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Maaskant A, Scarsi KK, Meijer L, Roubos S, Louwerse AL, Remarque EJ, Langermans JAM, Stammes MA, Bakker J. Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques ( Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1319862. [PMID: 38260208 PMCID: PMC10800480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1319862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Contraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3 years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon® or Nexplanon®. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68 mg/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints >0.5, >1.5, and > 2.5 years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques. Results As a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50-99.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95-100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1-5.0 years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2-4.0 years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2 years (range 0.1-6.0 years) and 1.9 years (range 0.6-4.7 years) resulted in median concentrations of 112 pg./mL (range 0-305 pg./mL) and 310 pg./mL (range 183-382 pg./mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume. Conclusion This study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Maaskant
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly K. Scarsi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Roubos
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Bakker J, Maaskant A, Wegman M, Zijlmans DGM, Hage P, Langermans JAM, Remarque EJ. Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus ( Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030445. [PMID: 36766334 PMCID: PMC9913310 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect of a particular condition on the normal range of hematologic and serum biochemical values, or used parametric assumptions to calculate hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical values in clinically healthy macaques based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions. Data were obtained as part of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, The Netherlands) health monitoring program between 2018 and 2021. In total, 4009 blood samples from 1475 macaques were analyzed with a maximum of one repeat per year per animal. Data were established by species, gender, age, weight-for-height indices, pregnancy, sedation protocol, and housing conditions. Most of the parameters profoundly affected just some hematologic and serum biochemical values. A significant glucose difference was observed between the ketamine and ketamine-medetomidine sedation protocols. The results emphasize the importance of establishing uniform experimental groups with validated animal husbandry and housing conditions to improve the reproducibility of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-152842579
| | - Annemiek Maaskant
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Wegman
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dian G. M. Zijlmans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Hage
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Zijlmans DGM, Maaskant A, Louwerse AL, Sterck EHM, Langermans JAM. Overweight Management through Mild Caloric Restriction in Multigenerational Long-Tailed Macaque Breeding Groups. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060262. [PMID: 35737314 PMCID: PMC9230116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is an effective method to reduce overweight in captive non-human primates (NHPs). CR has been applied to individually- and pair-housed NHPs, but whether applying CR can be effective and safe in group-housed NHPs has not yet been assessed. This study investigates the effect of mild (20%) CR on adult overweight and biochemical parameters, immature growth, veterinary consultations, and reproductive success in multigenerational long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) breeding groups. Data were derived from anthropometric measurements and blood samples during yearly health checks, complemented with retrospective data on veterinary consultations and reproductive success. Adult body measures decreased after CR, with heavier individuals and females losing more weight compared to leaner individuals and males. CR lowered cholesterol levels in adults but had no overall effect on other biochemical parameters. Yet, biochemical parameters of individuals with high baseline values were reduced more compared to individuals with low baseline values. Immature growth, veterinary consultations and reproductive success were not influenced by CR. Thus, CR targeted the right individuals, i.e., overweight adults, and had no adverse effects on the variables examined in this study. This implies that mild CR can be a valuable overweight management strategy in group-housed NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian G. M. Zijlmans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.L.L.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Annemiek Maaskant
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.L.L.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Department Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annet L. Louwerse
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.L.L.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
| | - Elisabeth H. M. Sterck
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.L.L.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.L.L.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Department Population Health Sciences, Unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zijlmans DGM, Maaskant A, Sterck EHM, Langermans JAM. Retrospective Evaluation of a Minor Dietary Change in Non-Diabetic Group-Housed Long-Tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2749. [PMID: 34573715 PMCID: PMC8472355 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaques in captivity are prone to becoming overweight and obese, which may cause several health problems. A diet that mimics the natural diet of macaques may prevent these problems and improve animal welfare. Adjusting captive diets towards a more natural composition may include increasing fiber content and lowering the glycemic index, i.e., reducing the impact on blood glucose levels. Such a dietary change was implemented in our long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) breeding colony. The basic diet of monkey chow pellets remained the same, while the supplementary provisioning of bread was replaced by grains and vegetables. This study is a retrospective evaluation, based on electronic health records, that investigated whether this minor dietary change had a beneficial effect on relative adiposity and overweight-related health parameters in 44 non-diabetic, group-housed, female long-tailed macaques. Relative adiposity was measured with a weight-for-height index and blood samples were collected during yearly health checks. Glycemic response and lipid metabolism were evaluated using several biochemical parameters. Relative adiposity and overweight status did not differ after dietary change. Yet, relatively heavy individuals generally lost body weight, while relatively lean individuals gained body weight, leading to a more balanced body weight dynamic. Dietary change did not affect HbA1c and triglyceride levels, while fructosamine and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced. Thus, the minor dietary change had no significant effect on overweight status, but some biochemical parameters related to the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease were positively affected. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating husbandry changes and that critically reviewing husbandry practices can provide valuable insights to improve animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian G. M. Zijlmans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Maaskant
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Unit Animals in Science & Society, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H. M. Sterck
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (E.H.M.S.); (J.A.M.L.)
- Unit Animals in Science & Society, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Maaskant A, Meijer L, Fagrouch Z, Bakker J, van Geest L, Zijlmans DGM, Verstrepen BE, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Stammes MA. Bronchoalveolar lavage affects thorax computed tomography of healthy and SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252941. [PMID: 34242213 PMCID: PMC8270458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging as method to assess the longitudinal process of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates is commonly used in research settings. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is regularly used to determine the local virus production and immune effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the lower respiratory tract. However, the potential interference of those two diagnostic modalities is unknown in non-human primates. The current study investigated the effect and duration of BAL on computed tomography (CT) in both healthy and experimentally SARS-CoV-2-infected female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). In addition, the effect of subsequent BALs was reviewed. Thorax CTs and BALs were obtained from four healthy animals and 11 experimentally SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. From all animals, CTs were obtained just before BAL, and 24 hours post-BAL. Additionally, from the healthy animals, CTs immediately after, and four hours post-BAL were obtained. Thorax CTs were evaluated for alterations in lung density, measured in Hounsfield units, and a visual semi-quantitative scoring system. An increase in the lung density was observed on the immediately post-BAL CT but resolved within 24 hours in the healthy animals. In the infected animals, a significant difference in both the lung density and CT score was still found 24 hours after BAL. Furthermore, the differences between time points in CT score were increased for the second BAL. These results indicate that the effect of BAL on infected lungs is not resolved within the first 24 hours. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the interference between BAL and CT in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Leo van Geest
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Maaskant A, de Gooijer JW, Tilburg R, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M. The Effects of Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity on Blood Parameters in Horses During Long-Distance Flights. Equine Vet J 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12145_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Maaskant
- Team de Amstelstreek; Ronde Hoep West ab 37, 1191 KL; Ouderkerk aan de Amstel; The Netherlands
| | - J-W. de Gooijer
- Team de Amstelstreek; Ronde Hoep West ab 37, 1191 KL; Ouderkerk aan de Amstel; The Netherlands
| | - R. Tilburg
- Product manager variation live Air France-KLM Cargo
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Maaskant A, de Bruijn CM, Schutrups AH, Stout TAE. Dystocia in Friesian mares: Prevalence, causes and outcome following caesarean section. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Buitenhuis CP, Schaafsma M, Austie BAM, Maaskant A, de Swart FEM, van der Bijl-Custers SEACM, Brummelhuis-Thybaut MPR, Ramaker-Schutte J, Melchior MB, Boezeman MAH, Van Dieten S. [Que sera]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2008; 133:729. [PMID: 18807622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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