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Kole PJ, Van Belleghem FGAJ, Stoorvogel JJ, Ragas AMJ, Löhr AJ. Tyre granulate on the loose; How much escapes the turf? A systematic literature review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166221. [PMID: 37572916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyre granulate used as infill for artificial turf is hailed by some as a good example of reuse, while others see it as a baleful means to dispose of discarded tyres. Because the particles are applied loosely to the surface, they will inevitably disperse into the environment. The possible environmental and health impacts of the particles are a source of societal concern. In response to this, policies to limit particle losses are being developed at the European level. To make informed decisions, data on the quantity of tyre granulate released into the environment are required. So far, however, there are no systematic reviews on or estimates of these losses. The aim of the present study was to identify the various pathways through which infill leaves a football turf and, subsequently, to estimate the quantity of infill leaving the turf by each of these pathways. Data on the pathways including the associated volumes were collected in a systematic literature review following the PRISMA method. The quality of the evidence reported in the retrieved literature was assessed using the GRADE method. The resulting pathways and corresponding quantities were captured in a mass balance. This study estimates that, without mitigation measures, approximately 950 kg/year (min. 570 kg/year, max. 2280 kg/year) of infill leaves the surface of an average artificial football turf via known pathways. Clearing snow can result in an additional loss of 830 kg/year (min. 200 kg/year, max. 2760 kg/year) of infill material. To mitigate the dispersion of infill, one could focus on snow removal, brushing and granulate picked up by players. Mitigation measures for these pathways are well-established and relatively easy to implement and maintain. Although the amount of granulate picked up from the turf by players is relatively small, the measure will promote environmental awareness among the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Jan Kole
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, 6419 AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank G A J Van Belleghem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, 6419 AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands; Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jetse J Stoorvogel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, 6419 AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ansje J Löhr
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, 6419 AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands
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Broers VJV, Van Scharrenburg M, Fredrix L, Lataster J, Löhr AJ, Jacobs N. Individual and situational determinants of plastic waste sorting: an experience sampling method study protocol. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:92. [PMID: 34082817 PMCID: PMC8173730 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plastic waste management is one of the most challenging problems of our time. Until now, only 9% of the produced plastics has been recycled. In order to increase recycling, a behavior change towards sorting of plastic waste is needed. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to gain insight in the individual and situational determinants associated with plastic waste sorting behavior. The Integrated Framework for Encouraging Pro-environmental Behaviour will be used as the theoretical framework. This framework assumes that individual egoistic and hedonic values are negatively related to pro-environmental behaviour, whereas individual biospheric and altruistic values are positively related to pro-environmental behaviour. Situational cues can activate these values, resulting in (non) pro-environmental behaviour. Taking the Integrated Framework for Encouraging Pro-environmental Behaviour into account, this study will test the hypothesized associations between individual and situational determinants and plastic waste sorting behavior, using an ecological momentary assessment approach (Experience Sampling Method, ESM). Methods A signal-contingent scheme with semi-random intervals will be used for the ESM questionnaire. Over a period of seven consecutive days, an ESM-based smartphone app will prompt participants ten times a day to fill in a short questionnaire containing questions about situational determinants and plastic waste sorting behaviour. Participants will also complete an online questionnaire before and after the study measuring the individual determinants and plastic waste sorting behaviour. Discussion ESM has many benefits over traditional surveys, such as improved ecological validity and the possibility to explore temporal relationships. The disadvantages of ESM are mainly related to the burden for the participants and the possibility of reactivity effects. The results will provide insight into the relationship between situational cues, individual values and plastic waste behaviour. The practical implications of the findings of this study can be of interest for policy makers in order to reach plastic waste reduction targets. Furthermore, the situational cues that activate values, which increase or decrease plastic waste sorting, can be targeted in interventions. The results of this study can also be relevant for further research studying and stimulating pro-environmental behaviour in general. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00596-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie J V Broers
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Melina Van Scharrenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Fredrix
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Lataster
- Department of Lifespan Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ansje J Löhr
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Nele Jacobs
- Department of Lifespan Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Hantoro I, Löhr AJ, Van Belleghem FGAJ, Widianarko B, Ragas AMJ. Microplastics in coastal areas and seafood: implications for food safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:674-711. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1585581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inneke Hantoro
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ansje J. Löhr
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. A. J. Van Belleghem
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Budi Widianarko
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ad M. J. Ragas
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kole PJ, Löhr AJ, Van Belleghem FGAJ, Ragas AMJ. Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14101265. [PMID: 29053641 PMCID: PMC5664766 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. This paper compiles the fragmented knowledge on tyre wear and tear characteristics, amounts of particles emitted, pathways in the environment, and the possible effects on humans. The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. The emissions from car tyres (100%) are substantially higher than those of other sources of microplastics, e.g., airplane tyres (2%), artificial turf (12–50%), brake wear (8%) and road markings (5%). Emissions and pathways depend on local factors like road type or sewage systems. The relative contribution of tyre wear and tear to the total global amount of plastics ending up in our oceans is estimated to be 5–10%. In air, 3–7% of the particulate matter (PM2.5) is estimated to consist of tyre wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution which has been projected by the World Health Organization (WHO) at 3 million deaths in 2012. The wear and tear also enters our food chain, but further research is needed to assess human health risks. It is concluded here that tyre wear and tear is a stealthy source of microplastics in our environment, which can only be addressed effectively if awareness increases, knowledge gaps on quantities and effects are being closed, and creative technical solutions are being sought. This requires a global effort from all stakeholders; consumers, regulators, industry and researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Jan Kole
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University of The Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ansje J Löhr
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University of The Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank G A J Van Belleghem
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University of The Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
- Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University of The Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van Wijnen J, Ivens WPMF, Kroeze C, Löhr AJ. Coastal eutrophication in Europe caused by production of energy crops. Sci Total Environ 2015; 511:101-111. [PMID: 25536176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the use of biodiesel may increase rapidly in the coming decades as a result of policies aiming to increase the use of renewable fuels. Therefore, the production of biofuels from energy crops is expected to increase as well as the use of fertilisers to grow these crops. Since fertilisers are an important cause of eutrophication, the use of biodiesel may have an effect on the water quality in rivers and coastal seas. In this study we explored the possible effects of increased biodiesel use on coastal eutrophication in European seas in the year 2050. To this end, we defined a number of illustrative scenarios in which the biodiesel production increases to about 10-30% of the current diesel use. The scenarios differ with respect to the assumptions on where the energy crops are cultivated: either on land that is currently used for agriculture, or on land used for other purposes. We analysed these scenarios with the Global NEWS (Nutrient Export from WaterSheds) model. We used an existing Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Scenario for 2050, Global Orchestration (GO2050), as a baseline. In this baseline scenario the amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exported by European rivers to coastal seas decreases between 2000 and 2050 as a result of environmental and agricultural policies. In our scenarios with increased biodiesel production the river export of N and P increases between 2000 and 2050, indicating that energy crop production may more than counterbalance this decrease. Largest increases in nutrient export were calculated for the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Differences in nutrient export among river basins are large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikke van Wijnen
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilfried P M F Ivens
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands; Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ansje J Löhr
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Löhr AJ, De Kort T, Van Straalen NM, Van Gestel CAM. Unraveling the causes of the toxicity of extremely acid waters of volcanic origin. Environ Int 2007; 33:743-9. [PMID: 17379308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A river ecosystem in East Java, Indonesia, fed by a volcanic lake with high concentrations of dissolved metals and a low pH, was found to support only few macroinvertebrates. To unravel the causes of toxicity and to determine the level of dilution necessary to obtain non-toxic water, a bioassay was conducted with the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus. A partial toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) approach was used with EDTA as a chelating agent to relate toxicity to pH and metal concentrations. Three water samples were tested, with pHs ranging from 0.72 to 4.5, and diluted with water from a neutral river to different degrees. The dilution factor necessary to achieve no more than 50% mortality in the Thamnotox test (Ldf(50)) varied from >300 at the most acidic site, to 7 for water of pH 2.6 and 1.5 for water of pH 4.5. Toxicity was best explained from both low pH and high concentrations of metals, especially Al and Fe. The key role of Al and Fe in the toxicity was confirmed by relating concentrations of the different compounds in the river water to toxicity data from the literature. EDTA addition did not significantly influence Ldf(50) or the lethal pH 50% (LpH(50)), suggesting a large effect, besides cationic components and pH, of anions (F, SO(4) and Cl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansje J Löhr
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Löhr AJ, Laverman AM, Braster M, van Straalen NM, Röling WFM. Microbial communities in the world's largest acidic volcanic lake, Kawah Ijen in Indonesia, and in the Banyupahit river originating from it. Microb Ecol 2006; 52:609-18. [PMID: 17033856 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A first study was made on the microbial community composition of the Indonesian crater lake Kawah Ijen (pH < 0.3) and the Banyupahit-Banyuputih river (pH 0.4-3.5) originating from it. Culture-independent, rRNA gene-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to profile microbial communities in this natural and ancient, extremely acidic environment. Similarity in community profiles of the different sampling locations was low, indicating heterogeneity in community composition. Archaea were present at all sampling locations; archaeal diversity was low at the most acidic locations and increased at pH >2.6. Bacteria were not detected in the water column of the crater lake, but were found at all locations along the acidic river. Bacterial diversity increased with increasing pH. Eukarya were only present at pH >2.6. Retrieved rRNA gene sequences of Bacteria and Archaea were not closely related to known acidophilic species. It is concluded that tolerance to extreme acidity in this system is developed most extensively among Archaea. The acidity gradient of the Banyupahit-Banyuputih river has a clear effect on microbial community composition and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansje J Löhr
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Löhr AJ, Sluik R, Olaveson MM, Ivorra NVG. Macroinvertebrate and algal communities in an extremely acidic river and the Kawah Ijen crater lake (pH 0.3), Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0165-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Löhr AJ, Bogaard TA, Heikens A, Hendriks MR, Sumarti S, Van Bergen MJ, Van Gestel CAM, Van Straalen NM, Vroon PZ, Widianarko B. Natural pollution caused by the extremely acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2005; 12:89-95. [PMID: 15859115 DOI: 10.1065/espr2004.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE Lakes developing in volcano craters can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases, yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia) has a pH < 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acidic and metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed. METHODS Water samples were taken at different sites along the river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals (using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared to local and international standards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The river carries a very high load of SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period of 1980-2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely high, especially iron (up to 1,600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to 3,000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely acidic water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9 compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water. Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the use of Al containing acidic irrigation water. Increased levels of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering local residents' diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk for the human health. Fluoride exposure is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental fluorosis. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a serious threat to the environment as well as human health and agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansje J Löhr
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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