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Williams M, Menkovic I, Reitnauer P, Gilbert E, Koeberl D, Young SP, Stiles AR. Critical sample collection delayed? Urine organic acid analysis can still save the day! A new case of HMG-CoA synthase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 38:101062. [PMID: 38469099 PMCID: PMC10926198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2024.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase (mHS) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body synthesis caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in HMGCS2. Clinical symptoms are precipitated by prolonged fasting and/or intercurrent illness with onset before the first year of life. Clinically, patients may present with hypo-/ non-ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, lethargy, hepatomegaly, and encephalopathy. During periods of decompensation, elevations of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (4-HMP), several hydroxylated hexanoic and hexenoic acid species, and medium-chain dicarboxylic acids in the absence of significant ketonuria may be observed in the urine organic acid profile. Abnormalities may also be observed in plasma which includes elevated acetylcarnitine (C2) and 3-hydroxybutyryl/3-hydroxyisobutyryl (C4-OH) carnitine. We report a patient who presented to the ED at 13 months of age with an undetectable point-of-care blood glucose level. Continuous infusion of dextrose-containing intravenous (IV) fluids were required to correct the hypoglycemia and routine chemistries were notable for an anion gap metabolic acidosis, transaminasemia, and elevated creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Urine and blood ketones were undetectable. Qualitative assessment of urine organic acids collected ∼46 and ∼ 99 h post-admission were significant for mild elevations of 4-HMP and hydroxy-hexanoic and hydroxy-hexenoic acid species with a notable absence of ketones. Previously, biochemical abnormalities in urine have been shown to normalize in as few as 27 h after treatment giving providers a narrow window with which to obtain a critical sample. Direct communication of laboratory findings to the ordering provider guided the molecular testing and assisted in results interpretation to confirm the molecular diagnosis. Our case emphasizes the importance of collecting samples for biochemical analysis even if the critical period has been missed and acute metabolic decompensation seems to be resolved, as residual abnormalities observed in our patient greatly narrowed the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Iskren Menkovic
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pamela Reitnauer
- Pediatric Teaching Program & Pediatric Medical Genetics, Cone Health, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Eileen Gilbert
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight Koeberl
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah P. Young
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashlee R. Stiles
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Barzi M, Johnson CG, Chen T, Rodriguiz RM, Hemmingsen M, Gonzalez TJ, Rosales A, Beasley J, Peck CK, Ma Y, Stiles AR, Wood TC, Maeso-Diaz R, Diehl AM, Young SP, Everitt JI, Wetsel WC, Lagor WR, Bissig-Choisat B, Asokan A, El-Gharbawy A, Bissig KD. Rescue of glutaric aciduria type I in mice by liver-directed therapies. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf4086. [PMID: 37075130 PMCID: PMC10676743 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-1) is an inborn error of metabolism with a severe neurological phenotype caused by the deficiency of glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (GCDH), the last enzyme of lysine catabolism. Current literature suggests that toxic catabolites in the brain are produced locally and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. In a series of experiments using knockout mice of the lysine catabolic pathway and liver cell transplantation, we uncovered that toxic GA-1 catabolites in the brain originated from the liver. Moreover, the characteristic brain and lethal phenotype of the GA-1 mouse model was rescued by two different liver-directed gene therapy approaches: Using an adeno-associated virus, we replaced the defective Gcdh gene or we prevented flux through the lysine degradation pathway by CRISPR deletion of the aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase (Aass) gene. Our findings question the current pathophysiological understanding of GA-1 and reveal a targeted therapy for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Barzi
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Collin G Johnson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ramona M Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Madeline Hemmingsen
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Trevor J Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Beasley
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cheryl K Peck
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yunhan Ma
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashlee R Stiles
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy C Wood
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raquel Maeso-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Beatrice Bissig-Choisat
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Areeg El-Gharbawy
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Tayeh MK, Chen M, Fullerton SM, Gonzales PR, Huang SJ, Massingham LJ, O'Daniel JM, Stewart DR, Stiles AR, Evans BJ. The designated record set for clinical genetic and genomic testing: A points to consider statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2023; 25:100342. [PMID: 36547466 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Chen
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI; GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Stephanie M Fullerton
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Department of Bioethics & Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick R Gonzales
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lenexa, KS
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI
| | - Lauren J Massingham
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI; The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Julianne M O'Daniel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Ashlee R Stiles
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Barbara J Evans
- Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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- American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, MD
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Gayed MM, Jung SH, Huggins E, Rodriguez-Rassi E, DeArmey S, Kishnani PS, Stiles AR. Glucosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb 1): An Informative Biomarker in the Clinical Monitoring of Patients with Gaucher Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314938. [PMID: 36499264 PMCID: PMC9736277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, disease burden and treatment responses in patients with Gaucher disease (GD) was assessed by monitoring clinical data, laboratory, imaging, chitotriosidase (CHITO), and other biomarkers; however, these biomarkers lack specificity and CHITO is uninformative in patients heterozygous or homozygous for the CHIT1 c.1049_1072dup24 variant. Recently, glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), a sensitive and specific GD biomarker, has been recommended for patient monitoring. Furthermore, studies measuring lyso-Gb1 and CHITO in patients on long-term treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and/or substrate reduction therapy (SRT) reported as group data show a reduction in both analytes, yet individualized patient data are generally unavailable. We describe seven patients on long-term treatment with longitudinal clinical data with monitoring based on current treatment guidelines. We present four patients who exhibit stable disease with normalized CHITO despite elevated lyso-Gb1. We present one patient who transitioned from ERT to SRT due to lack of a clinical response with life-threatening thrombocytopenia who responded with marked improvement in platelets, and normalized levels of both CHITO and lyso-Gb1. Finally, we present two ERT to SRT switch patients with stable disease on ERT who exhibited non-compliance on SRT, one with mirrored marked elevations of CHITO and lyso-Gb1; and another with normal CHITO and platelets, but increasing lyso-Gb1 levels and enlarged spleen. These clinical vignettes highlight the role of lyso-Gb1 as a sensitive biomarker in management of patients with GD, and its further value when CHITO is normal and thus uninformative. We highlight the personalized medicine approach needed to optimize treatment outcomes and recommendations for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Gayed
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seung-Hye Jung
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erin Huggins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eleanor Rodriguez-Rassi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie DeArmey
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Sunil Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashlee R. Stiles
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC 27713, USA
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Stiles AR, Huggins E, Fierro L, Jung SH, Balwani M, Kishnani PS. The role of glucosylsphingosine as an early indicator of disease progression in early symptomatic type 1 Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100729. [PMID: 33614410 PMCID: PMC7876627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency, results in the accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Glucosylsphingosine has emerged as a sensitive and specific biomarker for GD and treatment response. However, limited information exists on its role in guiding treatment decisions in pre-symptomatic patients identified at birth or due to a positive family history. We present two pediatric patients with GD1 and highlight the utility of glucosylsphingosine monitoring in guiding treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R. Stiles
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erin Huggins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luca Fierro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seung-Hye Jung
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Stiles AR, Zhang H, Dai J, McCaw P, Beasley J, Rehder C, Koeberl DD, McDonald M, Bali DS, Young SP. A comprehensive testing algorithm for the diagnosis of Fabry disease in males and females. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:209-214. [PMID: 32418857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful diagnosis of Fabry disease is often delayed or missed in patients, especially females, due to clinical heterogeneity and a lack of disease awareness. We present our experience testing for Fabry disease in high risk populations and discuss the relative sensitivities of α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme activity in blood, plasma lyso-globotriaosylceramide (lyso-Gb3) biomarker, and GLA gene sequencing as diagnostic tests for Fabry disease in both males and females. METHODS Patients with a clinical suspicion of Fabry disease were evaluated with enzyme analysis, biomarker analysis, and GLA sequencing. All three assays were performed from a single tube of EDTA blood. α-Gal A activity was determined in dried blood spots using a fluorometric assay, plasma lyso-Gb3 by UPLC-MS/MS, and GLA analysis by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Peripheral blood samples were received from 94 males and 200 females, of which 29% of males and 22% of females had a positive family history of Fabry disease. A likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant was identified in 87 (30%) patients (50 males, 37 females), confirming a diagnosis of Fabry disease. Of the remaining patients, 178 (61%) were determined to be unaffected based on normal enzyme activity (males) or normal lyso-Gb3 and negative sequencing results (females). A VUS was identified in 29 (10%) patients. The positive and negative predictive value of plasma lyso-Gb3 was 100% and 97% in males and 100% and 99% in females, respectively. This compares with 84% and 100% in males, and 58% and 50% in females for α-Gal A activity testing, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Plasma lyso-Gb3 has high sensitivity and specificity for Fabry disease in males and females, and provides supportive diagnostic information when gene sequencing results are negative or inconclusive. α-Gal A activity in dried blood spots (DBS) has high sensitivity, but lower specificity for Fabry disease in males, as not all males with low α-Gal A activities were confirmed to have Fabry disease. Therefore, reflexing to gene sequencing and plasma lyso-Gb3 is useful for disease confirmation in males. For females, we found that first tier testing consisting of GLA sequencing and plasma lyso-Gb3 analysis provided the greatest sensitivity and specificity. Enzyme testing has lower sensitivity in females and is therefore less useful as a first-tier test. Enzyme analysis in females may still be helpful as a second-tier test in cases where molecular testing and plasma lyso-Gb3 analysis are uninformative and in vitro enzyme activity is low. SUMMARY Sex-specific testing algorithms that prioritize tests with high specificity and sensitivity offer an effective means of identifying individuals with Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jian Dai
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patricia McCaw
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Beasley
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catherine Rehder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marie McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deeksha S Bali
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
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Zhang H, Dickson PI, Stiles AR, Chen AH, Le SQ, McCaw P, Beasley J, Millington DS, Young SP. Comparison of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I receiving intravenous and intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:179-184. [PMID: 32442432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in plasma and serum. To establish plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine reference intervals. To compare GAGs in serum with that in urine and CSF from patients with MPS I. METHODS Dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in serum/plasma, urine and CSF were methanolysed into dimers and analyzed using pseudo isotope dilution UPLC-MS/MS assay. Serum, CSF and urine DS and HS were quantified for 11 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I before and after treatment with Aldurazyme® (laronidase) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). RESULTS The method showed acceptable imprecision and recovery for the quantification of serum/plasma CS, DS, and HS. The serum, urine, and CSF DS and HS concentrations were reduced after 26 weeks of ERT in 4 previously untreated patients. Serum DS and HS concentrations normalized in some patients, and were mildly elevated in others after ERT. In contrast, urine and CSF DS and HS values remained elevated above the reference ranges. Compared with serum GAGs, urine and CSF DS and HS were more sensitive biomarkers for monitoring the ERT treatment of patients with MPS I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhang
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashlee R Stiles
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Agnes H Chen
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Steven Q Le
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia McCaw
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Beasley
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Millington
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Stiles AR, Simon MT, Stover A, Eftekharian S, Khanlou N, Wang HL, Magaki S, Lee H, Partynski K, Dorrani N, Chang R, Martinez-Agosto JA, Abdenur JE. Mutations in TFAM, encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A, cause neonatal liver failure associated with mtDNA depletion. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:91-9. [PMID: 27448789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorders that arise as a consequence of defects in mtDNA replication or nucleotide synthesis. Clinical manifestations are variable and include myopathic, encephalomyopathic, neurogastrointestinal or hepatocerebral phenotypes. Through clinical exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense variant (c.533C>T; p.Pro178Leu) in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) segregating in a consanguineous kindred of Colombian-Basque descent in which two siblings presented with IUGR, elevated transaminases, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and hypoglycemia with progression to liver failure and death in early infancy. Results of the liver biopsy in the proband revealed cirrhosis, micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cholestasis and mitochondrial pleomorphism. Electron microscopy of muscle revealed abnormal mitochondrial morphology and distribution while enzyme histochemistry was underwhelming. Electron transport chain testing in muscle showed increased citrate synthase activity suggesting mitochondrial proliferation, while respiratory chain activities were at the lower end of normal. mtDNA content was reduced in liver and muscle (11% and 21% of normal controls respectively). While Tfam mRNA expression was upregulated in primary fibroblasts, Tfam protein level was significantly reduced. Furthermore, functional investigations of the mitochondria revealed reduced basal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, decreased mtDNA copy number and markedly reduced nucleoids. TFAM is essential for transcription, replication and packaging of mtDNA into nucleoids. Tfam knockout mice display embryonic lethality secondary to severe mtDNA depletion. In this report, for the first time, we associate a homozygous variant in TFAM with a novel mtDNA depletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mariella T Simon
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Developmental and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Stover
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Shaya Eftekharian
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hanlin L Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kate Partynski
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Nagmeh Dorrani
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Chang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jose E Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Stiles AR, Ferdinandusse S, Besse A, Appadurai V, Leydiker KB, Cambray-Forker EJ, Bonnen PE, Abdenur JE. Successful diagnosis of HIBCH deficiency from exome sequencing and positive retrospective analysis of newborn screening cards in two siblings presenting with Leigh's disease. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 115:161-7. [PMID: 26026795 PMCID: PMC4852729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3-Hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase (HIBCH) deficiency is a rare disorder of valine metabolism. We present a family with the oldest reported subjects with HIBCH deficiency and provide support that HIBCH deficiency should be included in the differential for elevated hydroxy-C4-carnitine in newborn screening (NBS). METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on one affected sibling. HIBCH enzymatic activity was measured in patient fibroblasts. Acylcarnitines were measured by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Disease incidence was estimated using a cohort of 61,434 individuals. RESULTS Two siblings presented with infantile-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disease. WES identified a novel homozygous variant in HIBCH c.196C>T; p.Arg66Trp. HIBCH enzymatic activity was significantly reduced in patients' fibroblasts. Acylcarnitine analysis showed elevated hydroxy-C4-carnitine in blood spots of both affected siblings, including in their NBS cards, while plasma acylcarnitines were normal. Estimates show HIBCH deficiency incidence as high as 1 in ~130,000 individuals. CONCLUSION We describe a novel family with HIBCH deficiency at the biochemical, enzymatic and molecular level. Disease incidence estimates indicate HIBCH deficiency may be under-diagnosed. This together with the elevated hydroxy-C4-carnitine found in the retrospective analysis of our patient's NBS cards suggests that this disorder could be screened for by NBS programs and should be added to the differential diagnosis for elevated hydroxy-C4-carnitine which is already measured in most NBS programs using MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Besse
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen B Leydiker
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Penelope E Bonnen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose E Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
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McDonald JG, Smith DD, Stiles AR, Russell DW. A comprehensive method for extraction and quantitative analysis of sterols and secosteroids from human plasma. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1399-409. [PMID: 22517925 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d022285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the development of a method for the extraction and analysis of 62 sterols, oxysterols, and secosteroids from human plasma using a combination of HPLC-MS and GC-MS. Deuterated standards are added to 200 μl of human plasma. Bulk lipids are extracted with methanol:dichloromethane, the sample is hydrolyzed using a novel procedure, and sterols and secosteroids are isolated using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Compounds are resolved on C₁₈ core-shell HPLC columns and by GC. Sterols and oxysterols are measured using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, and lathosterol is measured using GC-MS. Detection for each compound measured by HPLC-MS was ∪ 1 ng/ml of plasma. Extraction efficiency was between 85 and 110%; day-to-day variability showed a relative standard error of <10%. Numerous oxysterols were detected, including the side chain oxysterols 22-, 24-, 25-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol, as well as ring-structure oxysterols 7α- and 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Intermediates from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway were also detected, including zymosterol, desmosterol, and lanosterol. This method also allowed the quantification of six secosteroids, including the 25-hydroxylated species of vitamins D₂ and D₃. Application of this method to plasma samples revealed that at least 50 samples could be extracted in a routine day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Stiles AR, McDonald JG, Russell DW. Mass‐Spec Identification of Human Genetic Disease. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.938.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - David W Russell
- Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
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Abstract
The steroid 5alpha-reductase (SRD5A) family of enzymes produces steroid hormones that regulate male sexual development. Now, Cantagrel et al. (2010) identify a member of this family, SRD5A3, as a polyprenol reductase with a crucial role in N-linked protein glycosylation and pinpoint SRD5A3 mutations as the cause of a rare Mendelian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R Stiles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
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Abstract
The CYP7B1 cytochrome P450 enzyme hydroxylates carbons 6 and 7 of the B ring of oxysterols and steroids. Hydroxylation reduces the biological activity of these substrates and facilitates their conversion to end products that are readily excreted from the body. CYP7B1 is expressed in the liver, reproductive tract, and brain and performs different physiological functions in each tissue. Hepatic CYP7B1 activity is crucial for the inactivation of oxysterols and their subsequent conversion into bile salts. Loss of CYP7B1 activity is associated with liver failure in children. In the reproductive tract, the enzyme metabolizes androgens that antagonize estrogen action; mice without CYP7B1 have abnormal prostates and ovaries. The role of CYP7B1 in brain is under investigation; recent studies show that spastic paraplegia type 5, a progressive neuropathy, is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the human gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee R. Stiles
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
| | - Jeffrey G. McDonald
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
| | - David R. Bauman
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
| | - David W. Russell
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
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Lowe DA, Stiles AR. Pesticides: nomenclature, specification, analysis, use, and residues in foods. Bull World Health Organ 1973; 49:169-204. [PMID: 4545324 PMCID: PMC2481117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Wright JW, Fritz RF, Hocking KS, Babione R, Gratz NG, Pal R, Stiles AR, Vandekar M. Ortho-isopropoxphenyl methylcarbamate (OMS-33) as a residual spray for control of anopheline mosquitos. With special reference to its evaluation in the WHO programme for evaluating and testing new insecticides. Bull World Health Organ 1969; 40:67-90. [PMID: 5306320 PMCID: PMC2554458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 1300 compounds have so far been included in the WHO Programme for Evaluating and Testing New Insecticides, which is designed to disclose compounds that may satisfactorily replace those to which insect vectors of disease have become resistant. The authors describe the successful passage of o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate (OMS-33) through the first 6 stages of the 7-stage programme that has been established for compounds intended for use against anopheline mosquitos and conclude that this product is suitable for testing in the final stage-large-scale epidemiological evaluation.In operational field trials (at 2 g/m(2)) OMS-33 has been shown capable of controlling Anopheles stephensi (in Iran), An. gambiae and An. funestus (in Nigeria) for 3-4 months, An. albimanus (in El Salvador) for 2-4 months and An. dthali (in Iran) for 2(1/2) months. It has an airborne effect by which anophelines are killed for a considerable time after OMS-33 has been sprayed, even though they do not make contact with a sprayed surface; this quality would appear advantageous in areas where anophelines enter houses and bite man but do not rest long enough on sprayed surfaces to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide or where significant outdoor biting occurs. The observance of simple safety precautions protects occupants of sprayed houses, spraymen and others from danger. Chemical studies have indicated that commercially produced water-dispersible powders of OMS-33 are stable under field conditions of storage and use.
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