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Sun Y, Caplazi P, Zhang J, Mazloom A, Kummerfeld S, Quinones G, Senger K, Lesch J, Peng I, Sebrell A, Luk W, Lu Y, Lin Z, Barck K, Young J, Del Rio M, Lehar S, Asghari V, Lin W, Mariathasan S, DeVoss J, Misaghi S, Balazs M, Sai T, Haley B, Hass PE, Xu M, Ouyang W, Martin F, Lee WP, Zarrin AA. PILRα Negatively Regulates Mouse Inflammatory Arthritis. J I 2014; 193:860-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hazenbos WLW, Kajihara KK, Vandlen R, Morisaki JH, Lehar SM, Kwakkenbos MJ, Beaumont T, Bakker AQ, Phung Q, Swem LR, Ramakrishnan S, Kim J, Xu M, Shah IM, Diep BA, Sai T, Sebrell A, Khalfin Y, Oh A, Koth C, Lin SJ, Lee BC, Strandh M, Koefoed K, Andersen PS, Spits H, Brown EJ, Tan MW, Mariathasan S. Novel staphylococcal glycosyltransferases SdgA and SdgB mediate immunogenicity and protection of virulence-associated cell wall proteins. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003653. [PMID: 24130480 PMCID: PMC3794999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of host tissues by Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis requires an unusual family of staphylococcal adhesive proteins that contain long stretches of serine-aspartate dipeptide-repeats (SDR). The prototype member of this family is clumping factor A (ClfA), a key virulence factor that mediates adhesion to host tissues by binding to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibrinogen. However, the biological siginificance of the SDR-domain and its implication for pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we identified two novel bacterial glycosyltransferases, SdgA and SdgB, which modify all SDR-proteins in these two bacterial species. Genetic and biochemical data demonstrated that these two glycosyltransferases directly bind and covalently link N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties to the SDR-domain in a step-wise manner, with SdgB appending the sugar residues proximal to the target Ser-Asp repeats, followed by additional modification by SdgA. GlcNAc-modification of SDR-proteins by SdgB creates an immunodominant epitope for highly opsonic human antibodies, which represent up to 1% of total human IgG. Deletion of these glycosyltransferases renders SDR-proteins vulnerable to proteolysis by human neutrophil-derived cathepsin G. Thus, SdgA and SdgB glycosylate staphylococcal SDR-proteins, which protects them against host proteolytic activity, and yet generates major eptopes for the human anti-staphylococcal antibody response, which may represent an ongoing competition between host and pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis are major bacterial pathogens that can cause life-threatening human diseases. Following entry into the circulation, S.aureus can infect virtually any organ. However, it must first counter antibacterial mechanisms of the innate immune system, including those involving macrophages and neutrophils. Important for staphylococcal adhesion to and successful colonization of host tissues, is a family of bacterial surface proteins containing multiple repeats of serine-aspartate repeats (SDR) adjacent to an adhesive A-domain. The biological functions of the SDR-domain of these SDR proteins remain elusive. We found that the SDR-domain of all staphylococcal SDR proteins is heavily glycosylated. We identified two novel glycosylases, SdgA and SdgB, which are responsible for glycosylation in two steps, and found that this glycosylation protects the adhesive SDR proteins against proteolytic attack by human neutrophil cathepin G. Since pathogen binding to human tissues, including the extracellular matrix protein fibrinogen, depends on SDR proteins, this glycosylation may be important for successful colonization of the human host. We also show that the SdgB-mediated glycosylation creates an immunodominant epitope for highly opsonic antibodies in humans. These antibodies account for a significant proportion of the total anti-staphylococcal IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter L. W. Hazenbos
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly K. Kajihara
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Hiroshi Morisaki
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sophie M. Lehar
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Kwakkenbos
- AIMM Therapeutics and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Beaumont
- AIMM Therapeutics and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Q. Bakker
- AIMM Therapeutics and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qui Phung
- Proteomics Lab, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lee R. Swem
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish Ramakrishnan
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Janice Kim
- Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ishita M. Shah
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Binh An Diep
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tao Sai
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Sebrell
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yana Khalfin
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Oh
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Koth
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - S. Jack Lin
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Hergen Spits
- AIMM Therapeutics and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Brown
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Noubade R, Wong K, Ota N, Rutz S, Valdez P, Peng I, Sebrell A, Caplazi P, DeVoss J, Soriano R, Modrusan Z, Hackney J, Sai T, Ouyang W. NRROS negatively regulates the production of reactive oxygen species in phagocytes during host defense and autoimmunity (P1339). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.63.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytes are essential for host defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Individuals with defects in the ROS production machinery develop chronic granulomatous disease. On the other hand, ROS can cause collateral tissue damage during inflammatory processes and therefore needs to be tightly controlled. Here we describe a novel protein that limits ROS generation by phagocytes upon inflammatory stimuli. We named this protein as Negative Regulator of ROS (NRROS). NRROS is a previously uncharacterized leucine rich repeat containing protein expressed mainly in myeloid cells. NRROS controls protein expression and/or stability of NOX2 and p22phox, the membrane-bound subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex. NRROS deficient cells produce increased ROS upon inflammatory challenges. In vivo, NRROS deficient mice show higher capacity to control invading bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Conversely, these mice develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, accompanied with significant mortality, due to oxidative tissue damage in the central nervous system. Interestingly, NRROS expression is differentially regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Tissue necrosis factor-α but not interferon-γ suppresses NRROS expression in macrophages. NRROS, thus, provides a hitherto undefined mechanism for ROS regulation; one that enables phagocytes to control invading pathogens while minimizing collateral tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kit Wong
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Neko Ota
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Patricia Valdez
- 2Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Sai
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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4
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Sun Y, Senger K, Sebrell A, Sai T, Mazloom A, Chinn Y, Luis E, Zarrin A. Sialylated ligands interact in cis to modulate PILRα inhibitory receptor in myeloid cells (P1358). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.207.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Paired Ig-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRα) is an inhibitory receptor expressed in myeloid cells. We show that an evolutionary conserved arginine-containing domain is critical for PILRα interaction with its sialylated ligands. In addition, PILRα is pre-engaged with its ligands in cis on the surface of primary cells and dissociation of PILRa-ligand interactions by sialidase-A treatment unmasks PILRα to bind soluble ligands. At the cellular level, the engagement of PILRα with monoclonal antibody suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Our data provides novel insights into nature of PILRα interactions and means to modulate the immune response by agonizing this inhibitory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Sai
- 1Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Zarrin
- 1Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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5
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Senger K, Misaghi S, Qu Y, Sai T, Hamidzadeh K, Sun Y, Nguyen A, Zhou M, Yan D, Lin Z, Soukup T, Lorenzo M, Garris C, Sebrell A, Xu M, Caplazi P, Roose-Girma M, DeForge L, Warming S, Lee W, Balazs M, Dixit V, Zarrin A. Replacement of Sϵ with Sμ reveals novel mechanistic insights into rearrangements of the IgH locus and cMyc chromosomal translocations (P1400). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.204.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Preceding antibody constant regions are switch (S) regions varying in length and repeat density that are targets of activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). We asked how participating S regions influence each other to orchestrate rearrangements at the IgH locus by engineering mice in which the weakest switch, Sϵ, is replaced with prominent recombination hotspot Sμ (SμKI). Inserted Sμ out-competed both endogenous Sγ1 and Sϵ to produce copious polyclonal IgE upon challenge, providing a platform to study IgE biology and therapeutic interventions. Intra-switch recombination (ISR) within endogenous Sμ is also diminished in SμKI mice, although the insertion itself exhibits no ISR. Furthermore, reciprocal translocations between c-myc and endogenous Sμ are dramatically lower in SμKI mice, suggesting the knocked-in switch sequesters critical factors. We propose competition among S regions influences CSR, ISR, and chromosomal translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Senger
- 1Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- 2Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
- 3Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Yan Qu
- 3Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tao Sai
- 4Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Allen Nguyen
- 5Assay and Automation Technology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Tim Soukup
- 6Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Maria Lorenzo
- 7Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Andrew Sebrell
- 4Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Min Xu
- 1Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Laura DeForge
- 5Assay and Automation Technology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Soren Warming
- 6Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wyne Lee
- 1Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Vishva Dixit
- 3Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ali Zarrin
- 1Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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Sun Y, Peng I, Senger K, Hamidzadeh K, Reichelt M, Baca M, Yeh R, Lorenzo MN, Sebrell A, Dela Cruz C, Tam L, Corpuz R, Wu J, Sai T, Roose-Girma M, Warming S, Balazs M, Gonzalez LC, Caplazi P, Martin F, Devoss J, Zarrin AA. Critical role of activation induced cytidine deaminase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:157-67. [PMID: 23167594 PMCID: PMC3581050 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.750301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder caused by chronic inflammation and demyelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical studies in MS patients have demonstrated efficacy with B cell targeted therapies such as anti-CD20. However, the exact role that B cells play in the disease process is unclear. Activation Induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme for the processes of antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. To evaluate the impact of affinity maturation and isotype switching, we have interrogated the effect of AID-deficiency in an animal model of MS. Here, we show that the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG1-125) is significantly reduced in Aicda deficient mice, which, unlike wild-type mice, lack serum IgG to myelin associated antigens. MOG specific T cell responses are comparable between wild-type and Aicda knockout mice suggesting an active role for antigen experienced B cells. Thus affinity maturation and/or class switching are critical processes in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Sun Y, Senger K, Baginski TK, Mazloom A, Chinn Y, Pantua H, Hamidzadeh K, Ramani SR, Luis E, Tom I, Sebrell A, Quinones G, Ma Y, Mukhyala K, Sai T, Ding J, Haley B, Shadnia H, Kapadia SB, Gonzalez LC, Hass PE, Zarrin AA. Evolutionarily conserved paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α (PILRα) domain mediates its interaction with diverse sialylated ligands. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15837-50. [PMID: 22396535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PILR) α is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes several ligands, including mouse CD99, PILR-associating neural protein, and Herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein B. The physiological function(s) of interactions between PILRα and its cellular ligands are not well understood, as are the molecular determinants of PILRα/ligand interactions. To address these uncertainties, we sought to identify additional PILRα ligands and further define the molecular basis for PILRα/ligand interactions. Here, we identify two novel PILRα binding partners, neuronal differentiation and proliferation factor-1 (NPDC1), and collectin-12 (COLEC12). We find that sialylated O-glycans on these novel PILRα ligands, and on known PILRα ligands, are compulsory for PILRα binding. Sialylation-dependent ligand recognition is also a property of SIGLEC1, a member of the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins. SIGLEC1 Ig domain shares ∼22% sequence identity with PILRα, an identity that includes a conserved arginine localized to position 97 in mouse and human SIGLEC1, position 133 in mouse PILRα and position 126 in human PILRα. We observe that PILRα/ligand interactions require conserved PILRα Arg-133 (mouse) and Arg-126 (human), in correspondence with a previously reported requirement for SIGLEC1 Arg-197 in SIGLEC1/ligand interactions. Homology modeling identifies striking similarities between PILRα and SIGLEC1 ligand binding pockets as well as at least one set of distinctive interactions in the galactoxyl-binding site. Binding studies suggest that PILRα recognizes a complex ligand domain involving both sialic acid and protein motif(s). Thus, PILRα is evolved to engage multiple ligands with common molecular determinants to modulate myeloid cell functions in anatomical settings where PILRα ligands are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Misaghi S, Garris CS, Sun Y, Nguyen A, Zhang J, Sebrell A, Senger K, Yan D, Lorenzo MN, Heldens S, Lee WP, Xu M, Wu J, DeForge L, Sai T, Dixit VM, Zarrin AA. Increased targeting of donor switch region and IgE in Sgamma1-deficient B cells. J Immunol 2010; 185:166-73. [PMID: 20511552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab class switch recombination involves a recombination between two repetitive DNA sequences known as switch (S) regions that vary in length, content, and density of the repeats. Abs expressed by B cells are diversified by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Both class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which preferentially recognizes certain hot spots that are far more enriched in the S regions. We found that removal of the largest S region, Sgamma1 (10 kb), in mice can result in the accumulation of mutations and short-range intra-S recombination in the donor Smu region. Furthermore, elevated levels of IgE were detected in trinitrophenol-OVA-immunized mice and in anti-CD40 plus IL-4-stimulated B cells in vitro. We propose that AID availability and targeting in part might be regulated by its DNA substrate. Thus, prominently transcribed S regions, such as Sgamma1, might provide a sufficient sink for AID protein to titrate away AID from other accessible sites within or outside the Ig locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Misaghi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Chen Z, Earl P, Americo J, Damon I, Smith SK, Yu F, Sebrell A, Emerson S, Cohen G, Eisenberg RJ, Gorshkova I, Schuck P, Satterfield W, Moss B, Purcell R. Characterization of chimpanzee/human monoclonal antibodies to vaccinia virus A33 glycoprotein and its variola virus homolog in vitro and in a vaccinia virus mouse protection model. J Virol 2007; 81:8989-95. [PMID: 17581986 PMCID: PMC1951440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00906-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three distinct chimpanzee Fabs against the A33 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with human gamma 1 heavy-chain constant regions. The three MAbs (6C, 12C, and 12F) displayed high binding affinities to A33 (K(d) of 0.14 nM to 20 nM) and may recognize the same epitope, which was determined to be conformational and located within amino acid residues 99 to 185 at the C terminus of A33. One or more of the MAbs were shown to reduce the spread of vaccinia virus as well as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) in vitro and to more effectively protect mice when administered before or 2 days after intranasal challenge with virulent vaccinia virus than a previously isolated mouse anti-A33 MAb (1G10) or vaccinia virus immunoglobulin. The protective efficacy afforded by anti-A33 MAb was comparable to that of a previously isolated chimpanzee/human anti-B5 MAb. The combination of anti-A33 MAb and anti-B5 MAb did not synergize the protective efficacy. These chimpanzee/human anti-A33 MAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 50 South Drive, MSC 8009, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chen Z, Moayeri M, Zhou YH, Leppla S, Emerson S, Sebrell A, Yu F, Svitel J, Schuck P, St Claire M, Purcell R. Efficient neutralization of anthrax toxin by chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies against protective antigen. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:625-33. [PMID: 16453257 PMCID: PMC7110013 DOI: 10.1086/500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against protective antigen (PA) and 2 scFvs against lethal factor (LF) of anthrax were isolated from a phage display library generated from immunized chimpanzees. Only 2 scFvs recognizing PA (W1 and W2) neutralized the cytotoxicity of lethal toxin in a macrophage lysis assay. Full-length immunoglobulin G (IgG) of W1 and W2 efficiently protected rats from anthrax toxin challenge. The epitope recognized by W1 and W2 was conformational and was formed by C-terminal amino acids 614–735 of PA. W1 and W2 each bound to PA with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 4×10-11 mol/L to 5 × 10−11 mol/L, which is an affinity that is 20–100-fold higher than that for the interaction of the receptor and PA. W1 and W2 inhibited the binding of PA to the receptor, suggesting that this was the mechanism of protection. These data suggest that W1 and W2 chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies may serve as PA entry inhibitors for use in the emergency prophylaxis against and treatment of anthrax
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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11
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Chen Z, Earl P, Americo J, Damon I, Smith SK, Zhou YH, Yu F, Sebrell A, Emerson S, Cohen G, Eisenberg RJ, Svitel J, Schuck P, Satterfield W, Moss B, Purcell R. Chimpanzee/human mAbs to vaccinia virus B5 protein neutralize vaccinia and smallpox viruses and protect mice against vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1882-7. [PMID: 16436502 PMCID: PMC1413659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510598103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzee Fabs against the B5 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete mAbs with human gamma 1 heavy chain constant regions. The two mAbs (8AH8AL and 8AH7AL) displayed high binding affinities to B5 (Kd of 0.2 and 0.7 nM). The mAb 8AH8AL inhibited the spread of vaccinia virus as well as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) in vitro, protected mice from subsequent intranasal challenge with virulent vaccinia virus, protected mice when administered 2 days after challenge, and provided significantly greater protection than that afforded by a previously isolated rat anti-B5 mAb (19C2) or by vaccinia immune globulin. The mAb bound to a conformational epitope between amino acids 20 and 130 of B5. These chimpanzee/human anti-B5 mAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Jeffrey Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Inger Damon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Scott K. Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | | | | | | | - Suzanne Emerson
- Molecular Hepatitis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Gary Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Juraj Svitel
- **Protein Biophysics Resource, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peter Schuck
- **Protein Biophysics Resource, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William Satterfield
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Robert Purcell
- *Hepatitis Viruses Section
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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