorafenib was used as a reference. Compounds 3a and 3e were the most potent analogues with IC50 values of 386.4 nM and 198.7 nM against VEGFR-2, respectively, in comparison to sorafenib (IC50 = 0.17 nM). The results of the docking study showed a good fitting of the new compounds to the active site of VEGFR-2 with binding free energies in the range of -9.80 to -11.25 kcal/mol compared to -12.12 kcal/mol for sorafenib. Compounds 4a-e with the hydroxyimino group had a higher affinity to VEGFR-2 than their parent derivatives 3a-e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Salah A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Kamal S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
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11
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Shams Eldin SM, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Habib AAM, Kassem FF, Hammoda HM, ElSohly MA. A Validated UPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Determination of 3 Biologically Active Isoflavans in Trigonella stellata Extract. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20940118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/photodiode array method was developed for the simultaneous determination of trigonellan glucoside (1), isotrigonellan (2), and methoxy-isotrigonellan (3) in Trigonella stellata extract using an external standard method. The extract was prepared using a standardized method by maceration of the dried plant material in ethanol. The 3 isoflavans (1-3) were separated on an Acquity UPLC C18 column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile, and ultraviolet detection. The method provides a linear correlation for all analytes over the investigated ranges with all correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The validated lower limits of quantitation were 53, 127, and 5 μg/mL for isoflavans 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Intraday and interday precisions (percent relative SD [RSD%]) were less than 8.3% and accuracy (RE%) ranged from 90% to 100%. The method’s capability to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters (method’s reliability during normal usage) described by the robustness showed RSD% less than 4.6% measured by varying 3 different parameters. The validated method was successfully applied to simultaneously determine the concentration of the 3 new isoflavans having anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. The results revealed that the validated method can be used for quality control of herbal preparations containing these or similar isoflavans that are marketed for the prevention of inflammation and as antidiabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa M. Shams Eldin
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Azim M. Habib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fahima F. Kassem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hala M. Hammoda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
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12
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Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Chandra S, Lata H, Mehmedic Z, Ali A, Baser KHC, Demirci B, ElSohly MA. Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis chemovars, Their Insecticidal and Repellent Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20926729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile oils of fresh and air-dried buds of 3 different varieties of Cannabis, namely, high cannabidiol (CBD) chemotype, intermediate CBD/tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) chemotype, and high THC chemotype were prepared by hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography analysis of the volatile oils resulted in the identification of 71 compounds, of which 33 were monoterpenes and 38 were sesquiterpenes. The volatile oil obtained from the THC chemotype showed an increase in the ratio of the sesquiterpenes to monoterpenes content. The content of terpinolene was dramatically decreased upon drying of THC chemotype. Moderate increase in β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide was observed. However, there was no detectable change in the percentage of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content in both the intermediate type and CBD chemotype upon drying. The insecticidal activity of the volatile oils was evaluated. The oil obtained from the fresh and dried high CBD cannabis showed good biting deterrent activity at 10 ug/cm2 compared with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide at 4.78 µg/cm2, and good larvicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Abbas Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - KHC Baser
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Betul Demirci
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
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13
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Shaykoon MS, Marzouk AA, Soltan OM, Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Gouda AM, Youssif BGM, Abdel-Aziz M. Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of heteroaryl-based 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103933. [PMID: 32446119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thioacetamide 3a-b and 4a-b and 5-pyrazin-2-yl-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiones 9a-h were designed and synthesized. The compounds prepared have been identified using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 9a, 9b, 9d-e and 9f have been evaluated with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a control drug for their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Results showed that 3b was the most active compound in general and also more potent than control DFMO. 3b was 8 folds more potent than the reference with IC50 of 0.79 μM and IC90 of 1.35 μM, respectively compared to DFMO (IC50 = 6.10 μM and IC90 of 8.66 μM). The tested compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity with selectivity indices ranging from 12 (9d) to 102 (3b) against L6 cells. Docking study was performed into ten of T. brucei enzymes which have been identified as potential/valid targets for most of the antitrypanosomal agents. The results of the docking study revealed high binding scores toward many of the selected enzymes. A good correlation was observed only between log (IC50) of antitrypanosomal activity of the new compounds and their calculated Ki values against TryR enzyme (R2 = 0.726). Compound 3b, the most active as antitrypanosomal agents exhibited similar binding orientation and interaction to those of WP6 against TryR enzyme. However, in a next round of work, a complementary studies will be carried out to clarify the mechanism of action of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Sh Shaykoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Osama M Soltan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
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14
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Harris HM, Rousseau MA, Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Caldwell S, Sufka KJ, ElSohly MA. Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:177-182. [PMID: 31579834 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries in treating pain. However, the analgesic role of many of its constituents including terpenes is unknown. This research examined the contributions of terpenes (volatile oil) and cannabinoids in cannabis-mediated analgesia in rats. Methods: Animals received intraperitoneal administration of either vehicle, 10.0 or 18.0 mg/kg morphine, or various doses of the extract without terpenes, isolated terpenes, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or the full extract. Thirty minutes later animals were tested on hotplate and tail-flick tests of thermal nociception. One week later, rats received a second administration of test articles and were tested 30 min later in the abdominal writhing test of inflammatory nociception. Results: In the thermal assays, hotplate and tail-flick latencies for morphine-treated rats were dose dependent and significantly higher than vehicle-treated animals. All the cannabinoid compounds except for the isolated terpenes produced dose-dependent increases in hotplate and tail-flick latencies. In the inflammatory nociceptive assay, animals treated with vehicle and isolated terpenes demonstrated increased abdominal writhing, whereas all the cannabinoid compounds significantly decreased abdominal writhing responses. Conclusions: Overall, THC alone produced robust analgesia equivalent to the full cannabis extract, whereas terpenes alone did not produce analgesia. These data suggest the analgesic activity of cannabis is largely mediated by THC, whereas terpenes alone do not cause alterations in cannabis-mediated analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Harris
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Margaret A Rousseau
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Sylvia Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Kenneth J Sufka
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, University, Mississippi
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15
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Sugimoto S, Yamano Y, Desoukey SY, Katakawa K, Wanas AS, Otsuka H, Matsunami K. Isolation of Sesquiterpene-Amino Acid Conjugates, Onopornoids A-D, and a Flavonoid Glucoside from Onopordum alexandrinum. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:1471-1477. [PMID: 31199638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of a variety of compounds such as pyrrolidine derivatives, flavonoids, and megastigmanes in Egyptian plants. Onopordum alexandrinum has been traditionally used by the natives for treatment of skin cancers and leprosy. In this paper the isolation of four new sesquiterpene-amino acid conjugates, onopornoids A-D (1-4), i.e., three elemanes and one germacrane, and a new acylated flavonoid glucoside (5) along with nine known compounds (6-14) from the whole aerial parts of the title plant is discussed. The structures were elucidated based on chemical and spectroscopic/spectrometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi , Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553 , Japan
| | - Yoshi Yamano
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi , Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553 , Japan
| | - Samar Y Desoukey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia 61519 , Egypt
| | - Kazuaki Katakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Musashino University , 11-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi , Tokyo 202-8585 , Japan
| | - Amira S Wanas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia 61519 , Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Hideaki Otsuka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Yasuda Women's University , 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi , Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153 , Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi , Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553 , Japan
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16
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Ibrahim EA, Wang M, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Majumdar CG, Avula B, Wang YH, Khan IA, Chandra S, Lata H, Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Ibrahim AK, Ahmed SA, ElSohly MA. Analysis of Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. Using GC/MS: Method Development, Validation, and Application. Planta Med 2019; 85:431-438. [PMID: 30646402 DOI: 10.1055/a-0828-8387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are the major components of the essential oils present in various Cannabis sativa L. varieties. These compounds are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors. Besides the quantification of the cannabinoids, determination of the terpenes in C. sativa strains could be of importance for the plant selection process. At the University of Mississippi, a GC-MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of terpenes in cannabis plant material, viz., α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, linalool, α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide. The method was optimized and fully validated according to AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) guidelines against reference standards of selected terpenes. Samples were prepared by extraction of the plant material with ethyl acetate containing n-tridecane solution (100 µg/mL) as the internal standard. The concentration-response relationship for all analyzed terpenes using the developed method was linear with r2 values > 0.99. The average recoveries for all terpenes in spiked indoor cultivated samples were between 95.0 - 105.7%, with the exception of terpinolene (67 - 70%). The measured repeatability and intermediate precisions (% relative standard deviation) in all varieties ranged from 0.32 to 8.47%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for all targeted terpenes were determined to be 0.25 and 0.75 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method is highly selective, reliable, and accurate and has been applied to the simultaneous determination of these major terpenes in the C. sativa biomass produced by our facility at the University of Mississippi as well as in confiscated marijuana samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Chandrani G Majumdar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Baharthi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ghada M Hadad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Randa A Abdel Salam
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany K Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Safwat A Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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17
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Elhendawy MA, Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Azzaz NA, Toson ES, ElSohly MA. Chemical and Biological Studies of Cannabis sativa Roots. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2018; 1:104-111. [PMID: 32296742 DOI: 10.1159/000495582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical study of Cannabis sativa roots led to the isolation and identification of 10 compounds. Their chemical structures were unambiguously established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as friedelan-3-one (1), epifriedelanol (2), β-sitosterol (3), ergost-5-en-3-ol (4), methyl hexadecanoate (5), pentadecanoic acid (6), 10E-hexadecenoic acid (7), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (8), β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (9) and p-coumaroyltyramine (10). Compounds 5-9 were reported for the first time from C. sativa roots. All the isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity. Compound 4 showed modest activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with an IC50 value of 13.7 μg/mL, while compound 10 displayed potent activity against Escherichia coli with an IC50 value of 0.8 μg/mL. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of p-coumaroyltyramine (10) in the extracts of different varieties of C. sativa roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Elhendawy
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Nabil A Azzaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - ElShahat S Toson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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18
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Ali A, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Khan IA. Repellent Activity of Carrot Seed Essential Oil and Its Pure Compound, Carotol, Against Mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2018; 34:272-280. [PMID: 31442148 DOI: 10.2987/18-6751.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, carrot seed essential oil showed high repellency. The gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detector and GC/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of 47 compounds. Carotol was more than 75% w/w, followed by muurolene (4.86%), (Z)-β-farnesene (2.9%), and diepicedrene (1.1%). Systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil was performed to identify active repellent compounds. In both Klun and Debboun (K&D) and Ali and Khan (A&K) bioassays, carotol showed biting deterrent activity similar to N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and carrot seed essential oil against both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles quadrimaculatus, while in in vivo cloth patch bioassay, the minimum effective dose (MED) of deet was lower (12.5 μg/cm2) than the essential oil and carotol (25 μg/cm2) against Ae. aegypti. In the A&K bioassay, the MED values were similar, whereas the values of the mixtures of deet with essential oil and carotol was lower (6.25 + 6.25 = 12.5 μg/cm2) than their individual treatments (25 μg/cm2). In direct skin application bioassay, both the essential oil and carotol provided good repellency. The mixtures of deet and essential oil or carotol significantly increased the residual activity, indicating synergism. Mosquito repellency of the essential oil and carotol is reported for the 1st time. These data indicate the potential of these natural products to be developed as commercial repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
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Harraz FM, Hammoda HM, El-Hawiet A, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Eid AM, ElSohly MA. Chemical constituents, Antibacterial and Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity of Cupressus macrocarpa leaves. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:816-822. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1508140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fathalla M. Harraz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Hala M. Hammoda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Hawiet
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Eid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Shams Eldin SM, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Habib AAM, Kassem FF, Hammoda HM, Khan SI, Klein ML, Elokely KM, ElSohly MA. Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Potential Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Compounds from Trigonella stellata. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:1154-1161. [PMID: 29676912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of an alcoholic extract of Trigonella stellata were evaluated in terms of the activation of PPARα and PPARγ in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The extract was investigated phytochemically, aiming at the isolation of the most active compounds to be used as a platform for drug discovery. Three new isoflavans, (3 S,4 R)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy)-7-methoxyisoflavan (1), (3 R,4 S)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-4'- O-β-d-glucopyranosylisoflavan (2), and (2 S,3 R,4 R)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxyisoflavan (3), were isolated and characterized along with the five known compounds p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone (5), dihydromelilotoside (6), quercetin-3,7- O-α-l-dirhamnoside (7), and soyasaponin I (8). The structures of 1-3 were elucidated using various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute stereochemistry of the new isoflavans (1-3) was determined using both experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism as well as DP4 calculations. The isolated compounds were tested for their PPARα and PPARγ activation effects in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa M Shams Eldin
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria 21521 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria 21521 , Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia 61519 , Egypt
| | - Abdel-Azim M Habib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria 21521 , Egypt
| | - Fahima F Kassem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria 21521 , Egypt
| | - Hala M Hammoda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria 21521 , Egypt
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | | | - Khaled M Elokely
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tanta University , Tanta 31527 , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
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Wang YH, Avula B, ElSohly MA, Radwan MM, Wang M, Wanas AS, Mehmedic Z, Khan IA. Quantitative Determination of Δ9-THC, CBG, CBD, Their Acid Precursors and Five Other Neutral Cannabinoids by UHPLC-UV-MS. Planta Med 2018; 84:260-266. [PMID: 29262425 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds in the medicinal plant Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae family). Cannabigerolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and tetrahydrocannabivarin are major metabolites in the classification of different strains of C. sativa. Degradation or artifact cannabinoids cannabinol, cannabicyclol, and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol are formed under the influence of heat and light during processing and storage of the plant sample. An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with photodiode array and single quadruple mass spectrometry detectors was developed and validated for quantitative determination of 11 cannabinoids in different C. sativa samples. Compounds 1: - 11: were baseline separated with an acetonitrile (with 0.05% formic acid) and water (with 0.05% formic acid) gradient at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min on a Waters Cortec UPLC C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm I. D., 1.6 µm). The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of the 11 cannabinoids were below 0.2 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation for the precision test was below 2.4%. A mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (80 : 20, v/v) was proven to be the best solvent system for the sample preparation. The recovery of all analytes was in the range of 97 - 105%. A total of 32 Cannabis samples including hashish, leaves, and flower buds were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Abdel-Salam NA, Ghazy NM, Sallam SM, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, ElSohly MA, El-Demellawy MA, Abdel-Rahman NM, Piacente S, Shenouda ML. Flavonoids of Alcea rosea L. and their immune stimulant, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cell line. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:702-706. [PMID: 28580799 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1332602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcea rosea L. is widely cultivated in gardens of Egypt as an ornamental plant and it has a great history of folkloric medicinal uses. In the present work, phytochemical investigation of the alcoholic extract of the flowers of A. rosea L. led to the isolation of six flavonoids (1-6). Dihydrokaempferol-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), dihydrokaempferol (2), kaempferol-3-O-[6″-(E-coumaroyl)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), Apigenin (5) and kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1'″→6″)-β-d-glucopyranoside (6). Four of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant, immunostimulant and cytotoxic activities against HepG-2 cell line. Compound (3) showed potent cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cell line with high selectivity towards hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro (with IC50 = 3.8 μg/mL). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antioxidant activity and compound 4 showed a significant immune stimulant activity. Compound 1 is isolated for the first time from genus Alcea and this is the first report for its biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Abdel-Salam
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Nabila M Ghazy
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M Sallam
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.,b National Center for Natural Products Research , University of Mississippi , Mississippi , MS , USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- b National Center for Natural Products Research , University of Mississippi , Mississippi , MS , USA.,c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- b National Center for Natural Products Research , University of Mississippi , Mississippi , MS , USA.,d Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Mississippi , MS , USA
| | - Maha A El-Demellawy
- e Pharmaceutical & Fermentation Industries Development Center (PFIDC) City for Scientific Research & Technology Applications (SRTA-City) , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Nevin M Abdel-Rahman
- e Pharmaceutical & Fermentation Industries Development Center (PFIDC) City for Scientific Research & Technology Applications (SRTA-City) , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Sonia Piacente
- f Department of BioMedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences FARMABIOMED , Università degli Studi di Salerno , Campania , Italy
| | - Mary L Shenouda
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Mehmedic Z, van Antwerp J, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Cannabis Products Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Diode Array/Mass Spectrometric Detection. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:602-611. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | | | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy; Department of BioMolecular Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, van Antwerp J, Parcher JF, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Decarboxylation Study of Acidic Cannabinoids: A Novel Approach Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:262-271. [PMID: 28861498 PMCID: PMC5549281 DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Decarboxylation is an important step for efficient production of the major active components in cannabis, for example, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG). These cannabinoids do not occur in significant concentrations in cannabis but can be formed by decarboxylation of their corresponding acids, the predominant cannabinoids in the plant. Study of the kinetics of decarboxylation is of importance for phytocannabinoid isolation and dosage formulation for medical use. Efficient analytical methods are essential for simultaneous detection of both neutral and acidic cannabinoids. Methods:C. sativa extracts were used for the studies. Decarboxylation conditions were examined at 80°C, 95°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 145°C for different times up to 60 min in a vacuum oven. An ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/PDA-MS) method was used for the analysis of acidic and neutral cannabinoids before and after decarboxylation. Results: Decarboxylation at different temperatures displayed an exponential relationship between concentration and time indicating a first-order or pseudo-first-order reaction. The rate constants for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) were twice those of the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Decarboxylation of THCA-A was forthright with no side reactions or by-products. Decarboxylation of CBDA and CBGA was not as straightforward due to the unexplained loss of reactants or products. Conclusion: The reported UHPSFC/PDA-MS method provided consistent and sensitive analysis of phytocannabinoids and their decarboxylation products and degradants. The rate of change of acidic cannabinoid concentrations over time allowed for determination of rate constants. Variations of rate constants with temperature yielded values for reaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | | | - Jon F Parcher
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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Abd El-Salam NM, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Shenouda ML, Sallam SM, Piacente S, ElSohly MA, Ghazy NA. Phytochemical And Biological Evaluation Of Alcea Rosea L., Growing In Egypt. Planta Med 2016; 82. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1578785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Gul W, Gul SW, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Mehmedic Z, Khan II, Sharaf MHM, ElSohly MA. Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Biomass and Extracts of Different Varieties of Cannabis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2016; 98:1523-8. [PMID: 26651563 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.15-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC single-laboratory validation was performed for the detection and quantification of the 11 major cannabinoids in most cannabis varieties, namely, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCAA). The analysis was carried out on the biomass and extracts of these varieties. Methanol-chloroform (9:1, v/v) was used for extraction, 4-androstene-3,17-dione was used as the internal standard, and separation was achieved in 22.2 min on a C18 column using a two- step gradient elution. The method was validated for the 11 cannabinoids. The concentration-response relationship of the method indicated a linear relationship between the concentration and peak area with r2 values of >0.99 for all 11 cannabinoids. Method accuracy was determined through a spike study, and recovery ranged from 89.7 to 105.5% with an RSD of 0.19 to 6.32% for CBDA, CBD, THCV, CBN, Δ9-THC, CBL, CBC, and THCAA; recovery was 84.7, 84.2, and 67.7% for the minor constituents, CBGA, CBG, and Δ8-THC, respectively, with an RSD of 2.58 to 4.96%. The validated method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible and is therefore suitable for the detection and quantification of these cannabinoids in different types of cannabis plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Dr, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
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Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Fronczek FR, Jacob MR, Ross SA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the marine organisms Lendenfeldia dendyi and Sinularia dura with anti-MRSa activity. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elsohly MA, Gul W, Wanas AS, Radwan MM. Synthetic cannabinoids: analysis and metabolites. Life Sci 2014; 97:78-90. [PMID: 24412391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabimimetics (commonly referred to as synthetic cannabinoids), a group of compounds encompassing a wide range of chemical structures, have been developed by scientists with the hope of achieving selectivity toward one or the other of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. The goal was to have compounds that could possess high therapeutic activity without many side effects. However, underground laboratories have used the information generated by the scientific community to develop these compounds for illicit use as marijuana substitutes. This chapter reviews the different classes of these "synthetic cannabinoids" with particular emphasis on the methods used for their identification in the herbal products with which they are mixed and identification of their metabolites in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elsohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Wanas AS, Fouad MA, Kamel MS, Matsunami K, Otsuka H. Bioactive Triterpene Saponins from the Leaves of Schefflera elegantissima. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sulfated oleanane-type triterpene, and five known saponins of the oleanane-type were isolated from the leaves of Schefflera elegantissima for the first time. The structure of the new saponin was determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of the isolated compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. Wanas
- Departmet of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Fouad
- Departmet of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Kamel
- Departmet of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1–2–3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734–8553, Japan
| | - Hideaki Otsuka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1–2–3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734–8553, Japan
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