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Abstract
Cryopreservation of shoot tips facilitates long-term storage of plant genetic resources which can otherwise only be propagated vegetatively. The vitrification approach using the cryoprotectant plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3, 50% sucrose and 50% glycerol) is easy to handle, has shown to produce high regrowth percentages in a number of potato, mint, garlic, and shallot accessions, and is, thus, highly suitable for routine cryopreservation of plant genetic resources. In the current chapter, the vitrification procedure is described for potato, mint, garlic, and shallot and includes details about modifications for the different plant species. Special emphasis is given on the preparation of the different culture media, solutions, the culture conditions prior and post-cryopreservation, and the preparation of the shoot tips from different sources. Furthermore, protocols to introduce plants into in vitro culture and methods to estimate cryopreservation success are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Senula
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany.
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Impe D, Reitz J, Köpnick C, Rolletschek H, Börner A, Senula A, Nagel M. Assessment of Pollen Viability for Wheat. Front Plant Sci 2020; 10:1588. [PMID: 32038666 PMCID: PMC6987437 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat sheds tricellular short-lived pollen at maturity. The identification of viable pollen required for high seed set is important for breeders and conservators. The present study aims to evaluate and improve pollen viability tests and to identify factors influencing viability of pollen. In fresh wheat pollen, sucrose was the most abundant soluble sugar (90%). Raffinose was present in minor amounts. However, the analyses of pollen tube growth on 112 liquid and 45 solid media revealed that solid medium with 594 mM raffinose, 0.81 mM H3BO3, 2.04 mM CaCl2 at pH5.8 showed highest pollen germination. Partly or complete substitution of raffinose by sucrose, maltose, or sorbitol reduced in vitro germination of the pollen assuming a higher metabolic efficiency or antioxidant activity of raffinose. In vitro pollen germination varied between 26 lines (P < 0.001); between winter (15.3 ± 8.5%) and spring types (30.2 ± 13.3%) and was highest for the spring wheat TRI 2443 (50.1 ± 20.0%). Alexander staining failed to discriminate between viable, fresh pollen, and non-viable pollen inactivated by ambient storage for >60 min. Viability of fresh wheat pollen assessed by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining and impedance flow (IF) cytometry was 79.2 ± 4.2% and 88.1 ± 2.7%, respectively; and, when non-viable, stored pollen was additionally tested, it correlated at r = 0.54 (P < 0.05) and r = 0.67 (P < 0.001) with in vitro germination, respectively. When fresh pollen was used to assess the pollen viability of 19 wheat, 25 rye, 11 barley, and 4 maize lines, correlations were absent and in vitro germination was lower for rye (11.7 ± 8.5%), barley (6.8 ± 4.3%), and maize (2.1 ± 1.8%) pollen compared to wheat. Concluding, FDA staining and IF cytometry are used for a range of pollen species, whereas media for in vitro pollen germination require specific adaptations; in wheat, a solid medium with raffinose was chosen. On adapted media, the pollen tube growth can be exactly analyzed whereas results achieved by FDA staining and IF cytometry are higher and may overestimate pollen tube growth. Hence, as the exact viability and fertilization potential of a larger pollen batch remains elusive, a combination of pollen viability tests may provide reasonable indications of the ability of pollen to germinate and grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impe
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Janka Reitz
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Claudia Köpnick
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Börner
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Angelika Senula
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
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Hambeck M, Senula A, Kodym A. Occurrence of Latent Bacteria during Cryopreservation of Long-Term In Vitro Cultures of Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara. Cryo Letters 2019; 40:333-340. [PMID: 33966059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term in vitro cultures of Tussilago farfara (L.), a traditional medicinal plant in Austria, had been stored at 14°C for over 20 years. The cultures were vigorous and showed no visual signs of bacterial presence. The transfer from growth regulator-free culture medium to medium containing kinetin and the increase of temperature from 14°C to 25°C for fast propagation led to the emergence of latent bacteria in all twelve accessions studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate latent infections occurring during the development of a cryopreservation protocol of genetically interesting material using droplet-vitrification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two protocols for droplet-vitrification were tested using plant vitrification solutions (PVS) 2 and 3. The bacteria were isolated and identified using 16S rDNA analysis. Next, non-cryopreserved in vitro plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the glasshouse. After 6 weeks, shoot tips were harvested from the pot plants, surface-sterilized and initiated into culture. Further, newly acquired achenes of Tussilago were surface-sterilized and germinated in vitro and seedlings checked for bacteria. RESULTS The bacteria from the long-term cultures were isolated and identified as Luteibacter. Regeneration after cryopreservation using PVS3 was successful despite the continuing presence of Luteibacter. Luteibacter could no longer be detected in the newly-initiated in vitro material in subsequent tests and it was also not detected in the seedlings. CONCLUSION Luteibacter withstood the cryopreservation procedure. Re-initiation of infected material may be an efficient alternative to antibiotic treatment to manage bacteria in micropropagation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hambeck
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - A Kodym
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Core Facility Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Köpnick C, Grübe M, Stock J, Senula A, Mock HP, Nagel M. Changes of soluble sugars and ATP content during DMSO droplet freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification of potato shoot tips. Cryobiology 2018; 85:79-86. [PMID: 30257179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potato's great genetic diversity needs to be maintained for future agricultural applications and can be preserved at ultra-low temperatures. To decipher detailed physiological processes, the aim of the study was to analyze the regrowth in 28 gene bank accessions and to reveal metabolite changes in a subset of four accessions that showed pronounced differences after shoot tip cryopreservation using DMSO droplet freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification. Regrowth varied in all 28 genotypes ranging from 5% ('Kagiri') to 100% ('Karakter') and was higher after PVS3 droplet vitrification (71 ± 19%) than after cryopreservation using DMSO (54 ± 17%). Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were analyzed and showed significant increases after pre-culture in combination with PVS3 or DMSO and liquid nitrogen treatment and were reduced during regeneration. In contrast, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reached its minimum concentration after cryoprotection and liquid nitrogen treatment and recovered most quickly after PVS3 droplet vitrification. A shortening of the explant pre-culture period reduced dramatically the regrowth after PVS3 vitrification. However, correlations between the shoot tip regrowth and sugar concentration were absent and significant at a low extent with ATP (r = 0.4, P < 0.01). Interestingly, several sub-cultivations of the donor plants from the previous stock affected negatively the regrowth. In conclusion, the cryopreservation protocol, genotypes, pre-culture period and number of sub-cultures affect the regrowth ability of explants, which was best estimated by the ATP concentration after low-temperature treatment. Due to the superior performance of PVS3, the routine potato cryopreservation at the Gatersleben gene bank was changed to PVS3 droplet vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Köpnick
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Marion Grübe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Johanna Stock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Angelika Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
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Senula A, Büchner D, Keller ERJ, Nagel M. An Improved Cryopreservation Protocol for Mentha spp. Based on Pvs3 as the Cryoprotectant. Cryo Letters 2018; 39:345-353. [PMID: 30963150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitrification approaches are widely used to cryopreserve Mentha spp. genetic resources. OBJECTIVE Here, we compared the response of 20 different Mentha species and hybrids during cryopreservation and elucidated the efficacy of two cryoprotectants. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty three Mentha spp. accessions were cryopreserved using in vitro plants maintained under slow-growth storage and PVS2 or PVS3 as cryoprotectants. RESULTS The cryoprotectant PVS2 was effective for all species, except M. requienii and M. villosanervata. The use of PVS3 increased the proportion of explants able to regrow after rewarming. The outbreak of endophytes upon rewarming was both less frequent and less severe when PVS3 replaced PVS2. CONCLUSION Both PVS2 and PVS3 can be used as cryoprotectant for all the species and accessions of Mentha spp. surveyed. Since higher regenerations were achieved using PVS3, and since the risk of an endophyte outbreak was reduced, this cryoprotectant should be preferred in future for cryopreserving Mentha spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - D Büchner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - E R J Keller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - M Nagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
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Kodym A, Senula A, Temsch EM, Hood-Nowotny R, Schumacher F, Sekurova ON, Zotchev SB, Kiehn M. Micropropagation and Cryoconservation of the Endangered Plant Species Artemisia laciniata (Asteraceae). Cryo Letters 2018; 39:177-189. [PMID: 30059564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND: Artemisia laciniata, mainly distributed in Siberia and Central Asia, is classified as critically endangered in Europe. OBJECTIVES This study developed a protocol for its micropropagation and cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cultures from fresh seed and in vivo shoots were initiated. Micropropagation and cryopreservation protocols were developed. Bacteria detected after cryopreservation were investigated using 16S rRNA analysis. Genome size measurements of regenerated plants after cryopreservation using flow cytometry and carbon isotope measurements to evaluate stress status were also carried out. RESULTS A. laciniata from both starting materials could be successfully propagated on MS medium with 0.5 uM BAP. Material initiated from in vivo shoots yielded lower regeneration percentages (16%) after cryopreservation than material generated from seed (57 and 63%) using the droplet-vitrification method and PVS3. Bacteria occurring after cryopreservation belonged to the genera Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Curtobacterium and Gordonia. There was no significant difference in the genome size and stress status between non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved plants. CONCLUSION A. laciniata could be readily micropropagated and cryopreserved. No negative effects of cryopreservation on plant water use efficiency or on genetic stability were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kodym
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Core Facility Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - A Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - E M Temsch
- Dept. of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Hood-Nowotny
- Energy Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F Schumacher
- Core Facility Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - O N Sekurova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S B Zotchev
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kiehn
- Core Facility Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Tikhenko N, Rutten T, Senula A, Rubtsova M, Keller ERJ, Börner A. The changes in the reproductive barrier between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.): different states lead to different fates. Planta 2017; 246:377-388. [PMID: 28424873 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the reproductive barrier between hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) can be induced using in situ embryo rescue of abnormal embryos, yielding stable fertile amphidiploid plants. In intergeneric crosses between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.), postzygotic barriers may occur at different stages of hybrid development. One such mechanism is embryo lethality, which is genetically determined by the interaction and expression of two incompatible genes in wheat (Eml-A1) and rye (Eml-R1). Using in vitro culture methods as stressors, we overcame this hybrid lethality. Normal and abnormal embryos were observed to build embryogenic calli and produce regenerated plantlets in a similar manner. The high regenerative capacity of the abnormal embryos led us to conclude that the reproductive barrier in these intergeneric hybrids may have an epigenetic origin that can be easily overcome by culturing immature embryos via callus induction. After colchicine treatment during callus culture, amphidiploid plants were obtained. However, most of these plants did not produce seeds, due mainly to sterility of the pollen but also of the embryo sacs. These findings demonstrate that hybrid sterility affects both male and female gametophytes in plants obtained from abnormal embryos. The key roles of double fertilization and stress factors in the implementation of the apical meristem formation program in embryos from incompatible intergeneric crosses between hexaploid wheat and rye during in vitro culture are discussed. We also propose a hypothetical model for a wheat-rye lethality system involving differential expression of incompatible wheat Eml-A1 and rye Eml-R1b alleles in an identical genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tikhenko
- SPb Branch Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, RAS, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Angelika Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Myroslava Rubtsova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - E R Joachim Keller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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Bajerski F, Senula A, Keller J, Overmann J. Novel insights into cellular processes affecting the cryopreservation of bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cryobiology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Subbarayan K, Rolletschek H, Senula A, Ulagappan K, Hajirezaei MR, Keller ERJ. Influence of oxygen deficiency and the role of specific amino acids in cryopreservation of garlic shoot tips. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:40. [PMID: 26016569 PMCID: PMC4446907 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic has lost its ability to form seeds in the course of its domestication. Therefore, the germplasm storage via cryopreservation is increasingly applied. The progression of the various steps within the cryopreservation procedure is accompanied by declining survival rates of the explants. Much of the recent work on cryo-stress has been focussed on osmotic and cold stress components. However, two decades after invention of garlic cryopreservation, the function of metabolites and oxygen in and around the cryopreserved tissues is still largely obscure. METHODS In this study, hypoxia was characterized in cryopreservation of garlic with oxygen sensors and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars and ammonium were quantified to demonstrate the influence of cryo-stress in declining survival rates. RESULTS To better understand the possible reasons for a reduction in the survival rate at the subsequent steps of cryopreservation, the concentration of amino acids, ammonium, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), soluble sugars, malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxygen were measured in garlic shoot tips undergoing cryopreservation. Using microsensors, a very low oxygen concentration (<0.1 μM) was detected within the central meristem region of the shoot apex. When apices were immersed in cryoprotectant solution, the well-oxygenated peripheral regions (foliage leaf bases) became likewise hypoxic within a few minutes, probably resulting from strongly restricted gaseous diffusion. CONCLUSIONS Tissue level oxygen measurements supported the occurrence of hypoxia while biochemical analysis indicated adaptive responses, in particular the modulation in alanine and glutamate metabolism. The possible role of serine and glycine metabolism during cryopreservation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Angelika Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Kamatchi Ulagappan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - E R Joachim Keller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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Senula A, Joachim Keller ER, Sanduijav T, Yohannes T. Cryopreservation of cold-acclimated mint (Mentha spp.) shoot tips using a simple vitrification protocol. Cryo Letters 2007; 28:1-12. [PMID: 17369957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Accessions of Mentha x piperita, M. x villosa, and M. spicata were evaluated for regrowth after cooling in liquid nitrogen using shoot tips from in-vitro grown plantlets and a simple vitrification protocol with aluminium foil as a carrier. The influences of plant preculture, loading solution and loading time and of the effects of the cryoprotectant PVS 2 on plant re-growth after re-warming were investigated. Nodal segments were cultivated at constant temperatures of 20 or 25 degree C or in alternating temperature regimes (25/15C or 25/-1C). The illumination was always 16 h per day. The re-growth levels after re-warming were significantly higher in plants pre-cultured at 25/-1C regime than in plants cultivated at 20C or 25C or at 25/15C regime for all nine tested accessions. The mean re-growth levels increased from 36 percent at 20C to 69percent at alternating temperatures, respectively. The maximum of plant re-growth after re-warming was 89 percent. A pre-culture at alternating temperatures of 25/15C did not increase the recovery of plants. Loading in sucrose solutions with different dehydration capacities did not alter the plant re-growth. Differences in the loading time between 20 min and 2 h were not important for re-growth either. No significant differences were found between freezing without and with PVS 2 droplets on the aluminium foil. Re-grown shoots rooted easily on the re-growth medium and plantlets were successfully transferred to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Senula
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Joachim Keller E, Senula A, Kaczmarczyk A, Grübe M. 79. Development and organization of the Gatersleben cryobank of potato, garlic and mint—maintenance, safety and logistics. Cryobiology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Keller E, Senula A. GERMPLASM PRESERVATION IN ALLIUM SPECIES: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO STORE MORPHOLOGICALLY CHARACTERISED VIRUS-FREE PLANT MATERIAL VIA CRYOPRESERVATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2003.623.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Senula A, Keller E, Leseman D. ELIMINATION OF VIRUSES THROUGH MERISTEM CULTURE AND THERMOTHERAPY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN IN VITRO COLLECTION OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2000.530.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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