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Vilaregut A, Abadia S, Pineda-Hernández S, Torras S, Pujadas X. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mood and family relationships of runners. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1295605. [PMID: 38646113 PMCID: PMC11027568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1295605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the mood of amateur runners and on their relationships with their partners and families. Methods Adult runners 18 years or older (N = 260) completed an online survey that included demographic information, standardized psychological assessments of Exercise Dependence (EDS-R) and mood (POMS), and, to measure relationship functioning, either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) if they did not have children, or the Basic Family Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB), measuring conjugal and parental relationships. Participants also answered questions about their exercise habits and the coping strategies they adopted during lockdown. Results The results suggest that runners who saw the largest reductions in time spent exercising during lockdown tended to feel significantly less energetic (p < 0.05) and friendly (p < 0.01). In addition, they recorded significantly lower scores in marital satisfaction with their peers (p < 0.05). The runners with a higher degree of dependence on physical exercise registered significantly higher levels of depression, tension and anger than non-dependent runners (p < 0.001). Runners whose partners were physically active and did not have children had significantly higher scores marital satisfaction than runners whose partners were not physically active and had children (p < 0.05). Discussion These findings seem to indicate that the psychological approach to athletes in the context of crises such as the pandemic should consider not only individual aspects, but also include the family perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaregut
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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Roca M, Vilaregut A, Pretel-Luque T, Calvo N, Frías Á, Ferrer M. Assessing family relations in borderline personality disorder: A relational approach. J Marital Fam Ther 2024; 50:495-507. [PMID: 38356121 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The aims of the current study are to describe the basic family relationships, parental bonding patterns, and dyadic adjustment of families with offspring diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to explore the correlations between these variables related to family relations and BPD symptomatology. The sample consisted of 194 participants, including parents from the control (N = 76) and clinical group (N = 76), and patients with BPD (N = 42). All progenitors completed a measure of family relations, parental bonding, and dyadic adjustment. Patients completed a measure of parental bonding and borderline symptomatology. The results showed significant differences between both groups in marital and parental functioning, marital satisfaction, dyadic adjustment, and care. Correlations among family variables and BPD symptomatology were also found. In summary, findings underscore the significance of comprehending the complexity of family relationships in BPD while advocating for a relational perspective when examining the family dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Roca
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Natàlia Calvo
- Psychiatry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Mental Health Network Biomedical Research Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Frías
- Adult Outpatient Mental Health Center, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Psychiatry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Mental Health Network Biomedical Research Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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Vilaregut A, Roca M, Ferrer M, Pretel-Luque T, Calvo N. Exploring the psychological impact of COVID-19 on adolescents with borderline personality disorder and their mothers: A focus group study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:157-176. [PMID: 34875884 PMCID: PMC8814617 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211058318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on adolescents diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and their mothers. This exploratory study used a qualitative focus group approach. This study's sample group consisted in nine participants: five adolescents diagnosed with BPD and their four mothers. Patients were recruited from a specialized BPD outpatient unit of a university hospital psychiatry department. The results are divided into two main areas, the first regarding the lockdown period and the second examining the period of gradual relaxation of lockdown restrictions. The results show that the adolescents had difficulties in the management of their interpersonal relationships, especially in striking a balance between individual and family space, as well as in communication, cohesion, and family dynamics. During the COVID lockdown, adolescents experienced a stabilization of psychopathological symptoms, but these symptoms worsened when the lockdown restrictions were lifted. Nevertheless, they reported having learned and implemented self-care strategies. The findings are discussed in terms of both individual and family impact, shedding light on some of the challenges precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaregut
- FPCEE Blanquerna, 216341Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Roca
- FPCEE Blanquerna, 216341Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Psychiatry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Mental Health Network Biomedical Research Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Grup TLP Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Natàlia Calvo
- Psychiatry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Mental Health Network Biomedical Research Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Grup TLP Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Salvador M, Vilaregut A, Moyano R, Ferrer Q, Gòmez O, Moratalla T, Llurba E. Psychological distress, dyadic adjustment and family dynamics after prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 97:179-189. [PMID: 34544666 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most frequent congenital diseases. When expectant fathers and mothers are informed of a CHD during pregnancy, they have to confront a series of individual and interpersonal psychological changes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychological impact of a prenatal diagnosis of CHD on expectant parents. The sample included 214 participants, mothers and their partners (case group, 57 pregnant women carrying a foetus with CHD and their partners and control group, 50 pregnant women and their partners). METHOD Administration of the BSI-18, the DAS and FACES-III following prenatal diagnosis. RESULTS Many parents (approximately 83.6%) went through stages of shock and denial in response to the diagnosis of disease that they had to confront and accept. At the individual level, 35.1% of fathers and 47.4% mothers had clinically significant scores of psychological distress. At the couple level, both fathers (77%) and mothers (82.4%) had expressed an idealized dyadic adjustment. Lastly, the perception of the family dynamic by 43.9% of fathers and 42.2% of mothers was in the mid range. CONCLUSION The results highlight the complexity of the initial stage that these couples were going through.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Salvador
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosana Moyano
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Queralt Ferrer
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gòmez
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moratalla
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Llurba
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Salvador M, Vilaregut A, Moyano R, Ferrer Q, Gòmez O, Moratalla T, Llurba E. [Psychological distress, dyadic adjustment and family dynamics after prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 97:S1695-4033(21)00237-X. [PMID: 34353747 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most frequent congenital diseases. When expectant fathers and mothers are informed of a CHD during pregnancy, they have to confront a series of individual and interpersonal psychological changes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychological impact of a prenatal diagnosis of CHD on expectant parents. The sample included 214 participants, mothers and their partners (case group, 57 pregnant women carrying a foetus with CHD and their partners; and control group, 50 pregnant women and their partners). METHOD Administration of BSI-18, DAS and FACES-III following prenatal diagnosis. RESULTS Many parents (approximately 83.6%) went through stages of shock and denial in response to the diagnosis of disease that they had to confront and accept. At the individual level, 35.1% of fathers and 47.4% mothers had clinically significant scores of psychological distress. At the couple level, both fathers (77%) and mothers (82.4%) had expressed an idealized dyadic adjustment. Lastly, the perception of the family dynamic by 43.9% of fathers and 42.2% of mothers was in the mid-range. CONCLUSION The results highlight the complexity of the initial stage that these couples were going through.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Salvador
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España.
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Rosana Moyano
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Queralt Ferrer
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Olga Gòmez
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Teresa Moratalla
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Elisa Llurba
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
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Günther-Bel C, Vilaregut A, Linares JL. Towards an Understanding of the Within-System Therapeutic Alliance with High-Conflict Divorced Parents: A Change Process Research. Contemp Fam Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-021-09593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roca M, Vilaregut A, Palma C, Barón FJ, Campreciós M, Mercadal L. Basic Family Relations, Parental Bonding, and Dyadic Adjustment in Families with a Member with Psychosis. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:1262-1268. [PMID: 32080779 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to describe and explore basic family relations, parental bonding, and dyadic adjustment in families with offspring diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. The sample was made up of 120 participants, 60 in the clinical group (GCL) and 60 in the comparison group (GCP). All participants were assessed using the basic family relations evaluation questionnaire (CERFB), the parental bonding instrument (PBI), and the dyadic adjustment scale (DAS). The results showed differences between the clinical and comparison groups in terms of perceptions of basic family relations, dyadic adjustment and parental bonding. The clinical group recorded less favorable results for all of these variables. More specifically, the study observed significant differences between the groups in parental function, overprotection and caring. This study deepens our understanding of how family assessment and relational diagnoses can serve as prevention and intervention tools for families affected by a psychotic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Roca
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Palma
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Salud Mental de Adultos, Consorcio Sanitario del Maresme, 08301, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Barón
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Salud Mental de Adultos, Consorcio Sanitario del Maresme, 08301, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Campreciós
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mercadal
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
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Günther‐Bel C, Vilaregut A, Carratala E, Torras‐Garat S, Pérez‐Testor C. A Mixed-method Study of Individual, Couple, and Parental Functioning During the State-regulated COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain. Fam Process 2020; 59:1060-1079. [PMID: 32678461 PMCID: PMC7405150 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During the recent COVID-19 outbreak in Spain, we explored the individual and relational well-being of people confined together with their partners and/or children during the first 3 weeks of state-regulated lockdown. Adults 18 years or older (N = 407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State-Trait Anxiety and Beck Depression) and relationship functioning-either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and coparental functions. Qualitative analyses of responses to an open-ended question about perceived changes in couple or family dynamics during lockdown revealed nine specific themes comprising two overarching categories: relational improvement and deterioration. The overall prevalence of improvement themes (61.7%) exceeded deterioration themes (41.0%), with increased (re)connection and conflict atmosphere cited most often. Quantitative analyses found elevated levels of state anxiety but not trait anxiety or depression during lockdown. Consistent with the qualitative results, couples having no children at home reported high levels of dyadic adjustment, but with children present CERFB parental functioning exceeded conjugal functioning, a pattern sometimes associated with child triangulation into adult conflicts. Although correlates of psychological distress (e.g., unemployment, perceived economic risk) were relatively stable across subgroups, predictors of relationship functioning varied substantially with household/parental status (e.g., telecommuting and employment facilitated conjugal functioning only for couples with children).
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Campreciós M, Vilaregut A, Callea A, Mercadal L. Clinical applicability of the Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Relaciones Familiares Básicas (CERFB) in eating disorders: marital and parental relationships in traditional family structures. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2020; 48:191-199. [PMID: 33210277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Family interventions occupy a leading po- sition for eating disorders (EDs) among psychological treat- ments. However, the unavailability of family measures spe- cifically validated in such disorders in Spanish population has been documented, to evaluate family dynamics and design appropriate interventions. This study aims to validate the clinical application of the Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Relaciones Familiares Básicas (CERFB; in English, Basic Family Relations Assessment Questionnaire) in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Laura Mercadal
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
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Vilaregut A, Callea A, Campreciós M, Coletti M, Mercadal L, Mateu C. Measuring Family Relations: Italian Validation of the "Cuestionario de Evaluación de Las Relaciones Familiares Básicas" (CERFB). Clin Neuropsychiatry 2019; 16:116-123. [PMID: 34908945 PMCID: PMC8650185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, the gap between research into family therapy and clinical practice in the field has been growing larger. In the Italian context, a major issue concerns the lack of any single instrument that can be used to assess a range of different family functions. In order to fill this research gap, the present paper aims to validate the Italian version of the "Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Relaciones Familiares Básicas" (CERFB), a questionnaire that evaluates family relations by measuring conjugal and parenting functions. This validation will be carried out by testing the instrument's factorial structure, reliability and construct validity using an Italian non-clinical sample. METHOD For this study, 114 couples as family units (228 participants) were recruited from the general population (mean age: 51.70, SD: 6.04). The 25-item CERFB, the six Domains of FACES IV, the FCS and the FSS were administered. RESULTS Results from confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure regarding conjugal and parenting functions. Furthermore, results supported excellent internal consistency and construct validity with conceptually related family measures. Finally, normative scores were calculated in order to explain clinical results. CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of the CERFB shows good psychometric properties and can be considered a valid and reliable measure for assessing both conjugal and parenting functions. It can be used in research and for clinical purposes as an innovative instrument applied to prevent risks to the health of children and to carry out and evaluate family interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio Coletti
- Istituto Europeo di Formazione e Consulenza Sistemica, IEFCoS, Rome, Italy
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Montejo JE, Durán M, Del Mar Martínez M, Hilari A, Roncalli N, Vilaregut A, Corrales M, Nogueira M, Casas M, Linares JL, Ramos-Quiroga JA. Family Functioning and Parental Bonding During Childhood in Adults Diagnosed With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:57-64. [PMID: 26306796 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715596578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work assesses family functioning, parental bonding, and the relationship between the two in adults diagnosed with ADHD. METHOD The study used a retrospective, ex post facto design and consisted of 100 adult participants, who were distributed into two groups: with and without diagnosis of ADHD. Two family assessment instruments were applied: the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale short spanish version (FACES-20esp)) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The diagnosis of ADHD was done by using a semistructured interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria (Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV [CAADID]). RESULTS The results showed that higher rigidity and lower emotional connection were significantly associated with ADHD family functioning. Regarding parental bonding, the results showed significant differences only in the care dimension, with the ADHD group reporting lower care than the control group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ADHD families present dysfunctional family functioning with a rigid, separated typology, and parental bonding based on control without affection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Montejo
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain
| | - Mariona Durán
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Martínez
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainoa Hilari
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicoletta Roncalli
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilaregut
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mariana Nogueira
- 2 Department of Psychiatry at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- 2 Department of Psychiatry at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain.,3 Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Linares
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Family Therapy School at Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- 2 Department of Psychiatry at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain.,3 Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Artigas L, Mateu C, Vilaregut A, Feixas G, Escudero V. Couple Therapy for Depression: Exploring How the Dyadic Adjustment Determines the Therapeutic Alliance in Two Contrasting Cases. Contemp Fam Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-017-9420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the health status of a cohort of heroin addicts. DESIGN Longitudinal follow-up study of a cohort for 10.5 years (March/July 1985-December 1995) based on official registers. SETTING Catalonia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and thirty-five heroin addicts who started treatment in four specialized drug addiction services in Catalonia in 1985. MEASUREMENTS (a) Total and annual numbers of AIDS and tuberculosis diagnoses and admissions to drug treatment; (b) annual morbidity rate; (c) average annual morbidity rate; and (d) standardized morbidity ratio. Kaplan-Meier (log rank test) was used to assess predictive factors. FINDINGS During the follow-up period, 34 heroin addicts were diagnosed with AIDS (25%), the average annual morbidity rate was 2.7% and the standardized morbidity ratio was 82. The most frequent diseases indicative of AIDS were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (11 cases) and tuberculosis (seven cases of disseminated or extrapulmonary tuberculosis and two cases of pulmonary tuberculosis). Twenty addicts were diagnosed with tuberculosis and 15 were co-infected with AIDS and tuberculosis. Seventy-six addicts were readmitted to treatment and generated 124 drug treatment episodes, 94 of whom were drug-free and 30 on methadone maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up through registers is a novel, low-cost technique that may provide important and comparable information on the long-term evolution of drug addicts in different European regions. The measures of disease frequency and association obtained allow us to describe and compare the distribution of patterns of infectious complications (AIDS and tuberculosis) and relapses in such a pervasive disorder as heroin addiction. Other advantages of follow-up based on official registers are efficiency, reliability, sensibility and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sánchez-Carbonell
- Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.
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