A Socioecological Examination of the Challenges Associated With Young Widowhood: A Systematic Review

This systematic review employs a socio-ecological framework to investigate the challenges that arise due to early spousal loss. The research team conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2013 and 2023 to uncover factors that influence the grieving process in bereaved spouses. The results reveal that concurrent with the grief and devastation associated with partner loss, young widows and widowers also face a harsh reality filled with secondary losses, financial difficulty, mental health distress, emotional anguish, and identity crises. These hardships are exacerbated by social norms that disenfranchise the grief of young widows and widowers. These norms are then enacted interpersonally and codified in policy. The review's findings underscore the necessity for increased community grief education and support, focused clinical attention, and policy advocacy.

Decrease of tolerance to, and physical dependence on morphine by, glutamate receptor antagonists

The effects of the non-competitive antagonists of the glutamate complex receptor, dizocilpine (MK 801) and ketamine and of the competitive antagonist CGP 39551 were examined on the induction of tolerance to morphine, the development of physical dependence and the expression of the abstinence syndrome to the opiate in mice. Morphine was administered in a single dose (300 mg/kg) of a slow release preparation. Dizocilpine (0.005 or 0.01 mg/kg given at 3, 12 and 24 h after the priming dose of morphine), ketamine (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg, 30 min before and 3, 6, 9 and 24 h after the priming dose) and DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphonopentanoate carboxy-ethylester (CGP 39551) (1.5 or 3 mg/kg, but not 6 or 12 mg/kg 30 min before and 12 and 24 h after the priming dose) reduced the intensity of tolerance to, and physical dependence on morphine. The drugs also reduced the intensity of the abstinence behaviour when given in a single dose, 30 min before (s.c.) naloxone (4 mg/kg)-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in mice chronically treated with morphine. Thus, the results of this study indicate that competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists prevent morphine tolerance and decrease the development of physical dependence on the opiate in mice.

Influence of opiate tolerance and calcium channel antagonists on the antinociceptive effects of L-arginine and NG-nitro L-arginine

1. The antinociceptive effects induced by L-arginine (L-Arg 300-600 mg sc) or NG-nitro-L-arginine (NOArg 20-70 mg sc) in mice were assessed by the hot-plate test. 2. The antinociception induced by both agents was antagonized by naloxone. L-Arg significantly reduced the effects of the largest doses of morphine (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) or pentazocine (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg). 3. Morphine antagonized L-Arg-induced antinociception but did not change the responses to NOArg. 4. Diltiazem (10 mg/kg) or verapamil (10 mg/kg) decreased L-Arg antinociceptive responses, whereas the effects of NOArg were enhanced. 5. The antinociceptive effects of L-Arg and NOArg were also tested in mice rendered tolerant to morphine or pentazocine. Whereas the effect of L-Arg were lower in tolerant animals, the responses to NOArg were unchanged. 6. The results suggest the involvement of opiate mechanisms and NO synthesis in L-ARG-induced antinociception and a lesser influence of opiate mechanisms in the antinociception induced by NOArg.

Possible role of nitric oxide in the antinociceptive action of intraventricular bradykinin in mice

The i.c.v. administration of bradykinin (4, 8 and 16 micrograms) induced antinociception in mice which was resistant to naloxone; furthermore, the induction of tolerance to morphine by a single s.c. injection (100 mg/kg, 24 h before test doses of the peptide) did not affect antinociception. Since bradykinin is known to increase nitric oxide (NO) in peripheral tissues, we studied the possibility that its antinociceptive action may be related to NO effects in the central nervous system. Bradykinin effects were antagonized by previous treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine or concomitant i.c.v. administration of bradykinin and methylene blue. The immediate precursor of NO, L-arginine, which by itself produces analgesia, also reduced bradykinin effects; moreover, tolerance to L-arginine significantly decreased the response to the peptide. These results suggest that NO is involved in antinociception induced by i.c.v. administration of bradykinin.

Purinergic drugs and calcium channel antagonists attenuate the withdrawal syndrome from barbital

The effects of some adenosine agonists and calcium channel antagonists on the induction of tolerance to and dependence on barbital in mice have been studied. The concurrent administration of barbital and one of the following adenosine agonists, D- or L-phenylisopropyl adenosine, cyclopentyl adenosine and chloroadenosine, or the adenosine antagonists theophylline or 8-phenyltheophylline did not change the intensities of tolerance to and dependence on the barbiturate. N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine administered during the period of chronic administration of barbital significantly reduced the withdrawal syndrome. The administration of the calcium channel antagonists diltiazem, verapamil or nifedipine was also ineffective in altering the processes of tolerance and physical dependence when given concomitantly with barbital. Abstinence behavior was significantly reduced when mice were treated during the first 48 h of withdrawal from the barbiturate with either L-phenylisopropyl adenosine, N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine, nifedipine or verapamil. These results are discussed in relation to the attenuation of tolerance to and dependence on benzodiazepines induced by similar treatments.

Calcium channel antagonists and adenosine analogues decrease tolerance to opiate pentazocine and U 50488H

1. A single dose of pentazocine induces cross-tolerance the analgesic effects of the kappa agonist U 50488H. Tolerance is observed by means of the hot plate test or by the i.p. administration of acetic acid 6 or 24 hr after the priming dose, respectively. 2. The administration of the calcium channel antagonists, diltiazem, nifedipine or verapamil, reduces the degree of tolerance as assessed by the hot plate test or acetic acid administration. 3. The adenosine agonist N6-cyclopentyl adenosine significantly reduced the intensity of the process; in contrast, N6-cyclohexyladenosine antagonized the analgesic response to the opiate obscuring its influence on the process. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the interaction of calcium channel function in the analgesic response to the kappa opiates.

Effects of calcium channel antagonists and Bay K 8644 on the analgesic response to pentazocine and U 50488H

1. The effects of diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil and the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 on the analgesic responses to the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of pentazocine and U 50488H were investigated in mice. 2. The three calcium channel antagonists and Bay K 8644 reduced the number of writhes induced by the intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid. 3. The analgesic responses to the low doses of pentazocine (s.c.) were additive with the effects of diltiazem, nifedipine or Bay K 8644; while, in contrast, the higher doses produced underadditive responses. Only verapamil increased the effects of the i.c.v. administration of the opioid. 4. The effects of U 50488H (s.c.) were additive with those of diltiazem and Bay K 8644; verapamil only increased the response to the lower dose of the opioid. Nifedipine plus pentazocine always induced underadditive responses. The i.c.v. effects of U 50488H were only increased by verapamil. 5. These findings are discussed in relation with a possible interaction of kappa agonists with calcium channels in the central nervous system.

Adenosine analogs attenuate tolerance-dependence on alprazolam

1. Tolerance to and physical dependence on alprazolam were induced in mice by administering two doses of a slow release preparation. 2. Physical dependence was evaluated by the abstinence syndrome induced by flumazenil. Tolerance was studied by measuring the motor incoordination induced by a test dose of alprazolam. 3. The intensity of tolerance was decreased by the administration of L-phenylisopropyl adenosine (L-PIA), cyclopentyl adenosine (CPA), cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA), N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PTP) and theophylline (TP). 4. The intensity of the abstinence syndrome induced by flumazenil was attenuated by L-PIA, CPA NECA, TP and 8-PTP. 5. The results suggest that benzodiazepines may exert, at least in part, their effects by involving adenosine in the central nervous system.

Effects of some adenosine analogs on morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance

1. The analogs of adenosine D- and L-phenylisopropyladenosine (D- and L-PIA) and chloroadenosine (CADO) induced analgesia in mice (hot-plate test). 2. The antinociceptive effects of the three adenosine agonists were antagonized by caffeine but were unaffected by naloxone. 3. Morphine-induced antinociception was increased by pretreatment with adenosine agonists. 4. Whereas CADO significantly attenuated the induction of morphine tolerance, D- and L-PIA did not affect the process.

A comparison of GABAergic influences on the analgesic responses to morphine and pentazocine

1. The interactions of three GABAergic compounds, gamma-acetylenic GABA, gamma-vinyl GABA and ethylenediamine with the analgesic effects of morphine and pentazocine were examined in mice using the hot plate and tail immersion tests. 2. A significant increase in reaction time induced by morphine was noted in the tail immersion test after pretreatment with the drugs acting through GABA functions. 3. The inhibitors of GABA transaminase, gamma-acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA, and the GABAmimetic ethylenediamine did not significantly change the analgesic action induced by pentazocine. 4. In the hot plate test the three GABAergic compounds antagonized the analgesic effects of pentazocine in contraposition with previous results indicating that morphine-induced analgesia is increased by pretreatment with those agents. 5. These findings suggest that GABAergic and opiopeptidergic systems are interconnected through mu receptors, whereas the kappa opiate systems seem to be unrelated to GABA functions.