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Houben J, Janssens M, Winkler C, Besser REJ, Dzygalo K, Fehn A, Hommel A, Lange K, Elding Larsson H, Lundgren M, Roloff F, Snape M, Szypowska A, Weiss A, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, Zubizarreta N, Ziegler AG, Casteels K, Arnolds S, Bißbort M, Blasius K, Friedl N, Gezginci C, Göppel G, Heigermoser M, Höfelschweiger B, Jolink M, Kisfügedi K, Klein N, Lickert R, Matzke C, Alvarez KM, Niewöhner R, Scholz M, Schütte‐Borkovec K, Voß F, Weiß A, Gonzalo JMZ, Schmidt S, Sifft P, Kapfelsberger H, Vurucu M, Sarcletti K, Sporreiter M, Jacobson S, Zeller I, Warncke K, Bonifacio E, Lernmark Å, Todd JA, Achenbach P, Bonficio E, Larsson HE, Ziegler AG, Achenbach P, Schütte‐Borkovec K, Ziegler AG, Casteels K, Jannsen C, Rochtus A, Jacobs A, Morobé H, Paulus J, Vrancken B, Van den Driessche N, Van Heyste R, Houben J, Smets L, Vanhuyse V, Bonifacio E, Berner R, Arabi S, Blechschmidt R, Dietz S, Gemulla G, Gholizadeh Z, Heinke S, Hoffmann R, Hommel A, Lange F, Loff A, Morgenstern R, Ehrlich F, Loff A, Weigelt M, Zubizarreta N, Kordonouri O, Danne T, Galuschka L, Holtkamp U, Janzen N, Kruse C, Landsberg S, Lange K, Marquardt E, Reschke F, Roloff F, Semler K, von dem Berge T, Weiskorn J, Ziegler AG, Achenbach P, Bunk M, Färber‐Meisterjahn S, Grätz W, Greif I, Herbst M, Hofelich A, Kaiser M, Kaltenecker H, Karapinar E, Kölln A, Marcus B, Munzinger A, Ohli J, Ramminger C, Reinmüller F, Vollmuth V, Welzhofer T, Winkler C, Szypowska A, Ołtarzewski M, Dybkowska S, Dżygało K, Groele L, Kajak K, Owczarek D, Piechowiak K, Popko K, Skrobot A, Szpakowski R, Taczanowska A, Zduńczyk B, Zych A, Larsson HE, Lundgren M, Lernmark Å, Agardh D, Mortin SA, Aronsson CA, Bennet R, Brundin C, Dahlberg S, Fransson L, Jonsdottir B, Jönsson I, Maroufkhani S, Mestan Z, Nilsson C, Ramelius A, Amboh ET, Törn C, Ulvendag U, Way S, Snape M, Todd JA, Haddock G, Bendor‐Samuel O, Bland J, Choi E, Craik R, Davis K, Hawkins S, de la Horra A, Farooq Y, Scudder C, Smith I, Roseman F, Robinson H, Taj N, Vatish M, Willis L, Whelan C, Wishlade T. The emotional well-being of parents with children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes before and during participation in the POInT-study. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1707-1716. [PMID: 36323590 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the emotional impact that parents experience when confronted with an increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in their child. Population-based screening of neonates for genetic risk of chronic disease carries the risk of increased emotional burden for parents. METHODS Information was collected using a well-being questionnaire for parents of infants identified as having an increased risk for T1D in a multinational research study. Parents were asked to complete this questionnaire after they were told their child had an increased risk for T1D (Freder1k-study) and at several time points during an intervention study (POInT-study), where oral insulin was administered daily. RESULTS Data were collected from 2595 parents of 1371 children across five countries. Panic-related anxiety symptoms were reported by only 4.9% after hearing about their child having an increased risk. Symptoms of depression were limited to 19.4% of the parents at the result-communication visit and declined over time during the intervention study. When thinking about their child's risk for developing T1D (disease-specific anxiety), 47.2% worried, felt nervous and tense. Mothers and parents with a first-degree relative (FDR) with T1D reported more symptoms of depression and disease-specific anxiety (p < 0.001) than fathers and parents without a FDR. CONCLUSION Overall, symptoms of depression and panic-related anxiety are comparable with the German population. When asked about their child's risk for T1D during the intervention study, some parents reported disease-specific anxiety, which should be kept in mind when considering population-based screening. As certain subgroups are more prone, it will be important to continue psychological screening and, when necessary, to provide support by an experienced, multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Houben
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martha Janssens
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christiane Winkler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Elizabeth Jane Besser
- Department of pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Katarzyna Dzygalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Annika Fehn
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Hommel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Lange
- Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of pediatrics, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Frank Roloff
- Diabetes Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew Snape
- Department of pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andreas Weiss
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Zapardiel-Gonzalo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Zubizarreta
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technische University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lazdam M, de la Horra A, Diesch J, Kenworthy Y, Davis E, Lewandowski AJ, Szmigielski C, Shore A, Mackillop L, Kharbanda R, Alp N, Redman C, Kelly B, Leeson P. Unique Blood Pressure Characteristics in Mother and Offspring After Early Onset Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2012; 60:1338-45. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk of hypertension in mother and offspring after preeclampsia is greater if preeclampsia develops early in pregnancy. We investigated whether those who develop early onset disease have unique adverse blood pressure characteristics. One hundred forty women were studied 6 to 13 years either after a pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia (45 women with early onset preeclampsia before 34 weeks gestation and 45 women with late-onset preeclampsia) or after a normotensive pregnancy (50 women). Forty-seven offspring from these pregnancies also participated. Data on maternal antenatal and postnatal blood pressures were extracted from maternity records and related to peripheral, central, and ambulatory blood pressure measurements in later life. Compared with late-onset preeclampsia, early onset preeclampsia was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure 6 weeks postnatally (86.25±13.46 versus 75.00±5.00 mm Hg,
P
<0.05), a greater increase in blood pressure relative to booking blood pressure over the subsequent 6 to 13 years, and higher nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressures in later life (111.07±13.18 versus 101.13±11.50 mm Hg,
P
=0.04, and 67.00±7.25 versus 58.60±5.79 mm Hg,
P
=0.002). Furthermore, at age 6 to 13 years their offspring had higher systolic blood pressure compared with those born to late-onset preeclampsia (96.27±7.30 versus 88.39±7.57 mm Hg,
P
=0.005). Mothers who developed early onset preeclampsia, and the offspring of that pregnancy display specific adverse blood pressure characteristics later in life. These are not evident in mothers and offspring after late-onset preeclampsia or normotensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merzaka Lazdam
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Arancha de la Horra
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Jonathan Diesch
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Yvonne Kenworthy
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Esther Davis
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Adam J. Lewandowski
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Cezary Szmigielski
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Angela Shore
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Lucy Mackillop
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Rajesh Kharbanda
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Nicholas Alp
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Christopher Redman
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Brenda Kelly
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
| | - Paul Leeson
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., A.d.l.H., J.D., Y.K., E.D., A.J.L., R.K., N.A., P.L.); Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.d.l.H., Y.K., L.M., C.R., B.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Peninsula National Institute for Health and Research
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Lazdam M, de la Horra A, Pitcher A, Mannie Z, Diesch J, Trevitt C, Kylintireas I, Contractor H, Singhal A, Lucas A, Neubauer S, Kharbanda R, Alp N, Kelly B, Leeson P. Elevated Blood Pressure in Offspring Born Premature to Hypertensive Pregnancy. Hypertension 2010; 56:159-65. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merzaka Lazdam
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arancha de la Horra
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Pitcher
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zola Mannie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Diesch
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Trevitt
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kylintireas
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hussain Contractor
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Atul Singhal
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lucas
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Kharbanda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Alp
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda Kelly
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Leeson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.L., A.d.l.H., A.P., J.D., C.T., I.K., H.C., S.N., R.K., N.A., P.L.), Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.d.l.H., B.K.), Department of Neuroscience (Z.M.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine (I.K.), Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre (A.S., A.L.), Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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