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Vacondio D, Nogueira Pinto H, Coenen L, Mulder IA, Fontijn R, van Het Hof B, Fung WK, Jongejan A, Kooij G, Zelcer N, Rozemuller AJ, de Vries HE, de Wit NM. Liver X receptor alpha ensures blood-brain barrier function by suppressing SNAI2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:781. [PMID: 38016947 PMCID: PMC10684660 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) more than 50% of the patients are affected by capillary cerebral amyloid-angiopathy (capCAA), which is characterized by localized hypoxia, neuro-inflammation and loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Moreover, AD patients with or without capCAA display increased vessel number, indicating a reactivation of the angiogenic program. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for BBB dysfunction and angiogenesis in capCAA is still unclear, preventing a full understanding of disease pathophysiology. The Liver X receptor (LXR) family, consisting of LXRα and LXRβ, was reported to inhibit angiogenesis and particularly LXRα was shown to secure BBB stability, suggesting a major role in vascular function. In this study, we unravel the regulatory mechanism exerted by LXRα to preserve BBB integrity in human brain endothelial cells (BECs) and investigate its role during pathological conditions. We report that LXRα ensures BECs identity via constitutive inhibition of the transcription factor SNAI2. Accordingly, deletion of brain endothelial LXRα is associated with impaired DLL4-NOTCH signalling, a critical signalling pathway involved in vessel sprouting. A similar response was observed when BECs were exposed to hypoxia, with concomitant LXRα decrease and SNAI2 increase. In support of our cell-based observations, we report a general increase in vascular SNAI2 in the occipital cortex of AD patients with and without capCAA. Importantly, SNAI2 strongly associated with vascular amyloid-beta deposition and angiopoietin-like 4, a marker for hypoxia. In hypoxic capCAA vessels, the expression of LXRα may decrease leading to an increased expression of SNAI2, and consequently BECs de-differentiation and sprouting. Our findings indicate that LXRα is essential for BECs identity, thereby securing BBB stability and preventing aberrant angiogenesis. These results uncover a novel molecular pathway essential for BBB identity and vascular homeostasis providing new insights on the vascular pathology affecting AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vacondio
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Nogueira Pinto
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Coenen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - I A Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Fontijn
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B van Het Hof
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W K Fung
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kooij
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Zelcer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam Department of Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A J Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N M de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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den Hoedt S, Dorst-Lagerwerf KY, de Vries HE, Rozemuller AJ, Scheltens P, Walter J, Sijbrands EJ, Martinez-Martinez P, Verhoeven AJ, Teunissen CE, Mulder MT. Sphingolipids in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Lipoproteins of APOE4 Homozygotes and Non-APOE4 Carriers with Mild Cognitive Impairment versus Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:339-354. [DOI: 10.3233/adr220072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients display alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma sphingolipids. The APOE4 genotype increases the risk of developing AD. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the APOE4 genotype affects common sphingolipids in CSF and in plasma of patients with early stages of AD. Methods: Patients homozygous for APOE4 and non-APOE4 carriers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 20 versus 20) were compared to patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD; n = 18 versus 20). Sphingolipids in CSF and plasma lipoproteins were determined by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Aβ42 levels in CSF were determined by immunoassay. Results: APOE4 homozygotes displayed lower levels of sphingomyelin (SM; p = 0.042), SM(d18:1/18:0) (p = 0.026), and Aβ 42 (p < 0.001) in CSF than non-APOE4 carriers. CSF-Aβ 42 correlated with Cer(d18:1/18:0), SM(d18:1/18:0), and SM(d18:1/18:1) levels in APOE4 homozygotes (r > 0.49; p < 0.032) and with Cer(d18:1/24:1) in non-APOE4 carriers (r = 0.50; p = 0.025). CSF-Aβ 42 correlated positively with Cer(d18:1/24:0) in MCI (p = 0.028), but negatively in SCD patients (p = 0.019). Levels of Cer(d18:1/22:0) and long-chain SMs were inversely correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination score among MCI patients, independent of APOE4 genotype (r< –0.47; p < 0.039). Nevertheless, age and sex are stronger determinants of individual sphingolipid levels in CSF than either the APOE genotype or the cognitive state. In HDL, ratios of Cer(d18:1/18:0) and Cer(d18:1/22:0) to cholesterol were higher in APOE4 homozygotes than in non-APOE4 carriers (p = 0.048 and 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: The APOE4 genotype affects sphingolipid profiles of CSF and plasma lipoproteins already at early stages of AD. ApoE4 may contribute to the early development of AD through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra den Hoedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eric J.G. Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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de Ruyter FJH, Morrema T, Gase G, den Haan J, de Boer J, Scheltens P, Rozemuller AJ, Verbraak FD, Bouwman FH, Hoozemans JJ. Post‐mortem assessment of retinal phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta in a cohort of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjado Morrema
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Gina Gase
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Jurre den Haan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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4
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Dijkstra AA, Morrema T, Verbraak F, de Boer J, de Ruyter FJH, Pijnenburg YA, Rozemuller AJ, Bouwman FH, den Haan J, Hoozemans JJ. TDP‐43 proteinopathy in the retina of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.057489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke A. Dijkstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Verbraak
- Ophthalmology department VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Johannes de Boer
- Department of Physics, VU University, Laser Lab Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jurre den Haan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center Amsterdam Netherlands
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5
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Scarioni M, Gami‐Patel P, Peeters CF, de Koning F, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Rozemuller AJ, Hoozemans JJ, Pijnenburg YA, Dijkstra AA. Neuroanatomy of FTD: Whole‐brain correlations between symptoms and pathologies. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.056016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scarioni
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Priya Gami‐Patel
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Carel F.W. Peeters
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Methods – Biometris Wageningen University & Research Wageningen Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anke A. Dijkstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
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6
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Vromen EM, de Boer SC, Teunissen CE, Rozemuller AJ, Visser PJ, Bouwman FH, Tijms BM. Is A+T‐ Alzheimer’s disease or not? A combined CSF and pathology study. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.052023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Vromen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Sterre C.M. de Boer
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Femke H. Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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7
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de Vries LE, Rozemuller AJ, Huitinga I, Kessels HW, Swaab DF, Verhaagen J. Resilience in Alzheimer's disease: Gene expression patterns in individuals with a discrepancy between ante‐mortem cognition and post‐mortem pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk E de Vries
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Huitinga
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam Neuroscience University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam Netherlands
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8
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Mol MO, Wong TH, Melhem S, Basu S, Viscusi R, Galjart N, Rozemuller AJ, Fallini C, Landers JE, Kaat LD, Seelaar H, van Rooij JG, van Swieten JC. Novel TUBA4A Variant Associated With Familial Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e596. [PMID: 34169147 PMCID: PMC8221227 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the strong genetic component of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a substantial proportion of patients remain genetically unresolved. We performed an in-depth study of a family with an autosomal dominant form of FTD to investigate the underlying genetic cause. METHODS Following clinical and pathologic characterization of the family, genetic studies included haplotype sharing analysis and exome sequencing. Subsequently, we performed immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and a microtubule repolymerization assay to investigate the potential impact of the candidate variant in tubulin alpha 4a (TUBA4A). RESULTS The clinical presentation in this family is heterogeneous, including behavioral changes, parkinsonian features, and uncharacterized dementia. Neuropathologic examination of 2 patients revealed TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology with abundant dystrophic neurites and neuronal intranuclear inclusions, consistent with frontotemporal lobar degeneration-TDP type A. We identified a likely pathogenic variant in TUBA4A segregating with disease. TUBA4A encodes for α-tubulin, which is a major component of the microtubule network. Variants in TUBA4A have been suggested as a rare genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and have sporadically been reported in patients with FTD without supporting genetic segregation. A decreased trend of TUBA4A protein abundance was observed in patients compared with controls, and a microtubule repolymerization assay demonstrated disrupted α-tubulin function. As opposed to variants found in ALS, TUBA4A variants associated with FTD appear more localized to the N-terminus, indicating different pathogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the role of TUBA4A variants as rare genetic cause of familial FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shamiram Melhem
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sreya Basu
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Viscusi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Galjart
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Fallini
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John E. Landers
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G.J. van Rooij
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C. van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Boon BD, Bulk M, Jonker AJ, Popovic M, Walter J, Kumar S, Natte R, van der Weerd L, Bouwman F, Van de Berg WD, Hoozemans JJ, Rozemuller AJ. A novel type of amyloid‐beta plaques identified in early‐onset AD. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Remco Natte
- Leiden University Medical Center Leiden Netherlands
| | | | - Femke Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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10
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Scarioni M, Gami‐Patel P, Timar Y, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Rozemuller AJ, Dols A, Scarpini E, Galimberti D, Bank NB, Hoozemans JJ, Pijnenburg YA, Dijkstra AA. Dissecting frontotemporal dementia: Correlations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and neuropathology. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.038926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scarioni
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
- University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico Milan Italy
| | | | - Yannick Timar
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Annemiek Dols
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers VUmc Amsterdam Netherlands
- GGZInGeest/Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Elio Scarpini
- University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico Milan Italy
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11
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Jonkman LE, Lin C, Frigerio I, Boon BD, Zhou Z, Steenwijk MD, Rozemuller AJ, Schoonheim MM, Bouwman F, Van de Berg WD. Increased Aβ pathology associated with increasing fractional anisotropy in the nucleus basalis of Meynert: A postmortem MRI and histopathology study. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Femke Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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Dijkstra AA, Haify S, Verwey NA, Prins ND, van der Toorn E, Rozemuller AJ, Bugiani M, den Dunnen W, Todd PK, Charlet‐Berguerand N, Willemsen R, Hukema R, Hoozemans JJ. Neuropathology of FMR1‐premutation carriers presenting with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke A. Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Saif Haify
- Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Niels D. Prins
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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13
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Jonkman LE, Boon BD, Frigerio I, Steenwijk MD, Preziosa P, Hoozemans JJ, Bouwman F, Rozemuller AJ, Van de Berg WD. Distribution of pathological hallmarks and association with post‐mortem MRI cortical thickness in typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Preziosa
- Scientific Institute and University “Vita‐Salute” San Raffaele Milan Italy
| | | | - Femke Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 8UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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14
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Geut H, van den Berg E, Bank NB, Rozemuller AJ, Lemstra AW, van de Berg W. The presence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies is related to increased neocortical α‐synuclein load and different α‐synuclein morphology. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Geut
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Afina W. Lemstra
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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15
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Röhr D, Boon BD, Großerüschkamp F, Bouwman F, Hoozemans JJ, Rozemuller AJ, Gerwert KB. Investigating Aβ plaque development using FTIR micro‐spectroscopy on native postmortem human brain tissue. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Röhr
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi) Bochum Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Baayla D.C. Boon
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Femke Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
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16
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Rouvroye MD, Zis P, Van Dam AM, Rozemuller AJ, Bouma G, Hadjivassiliou M. The Neuropathology of Gluten-Related Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030822. [PMID: 32244870 PMCID: PMC7146117 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten-related neurological disorders (GRND) represent a spectrum of neurological manifestations that are triggered by gluten. In coeliac disease, a T-cell mediated enteropathy is triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The underlying pathological mechanism of the neurological dysfunction is not yet clear. The aim of this review is to collate existing neuropathological findings in GRND as a means of aiding the understanding of the pathophysiology. A systematic search of the Pubmed Database yielded 188 articles, of which 32 were included, containing 98 eligible cases with a description of pathological findings in GRND. In gluten ataxia, loss of Purkinje cells, atrophy, gliosis and astrocytosis were apparent, as well as diffuse lymphocytic infiltration and perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes. In patients with large-fiber neuropathy, nerve biopsies revealed axonopathy, loss of myelinated fibers and focal and perivascular infiltration by inflammatory cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was also observed in muscle in myopathy and in cerebrum of patients with encephalopathy and patients with epilepsy. Such changes were not seen in skin biopsies from patients with small fiber neuropathies. The findings from this systematic review suggest an immune mediated pathogenesis for GRND. Future research should focus on the characterization of the inflammatory cell infiltrates and identifying target epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine D Rouvroye
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M research institute, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Panagiotis Zis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M research institute, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF South Yorkshire, UK;
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17
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Vies SM, Haastert ES, Mulder S, Nielsen HM, Veerhuis R, Ruijtenbeek R, Rozemuller AJ, Hilhorst R, Hoozemans JJ. P1‐096: IRAK‐4 KINASE INHIBITION REDUCES PRO‐INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE SECRETION BUT HAS NO EFFECT ON THE UPTAKE OF AMYLOID BETA BY HUMAN GLIAL CELLS. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rob Veerhuis
- VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
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18
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Echávarri C, Burgmans S, Uylings H, Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Kamphorst W, Rozemuller AJ, Verhey FR. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:715-21. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Echávarri
- Tissue Brain Bank of Navarre, Biomedical Research Center, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saartje Burgmans
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience/Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Uylings
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel J. Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospitals Complex of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victor Peralta
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospitals Complex of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Wouter Kamphorst
- Department of Neuropathology, Netherlands Brain Bank/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- Department of Neuropathology, Netherlands Brain Bank/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans R.J. Verhey
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience/Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Carrano A, Hoozemans JJ, van der Vies SM, van Horssen J, de Vries HE, Rozemuller AJ. Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Changes in Capillary Amyloid Angiopathy. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:329-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000334916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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20
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Eikelenboom P, van Exel E, Veerhuis R, Rozemuller AJ, van Gool WA, Hoozemans JJ. Innate Immunity and the Etiology of Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:271-3. [DOI: 10.1159/000334287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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21
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Schoonenboom NSM, Reesink FE, Verwey NA, Kester MI, Teunissen CE, van de Ven PM, Pijnenburg YAL, Blankenstein MA, Rozemuller AJ, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. Cerebrospinal fluid markers for differential dementia diagnosis in a large memory clinic cohort. Neurology 2011; 78:47-54. [PMID: 22170879 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31823ed0f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N S M Schoonenboom
- Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R, van Exel E, Hoozemans JJ, Rozemuller AJ, A. van Gool W. The Early Involvement of the Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Lateonset Alzheimer's Disease: Neuropathological, Epidemiological and Genetic Evidence. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.2174/1567211213451672050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Van Der Vies SM, Hilhorst R, Van Haastert ES, Ruijtenbeek R, Scheltens P, Rozemuller AJ, Hoozemans JJ. P1‐294: Protein kinase activity profiling and identification of signalling pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Rozemuller AJ, Jansen C, Beekhuis J, Carrano A, Haastert ES, Hondius D, Hoozemans JJ. P1‐365: Amyloid‐associated proteins, neuroinflammation and neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral prion amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Beekhuis
- University Medical Centre UrechtUtrecht Netherlands
| | - Anna Carrano
- Vrije Universiteit Medical CentreAmsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - David Hondius
- Vrije Universiteit Medical CentreAmsterdam Netherlands
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25
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Hoozemans JJ, Haastert ES, Hazes T, Caricasole A, Pollio G, Terstappen GC, Rozemuller AJ. P2‐163: Thimet oligopeptidase expression is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R, Familian A, Hoozemans JJ, van Gool WA, Rozemuller AJ. Neuroinflammation in Plaque and Vascular β-Amyloid Disorders: Clinical and Therapeutic Implications. NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:190-3. [DOI: 10.1159/000113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Aronica E, Gorter JA, Rozemuller AJ, Yankaya B, Troost D. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 enhances interleukin (IL)-1beta-stimulated release of IL-6 in cultured human astrocytes. Neuroscience 2005; 130:927-33. [PMID: 15652990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that human astrocytes express mRNA and receptor protein for group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Whether these receptors can influence the inflammatory and immune response and can modulate the capacity of astrocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines is still unclear. Inflammatory cytokines can be produced by activated glial cells and play a critical role in several neurological disorders. Astrocyte-enriched human cell cultures growing in a serum-free chemically defined medium were used to study the regulation of IL (interleukin)-1beta and IL-6 in response to mGluR activation. Astrocytes cultured in the absence or in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), did not secrete significant IL-1beta and IL-6, as determined by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activation of mGluRs using (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; selective group I agonist) or DCG-IV (selective group II agonist) did not affect the production of interleukins under both growth conditions. On exposure to IL-1beta high levels of IL-6 were detected. Activation of mGluR3 with DCG-IV (but not of mGluR5 with DHPG) enhanced, in the presence of IL-1beta, the release of IL-6 in a dose dependent manner in astrocytes cultured under conditions (+EGF) in which the mGluR expression is known to be upregulated. The effect of mGluR3 activation on IL-1beta stimulated release of IL-6 was prevented by selective group II mGluR antagonists. The capacity of mGluR3 to modulate the release of IL-6 in the presence of IL-1beta supports the possible involvement of this receptor subtype in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune response under pathological conditions associated with glial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease causing progressive impairment of memory and cognitive function. The amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that mismetabolism of the beta-amyloid (A beta) precursor protein (APP) followed by subsequent formation of non-fibrillar and fibrillar A beta deposits leads to glial activation and eventually to neurotoxicity, causing cognitive impairment. Several lines of evidence indicate that an inflammatory process contributes to the pathology of AD. First, inflammatory proteins have been identified as being associated with neuritic plaques and in glial cells surrounding these plaques. Second, certain polymorphisms of acute-phase proteins and cytokines associated with AD plaques increase the risk or predispose for earlier onset of developing AD. Third, epidemiological studies indicate that anti-inflammatory drugs can retard the development of AD. Several steps in the pathological cascade of AD have been identified as possible targets for actions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For instance, microglia are considered a target because this cell type is closely involved in AD pathology through secretion of neurotoxic substances and by modulating a positive feedback loop of the inflammatory mechanism that may be involved in the pathological cascade in AD. On the basis of studies in APP transgenic mice, immunisation with A beta was recently suggested as a novel immunological approach for the treatment of AD. Immunisation elicits A beta-specific antibodies that could affect several early steps of the amyloid-driven cascade. Antibodies could prevent A beta from aggregating into fibrils and accelerate clearance of A beta by stimulating its removal by microglial cells. This review outlines the pathological and genetic evidence that an inflammatory mechanism is involved in AD and the therapeutic approaches based on inhibition or mediation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hoozemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hoozemans JJ, Veerhuis R, Janssen I, Rozemuller AJ, Eikelenboom P. Interleukin-1beta induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 secretion by human neuroblastoma cells: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36:559-70. [PMID: 11250126 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), one of the targets of NSAIDs, is increasingly expressed in neuronal cells in AD brain. In this study, of the cytokines that are found at increased levels in AD brain (interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha), IL-1beta was found to induce COX-2 immunoreactivity and prostaglandin (PG) E2 secretion by human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. COX inhibitors indomethacin and BF389, as well as the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, which is an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB as well as a potent antioxidant, inhibited IL-1beta induced PGE2 secretion. In addition, DEX reduced the IL-1beta induced COX-2 immunoreactivity in the same concentration as wherein it inhibited PGE2 secretion. Palmitoyl trifluormethyl ketone, an inhibitor of Ca(2+) independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) and a less potent inhibitor of cytosolic PLA2, dose-dependently reduced the IL-1beta induced PGE2 secretion. This suggests that the IL-1beta induced PGE2 secretion may depend on the availability of arachidonic acid. Although the physiological role of neuronal COX-2 still remains unclear, we suggest an interplay between glial derived IL-1 and neuronal upregulation of COX-2 expression in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hoozemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hoozemans JJ, Rozemuller AJ, Janssen I, De Groot CJ, Veerhuis R, Eikelenboom P. Cyclooxygenase expression in microglia and neurons in Alzheimer's disease and control brain. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 101:2-8. [PMID: 11194936 DOI: 10.1007/s004010000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) lower the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most NSAIDs act upon local inflammatory events by inhibiting the expression or activation of cylooxygenase (COX). In the present study the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in AD and non-demented control temporal and frontal cortex was investigated using immunohistochemistry. COX-1 expression was detected in microglial cells, while COX-2 expression was found in neuronal cells. In AD brains, COX-1-positive microglial cells were primarily associated with amyloid beta plaques, while the number of COX-2-positive neurons was increased compared to that in control brains. No COX expression was detected in astrocytes. In vitro, primary human microglial and astrocyte cultures, and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) were found to secrete prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), especially when stimulated. PGE2 synthesis by astrocytes and SK-N-SH cells was stimulated by interleukin-1beta. Microglial cell PGE2 synthesis was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide only. Although astrocytes are used in studies in vitro to investigate the role of COX in AD, there are no indications that these cells express COX-1 or COX-2 in vivo. The different distribution patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 in AD could implicate that these enzymes are involved in different cellular processes in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Rozemuller AJ, Eikelenboom P, Theeuwes JW, Jansen Steur EN, de Vos RA. Activated microglial cells and complement factors are unrelated to cortical Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2000; 100:701-8. [PMID: 11078223 DOI: 10.1007/s004010000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms have been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but their presence in other neurodegenerative disorders is not well documented. Complement factors and activated microglia have been reported in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study we investigated the cingulate gyrus of 25 autopsied patients with clinically and neuropathologically well-documented PD, with or without dementia, for the presence of (activated) microglial cells and their relation with Lewy body (LB)-bearing neurons. In addition, we studied the presence of complement factors in LBs. Of the 25 patient, 15 were clinically demented, fulfilling criteria for dementia with LBs (DLB); 7 also fulfilled CERAD morphological criteria for probable or definite Alzheimer type of dementia. Microglia clustering was seen around congophilic plaques with or without tau pathology. Microglial cells were not associated with LB-bearing neurons or noncongophilic plaques. The cortex of DLB patients without AD plaques did not show more microglial cells than the cortex of non-demented controls. The number of microglia was the lowest in young control patients who died immediately after trauma. Complement factor C3d was occasionally seen in diffusely ubiquinated neurons but late complement factors were not detected in these neurons. Double staining for complement and alpha-synuclein was negative, suggesting the absence of complement in LBs. In contrast, AD plaques in the same sections showed complement factors C3c, C3d, C1q and C5-9. In conclusion, we have found no evidence that inflammatory mechanism are involved in LB formation in cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Eikelenboom P, Rozemuller AJ, Hoozemans JJ, Veerhuis R, van Gool WA. Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer disease: clinical and therapeutic implications. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14 Suppl 1:S54-61. [PMID: 10850731 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-200000001-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease brains, the amyloid plaques are closely associated with a locally induced, nonimmune-mediated, chronic inflammatory response without any apparent influx of leukocytes from the blood. The present findings indicate that in cerebral A beta diseases (Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type), the clinical symptoms are determined to a great extent by the site of inflammatory response. It was found that the formation of the amyloid-microglia complex seems to be a relatively early pathogenic event that precedes the process of severe destruction of the neuropil. The idea that inflammation is implicated in Alzheimer pathology has received support from the epidemiologic studies indicating that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent or retard the Alzheimer disease process. In this contribution, we review the relationship between inflammation and clinical manifestation and the opportunities for anti-inflammatory treatments in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eikelenboom
- Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Valeriuskliniek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Duyckaerts C, Arends YM, He Y, Rozemuller AJ, Eikelenboom P, Hauw JJ, Piette F. Clinicopathological data on the progression of Alzheimer disease lesions in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiol Aging 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(00)83146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Maat-Schieman ML, van Duinen SG, Rozemuller AJ, Haan J, Roos RA. Association of vascular amyloid beta and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56:273-84. [PMID: 9056541 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199703000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial and arteriolar amyloid-beta (A beta) deposition in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (HCHWA-D) and Alzheimer disease (AD) cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) were studied as to morphology, extent, and association with mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells using A beta, a-smooth muscle actin, and monocyte/macrophage marker (HLA-DR, CD68, CD11c, CD45) immunohistochemistry. The HCHWA-D/AD arterial/arteriolar media showed compact A beta deposits, first appearing at the media/adventitia junction, and concomitant smooth muscle loss. Only HCHWA-D CAA featured (a) severe involvement of larger arteries and (b) arterioles showing a single or double ring of radial A beta surrounding compact A beta. Radial A beta appeared to develop at the media/adventitia junction. Monocyte/macrophage marker-positive foci/cells co-localized with HCHWA-D arterial A beta. Focal HLA-DR/CD11c positivity was observed at the media/adventitia junction of AD/HCHWA-D arteries in the absence of local A beta, but not in controls. Monocyte/macrophage marker positivity co-localizing with radial A beta appeared continuous with perivascular cells and microglia clustering perivascularly. These results suggest that (a) MPS cells are topographically associated with HCHWA-D arterial A beta and radial arteriolar A beta, and (b) HLA-DR/CD11c immunoreactivity may appear at the media/adventitia junction prior to A beta. The latter finding and the assumed formation of radial A beta at the media/adventitia junction may relate to involvement of the abluminal basement membrane in CAA pathogenesis. The role of MPS cells in this process remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Maat-Schieman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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Maat-Schieman ML, Rozemuller AJ, van Duinen SG, Haan J, Eikelenboom P, Roos RA. Microglia in diffuse plaques in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch). An immunohistochemical study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53:483-91. [PMID: 7521904 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199409000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (HCHWA-D) beta/A4 amyloid deposition is found in meningocortical blood vessels and in diffuse plaques in the cerebral cortex. Diffuse plaques putatively represent early stages in the formation of senile plaques. Microglia are intimately associated with congophilic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but microglial involvement in diffuse plaque formation is controversial. Therefore, we studied the relationship between microglia and diffuse plaques in the cerebral cortex of four patients with HCHWA-D using a panel of macrophage/microglia markers (mAbs LCA, LeuM5, LeuM3, LN3, KP1, OKIa, CLB54, Mac1, Ki-M6, AMC30 and the lectin RCA-1). Eight AD patients, one demented Down's syndrome (DS) patient and four non-demented controls were included for comparison. In controls and HCHWA-D patients ramified or "resting" microglia formed a reticular array in cortical gray and subcortical white matter. Microglial cells in or near HCHWA-D diffuse plaques retained their normal regular spacing and ramified morphology. In AD/DS gray matter more microglial cells were stained than in controls and HCHWA-D patients. Intensely immunoreactive microglia with enlarged cell bodies and short, thick processes clustered in congophilic plaques. In contrast to the resting microglia, these "activated microglia" strongly expressed class II major histocompatibility complex antigen, HLA-DR, and were AMC30-immunoreactive. These findings support the view that microglia play a role in the formation of congophilic plaques but do not initiate diffuse plaque formation. Another finding in this study is the presence of strong monocyte/macrophage marker immunoreactivity in the wall of cortical congophilic blood vessels in HCHWA-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Maat-Schieman
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schmaier AH, Dahl LD, Rozemuller AJ, Roos RA, Wagner SL, Chung R, Van Nostrand WE. Protease nexin-2/amyloid beta protein precursor. A tight-binding inhibitor of coagulation factor IXa. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2540-5. [PMID: 8227367 PMCID: PMC288440 DOI: 10.1172/jci116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease nexin-2/amyloid beta protein precursor (PN-2/A beta PP) is an abundant, secreted platelet protein which is a potent inhibitor of coagulation Factor XIa. We examined other potential anticoagulant activities of PN-2/A beta PP. Purified Kunitz protease inhibitor domain of PN-2/A beta PP and PN-2/A beta PP itself were found to prolong the coagulation time of plasma and pure Factor IXa. The Kunitz protease inhibitor domain also inhibited the ability of Factor IXa to activate Factor X. PN-2/A beta PP inhibited Factor IXa with a Ki of 7.9 to 3.9 x 10(-11) M in the absence and presence of heparin, respectively. When the second-order rate constant of PN-2/A beta PP's inhibition of Factor IXa (2.7 x 10(8) M-1min-1) was compared to that of antithrombin III (3.8 x 10(6) M-1min-1), PN-2/A beta PP was at least a 71-fold more potent inhibitor of Factor IXa than antithrombin III. PN-2/A beta PP formed a complex with Factor IXa as detected by gel filtration and ELISA. The finding that PN-2/A beta PP is a potent inhibitor of Factor IXa could help to explain the spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages seen in patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch-type where there is an extensive accumulation of PN-2/A beta PP in their cerebral blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Schmaier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0724
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Rozemuller AJ, Roos RA, Bots GT, Kamphorst W, Eikelenboom P, Van Nostrand WE. Distribution of beta/A4 protein and amyloid precursor protein in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 1993; 142:1449-57. [PMID: 7684195 PMCID: PMC1886931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain amyloidosis with abundant beta/A4 protein deposition in plaques and cortical and meningeal vessels is found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type (HCHWA-D). In contrast to AD, no neuritic pathology or classical congophilic plaques are found in HCHWA-D. Unlike most AD cases, the congophilic angiopathy in HCHWA-D is very severe. It is still unknown whether beta/A4 deposits in plaques and vessels have the same origin. In this study, we have used frozen cortical tissue of HCHWA-D and AD patients to investigate the beta/A4 amyloid protein and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in different types of plaques and congophilic angiopathy. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted using antibodies against synthetic beta/A4 proteins and antibodies against APP including MAbP2-1, a monoclonal antibody against purified protease nexin-2, which is the secreted form of APP. In contrast to immunohistochemical studies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, frozen tissue of HCHWA-D patients revealed a very high number of beta/A4 plaques resembling AD. All plaques were of the diffuse type. Double-staining with MabP2-1 and beta/A4 antisera revealed: 1) the presence of APP immunoreactivity in classical plaques and transitional forms; 2) the absence of APP immunoreactivity in diffuse plaques in HCHWA-D and AD; and 3) pronounced APP immunoreactivity in congophilic vessels in HCHWA-D in contrast to weak APP staining in congophilic vessels in AD. Together these findings suggest that: a) the presence of APP in plaques is related to neuritic changes; b) different processes occur in amyloid formation in plaques and vessels; and c) differences exist between the process of amyloid formation in HCHWA-D and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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