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Farria AT, Plummer JB, Salinger AP, Shen J, Lin K, Lu Y, McBride KM, Koutelou E, Dent SYR. Transcriptional Activation of MYC-Induced Genes by GCN5 Promotes B-cell Lymphomagenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5543-5553. [PMID: 33168647 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the MYC oncoprotein is an initiating step in the formation of several cancers. MYC frequently recruits chromatin-modifying complexes to DNA to amplify the expression of cancer-promoting genes, including those regulating cell cycle, proliferation, and metabolism, yet the roles of specific modifiers in different cancer types are not well defined. Here, we show that GCN5 is an essential coactivator of cell-cycle gene expression driven by MYC overexpression and that deletion of Gcn5 delays or abrogates tumorigenesis in the Eμ-Myc mouse model of B-cell lymphoma. Our results demonstrate that Gcn5 loss impacts both expression and downstream functions of Myc. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results provide important proof of principle for Gcn5 functions in formation and progression of Myc-driven cancers, suggesting that GCN5 may be a viable target for development of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee T Farria
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,The Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Joshua B Plummer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Andrew P Salinger
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Kevin M McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Evangelia Koutelou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,The Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas. .,The Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas.,Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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Hirsch CL, Akdemir ZC, Wang L, Jayakumaran G, Trcka D, Weiss A, Hernandez JJ, Pan Q, Han H, Xu X, Xia Z, Salinger AP, Wilson M, Vizeacoumar F, Datti A, Li W, Cooney AJ, Barton MC, Blencowe BJ, Wrana JL, Dent SYR. Corrigendum: Myc and SAGA rewire an alternative splicing network during early somatic cell reprogramming. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1341. [PMID: 26109054 DOI: 10.1101/gad.266601.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hirsch CL, Coban Akdemir Z, Wang L, Jayakumaran G, Trcka D, Weiss A, Hernandez JJ, Pan Q, Han H, Xu X, Xia Z, Salinger AP, Wilson M, Vizeacoumar F, Datti A, Li W, Cooney AJ, Barton MC, Blencowe BJ, Wrana JL, Dent SYR. Myc and SAGA rewire an alternative splicing network during early somatic cell reprogramming. Genes Dev 2015; 29:803-16. [PMID: 25877919 PMCID: PMC4403257 DOI: 10.1101/gad.255109.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are maintained in a self-renewing and pluripotent state by multiple regulatory pathways. Hirsch et al. performed a functional RNAi screen and identified components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, in particular Gcn5, as critical regulators of reprogramming initiation. In mouse pluripotent stem cells, Gcn5 strongly associates with Myc, and, upon initiation of somatic reprogramming, Gcn5 and Myc form a positive feed-forward loop that activates a distinct alternative splicing network and the early acquisition of pluripotency-associated splicing events. Embryonic stem cells are maintained in a self-renewing and pluripotent state by multiple regulatory pathways. Pluripotent-specific transcriptional networks are sequentially reactivated as somatic cells reprogram to achieve pluripotency. How epigenetic regulators modulate this process and contribute to somatic cell reprogramming is not clear. Here we performed a functional RNAi screen to identify the earliest epigenetic regulators required for reprogramming. We identified components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, in particular Gcn5, as critical regulators of reprogramming initiation. Furthermore, we showed in mouse pluripotent stem cells that Gcn5 strongly associates with Myc and that, upon initiation of somatic reprogramming, Gcn5 and Myc form a positive feed-forward loop that activates a distinct alternative splicing network and the early acquisition of pluripotency-associated splicing events. These studies expose a Myc–SAGA pathway that drives expression of an essential alternative splicing regulatory network during somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calley L Hirsch
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA; Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Gowtham Jayakumaran
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Trcka
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - J Javier Hernandez
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qun Pan
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xueping Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andrew P Salinger
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Marenda Wilson
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Frederick Vizeacoumar
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Austin J Cooney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michelle C Barton
- Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA;
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Probst FJ, Corrigan RR, del Gaudio D, Salinger AP, Lorenzo I, Gao SS, Chiu I, Xia A, Oghalai JS, Justice MJ. A point mutation in the gene for asparagine-linked glycosylation 10B (Alg10b) causes nonsyndromic hearing impairment in mice (Mus musculus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e80408. [PMID: 24303013 PMCID: PMC3841196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of mouse hearing impairment mutants has led to the identification of a number of human hearing impairment genes and has greatly furthered our understanding of the physiology of hearing. The novel mouse mutant neurological/sensory 5 (nse5) demonstrates a significantly reduced or absent startle response to sound and is therefore a potential murine model of human hearing impairment. Genetic analysis of 500 intercross progeny localized the mutant locus to a 524 kilobase (kb) interval on mouse chromosome 15. A missense mutation in a highly-conserved amino acid was found in the asparagine-linked glycosylation 10B gene (Alg10b), which is within the critical interval for the nse5 mutation. A 20.4 kb transgene containing a wildtype copy of the Alg10b gene rescued the mutant phenotype in nse5/nse5 homozygous animals, confirming that the mutation in Alg10b is responsible for the nse5/nse5 mutant phenotype. Homozygous nse5/nse5 mutants had abnormal auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and cochlear microphonics (CMs). Endocochlear potentials (EPs), on the other hand, were normal. ABRs and DPOAEs also confirmed the rescue of the mutant nse5/nse5 phenotype by the wildtype Alg10b transgene. These results suggested a defect in the outer hair cells of mutant animals, which was confirmed by histologic analysis. This is the first report of mutation in a gene involved in the asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation pathway causing nonsyndromic hearing impairment, and it suggests that the hearing apparatus, and the outer hair cells in particular, are exquisitely sensitive to perturbations of the N-linked glycosylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Probst
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Corrigan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniela del Gaudio
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Salinger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Isabel Lorenzo
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Shared Resource, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Simon S. Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ilene Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boles MK, Wilkinson BM, Maxwell A, Lai L, Mills AA, Nishijima I, Salinger AP, Moskowitz I, Hirschi KK, Liu B, Bradley A, Justice MJ. A mouse chromosome 4 balancer ENU-mutagenesis screen isolates eleven lethal lines. BMC Genet 2009; 10:12. [PMID: 19267930 PMCID: PMC2670824 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ENU-mutagenesis is a powerful technique to identify genes regulating mammalian development. To functionally annotate the distal region of mouse chromosome 4, we performed an ENU-mutagenesis screen using a balancer chromosome targeted to this region of the genome. RESULTS We isolated 11 lethal lines that map to the region of chromosome 4 between D4Mit117 and D4Mit281. These lines form 10 complementation groups. The majority of lines die during embryonic development between E5.5 and E12.5 and display defects in gastrulation, cardiac development, and craniofacial development. One line displayed postnatal lethality and neurological defects, including ataxia and seizures. CONCLUSION These eleven mutants allow us to query gene function within the distal region of mouse chromosome 4 and demonstrate that new mouse models of mammalian developmental defects can easily and quickly be generated and mapped with the use of ENU-mutagenesis in combination with balancer chromosomes. The low number of mutations isolated in this screen compared with other balancer chromosome screens indicates that the functions of genes in different regions of the genome vary widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Boles
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes chemical mutagenesis of male mice using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), which is the most efficient method for obtaining mouse mutations in phenotype-driven screens. A fractionated dose of ENU, an alkylating agent, can produce a mutation rate as high as 1.5 × 10(-3) in male mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Treatment with ENU produces point mutations that provide a unique mutant resource: They reflect the consequences of single gene changes independent of position effects, provide a fine structure dissection of protein function, display a range of mutant effects from complete or partial loss of function to exaggerated function, and discover gene functions in an unbiased manner. After treatment with ENU, mice are mated in genetic screens designed to uncover mutations of interest. Screens for dominant, recessive, and modifying mutations can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Salinger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kile BT, Hentges KE, Clark AT, Nakamura H, Salinger AP, Liu B, Box N, Stockton DW, Johnson RL, Behringer RR, Bradley A, Justice MJ. Functional genetic analysis of mouse chromosome 11. Nature 2003; 425:81-6. [PMID: 12955145 DOI: 10.1038/nature01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Now that the mouse and human genome sequences are complete, biologists need systematic approaches to determine the function of each gene. A powerful way to discover gene function is to determine the consequence of mutations in living organisms. Large-scale production of mouse mutations with the point mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is a key strategy for analysing the human genome because mouse mutants will reveal functions unique to mammals, and many may model human diseases. To examine genes conserved between human and mouse, we performed a recessive ENU mutagenesis screen that uses a balancer chromosome, inversion chromosome 11 (refs 4, 5). Initially identified in the fruitfly, balancer chromosomes are valuable genetic tools that allow the easy isolation of mutations on selected chromosomes. Here we show the isolation of 230 new recessive mouse mutations, 88 of which are on chromosome 11. This genetic strategy efficiently generates and maps mutations on a single chromosome, even as mutations throughout the genome are discovered. The mutations reveal new defects in haematopoiesis, craniofacial and cardiovascular development, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Kile
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
The H1 histones of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were extracted from isolated nuclei, fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, peptide mapping, and N-terminal sequencing. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 5% perchloric acid extracts of isolated C. reinhardtii nuclei revealed two H1 proteins (H1A and H1B). Two-dimensional gel analysis did not reveal heterogeneity of either algal H1 protein, but did detect differences in the hydrophobic amino acid content of the C. reinhardtii H1A and H1B. Digestion of H1A and H1B with V8 protease revealed two distinctly different peptide maps. C. reinhardtii H1 peptide maps were not at all similar to those of Pisum H1, but algal and pea H2B peptide maps did show some peptides in common. Seventeen amino acid residues were obtained from C. reinhardtii H1A amino terminal sequencing, while the H1B N-terminus was blocked. A search of protein data bases revealed no sequence homology of the H1A N-terminus with any known protein. Chlamydomonas histones fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography revealed minor components (histone variants) for H2A and H2B. The amino acid composition of Chlamydomonas lysine-rich histones was compared to those of various other unicellular algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Morris
- Biology Department, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Nugent CI, Bosco G, Ross LO, Evans SK, Salinger AP, Moore JK, Haber JE, Lundblad V. Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks. Curr Biol 1998; 8:657-60. [PMID: 9635193 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are functionally distinct from ends generated by chromosome breakage, in that telomeres, unlike double-strand breaks, are insulated from recombination with other chromosomal termini [1]. We report that the Ku heterodimer and the Rad50/Mre11/Xrs2 complex, both of which are required for repair of double-strand breaks [2-5], have separate roles in normal telomere maintenance in yeast. Using epistasis analysis, we show that the Ku end-binding complex defined a third telomere-associated activity, required in parallel with telomerase [6] and Cdc13, a protein binding the single-strand portion of telomere DNA [7,8]. Furthermore, loss of Ku function altered the expression of telomere-located genes, indicative of a disruption of telomeric chromatin. These data suggest that the Ku complex and the Cdc13 protein function as terminus-binding factors, contributing distinct roles in chromosome end protection. In contrast, MRE11 and RAD50 were required for the telomerase-mediated pathway, rather than for telomeric end protection; we propose that this complex functions to prepare DNA ends for telomerase to replicate. These results suggest that as a part of normal telomere maintenance, telomeres are identified as double-strand breaks, with additional mechanisms required to prevent telomere recombination. Ku, Cdc13 and telomerase define three epistasis groups required in parallel for telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Nugent
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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