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Ben-Shmuel A, Glinert I, Sittner A, Bar-David E, Schlomovitz J, Levy H, Weiss S. Doxycycline, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin are superior to ciprofloxacin in treating anthrax meningitis in rabbits and NHP. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0161023. [PMID: 38687017 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01610-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient treatment of anthrax-related meningitis in patients poses a significant therapeutic challenge. Previously, we demonstrated in our anthrax meningitis rabbit model that ciprofloxacin treatment is ineffective with most of the treated animals succumbing to the infection. Herein we tested the efficacy of doxycycline in our rabbit model and found it highly effective. Since all of our findings are based on a rabbit model, we test the efficacy of ciprofloxacin or doxycycline in a specific central nervous system (CNS) model developed in non-human primates (NHPs). Similar to rabbits, ciprofloxacin treatment was ineffective, while doxycycline protected the infected rhesus macaques (n = 2) from the lethal CNS Bacillus anthracis infection. To test whether the low efficacy of Ciprofloxacin is an example of low efficacy of all fluoroquinolones or only this substance, we treated rabbits that were inoculated intracisterna magna (ICM) with levofloxacin or moxifloxacin. We found that in contrast to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were highly efficacious in treating lethal anthrax-related meningitis in rabbits and NHP (levofloxacin). We demonstrated (in naïve rabbits) that this difference probably results from variances in blood-brain-barrier penetration of the different fluoroquinolones. The combined treatment of doxycycline and any one of the tested fluoroquinolones was highly effective in the rabbit CNS infection model. The combined treatment of doxycycline and levofloxacin was effective in an inhalation rabbit model, as good as the doxycycline mono-therapy. These findings imply that while ciprofloxacin is highly effective as a post-exposure prophylactic drug, using this drug to treat symptomatic patients should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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2
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Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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3
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Jansen J, Reimer KC, Nagai JS, Varghese FS, Overheul GJ, de Beer M, Roverts R, Daviran D, Fermin LA, Willemsen B, Beukenboom M, Djudjaj S, von Stillfried S, van Eijk LE, Mastik M, Bulthuis M, Dunnen WD, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Triana SH, Alexandrov T, Timm MC, van den Berge BT, van den Broek M, Nlandu Q, Heijnert J, Bindels EM, Hoogenboezem RM, Mooren F, Kuppe C, Miesen P, Grünberg K, Ijzermans T, Steenbergen EJ, Czogalla J, Schreuder MF, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A, Boor P, Puelles VG, Floege J, Huber TB, van Rij RP, Costa IG, Schneider RK, Smeets B, Kramann R, Achdout H, Aimon A, Bar-David E, Barr H, Ben-Shmuel A, Bennett J, Boby ML, Borden B, Bowman GR, Brun J, BVNBS S, Calmiano M, Carbery A, Cattermole E, Chernychenko E, Choder JD, Clyde A, Coffland JE, Cohen G, Cole J, Contini A, Cox L, Cvitkovic M, Dias A, Donckers K, Dotson DL, Douangamath A, Duberstein S, Dudgeon T, Dunnett L, Eastman PK, Erez N, Eyermann CJ, Fairhead M, Fate G, Fearon D, Federov O, Ferla M, Fernandes RS, Ferrins L, Foster R, Foster H, Gabizon R, Garcia-Sastre A, Gawriljuk VO, Gehrtz P, Gileadi C, Giroud C, Glass WG, Glen R, Itai glinert, Godoy AS, Gorichko M, Gorrie-Stone T, Griffen EJ, Hart SH, Heer J, Henry M, Hill M, Horrell S, Hurley MF, Israely T, Jajack A, Jnoff E, Jochmans D, John T, De Jonghe S, Kantsadi AL, Kenny PW, Kiappes J, Koekemoer L, Kovar B, Krojer T, Lee AA, Lefker BA, Levy H, London N, Lukacik P, Macdonald HB, Maclean B, Malla TR, Matviiuk T, McCorkindale W, McGovern BL, Melamed S, Michurin O, Mikolajek H, Milne BF, Morris A, Morris GM, Morwitzer MJ, Moustakas D, Nakamura AM, Neto JB, Neyts J, Nguyen L, Noske GD, Oleinikovas V, Oliva G, Overheul GJ, Owen D, Psenak V, Pai R, Pan J, Paran N, Perry B, Pingle M, Pinjari J, Politi B, Powell A, Puni R, Rangel VL, Reddi RN, Reid SP, Resnick E, Ripka EG, Robinson MC, Robinson RP, Rodriguez-Guerra J, Rosales R, Rufa D, Schofield C, Shafeev M, Shaikh A, Shi J, Shurrush K, Sing S, Sittner A, Skyner R, Smalley A, Smilova MD, Solmesky LJ, Spencer J, Strain-Damarell C, Swamy V, Tamir H, Tennant R, Thompson W, Thompson A, Thompson W, Tomasia S, Tumber A, Vakonakis I, van Rij RP, van Geel L, Varghese FS, Vaschetto M, Vitner EB, Voelz V, Volkamer A, von Delft F, von Delft A, Walsh M, Ward W, Weatherall C, Weiss S, White KM, Wild CF, Wittmann M, Wright N, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Zaidmann D, Zidane H, Zitzmann N. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:217-231.e8. [PMID: 35032430 PMCID: PMC8709832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kidney failure is frequently observed during and after COVID-19, but it remains elusive whether this is a direct effect of the virus. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects kidney cells and is associated with increased tubule-interstitial kidney fibrosis in patient autopsy samples. To study direct effects of the virus on the kidney independent of systemic effects of COVID-19, we infected human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived kidney organoids with SARS-CoV-2. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicated injury and dedifferentiation of infected cells with activation of profibrotic signaling pathways. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection also led to increased collagen 1 protein expression in organoids. A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor was able to ameliorate the infection of kidney cells by SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney cells and induce cell injury with subsequent fibrosis. These data could explain both acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients and the development of chronic kidney disease in long COVID. COVID-19 patients present tubulo-interstitial kidney fibrosis compared with controls SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates profibrotic signaling in human kidney organoids SARS-CoV-2 infection can be inhibited by a protease blocker in human kidney organoids
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Fisher M, Levy H, Fatelevich E, Afrimov Y, Ben-Shmuel A, Rosenfeld R, Noy-Porat T, Glinert I, Sittner A, Biber A, Belkin A, Bar-David E, Puni R, Levy I, Mazor O, Weiss S, Mechaly A. A Serological Snapshot of COVID-19 Initial Stages in Israel by a 6-Plex Antigen Array. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0087021. [PMID: 34612689 PMCID: PMC8510178 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00870-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The first case of SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in Israel in late February 2020. Three major outbreaks followed, resulting in over 800,000 cases and over 6,000 deaths by April 2021. Our aim was characterization of a serological snapshot of Israeli patients and healthy adults in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sera from 55 symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 146 healthy subjects (early-pandemic, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR [qRT-PCR]-negative), collected in Israel between March and April 2020, were screened for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies, using a 6-plex antigen microarray presenting the whole inactivated virus and five viral antigens: a stabilized version of the spike ectodomain (S2P), spike subunit 1 (S1), receptor-binding-domain (RBD), N-terminal-domain (NTD), and nucleocapsid (NC). COVID-19 patients, 4 to 40 days post symptom onset, presented specific IgG to all of the viral antigens (6/6) in 54 of the 55 samples (98% sensitivity). Specific IgM and IgA antibodies for all six antigens were detected in only 10% (5/55) and 4% (2/55) of the patients, respectively, suggesting that specific IgG is a superior serological marker for COVID-19. None of the qRT-PCR-negative sera reacted with all six viral antigens (100% specificity), and 48% (70/146) were negative throughout the panel. Our findings confirm a low seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Israeli adult population prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. We further suggest that the presence of low-level cross-reacting antibodies in naive individuals calls for a combined, multiantigen analysis for accurate discrimination between naive and exposed individuals. IMPORTANCE A 6-plex protein array presenting the whole inactivated virus and five nucleocapsid and spike-derived SARS-CoV-2 antigens was used to generate a serological snapshot of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and seroconversion in Israel in the early months of the pandemic. Our findings confirm a very low seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Israeli adult population. We further propose that the presence of low-level nonspecific antibodies in naive individuals calls for a combined, multiantigen analysis for accurate discrimination between naive and exposed individuals enabling accurate determination of seroconversion. The developed assay is currently applied to evaluate immune responses to the Israeli vaccine during human phase I/II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morly Fisher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ella Fatelevich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Yafa Afrimov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ronit Rosenfeld
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tal Noy-Porat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Asaf Biber
- Sheba Medical Center and the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ana Belkin
- Sheba Medical Center and the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Reut Puni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Itzchak Levy
- Sheba Medical Center and the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adva Mechaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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5
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Sittner A, Bar-David E, Glinert I, Ben-Shmuel A, Schlomovitz J, Levy H, Weiss S. Role of acpA and acpB in Bacillus anthracis capsule accumulation and toxin independent pathogenicity in rabbits. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104904. [PMID: 33930422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The poly- δ- d-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis plays a major role in this bacterium pathogenicity. Capsule synthesis relies on a 5 gene operon; capB, C, A, D and E that are regulated by acpA and acpB, that respond to the major virulence regulator - atxA. We took a genetic approach to examine the involvement of acpA and acpB in capsule production in vitro and on B. anthracis virulence in vivo. To complement the effect of the mutations on capsule accumulation in vitro, we applied our toxin independent systemic infection method to study their effects in vivo. We found that though the roles of acpA and axpB are redundant in vitro, deleting acpA had a significant effect on pathogenicity, mainly on the time to death. As expected, deletion of both acpA and acpB resulted in loss of capsule accumulation in vitro and full attenuation in vivo, indicating that capsule production depends exclusively on acpA/B regulation. To identify additional effects of acpA and acpB on pathogenicity via non-capsule related virulence pathways, we bypassed acpA/B regulation by inserting the pagA promotor upstream to the cap operon, diverting regulation directly to atxA. This resulted in restoration of capsule accumulation in vitro and virulence (in intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation) in vivo. To test for additional pXO2-based genes involved in capsule production, we cloned the pagAprom-capA-E into the chromosome of VollumΔpXO2, which restored capsule accumulation. These results indicate that of the pXO2 genes, only capA-E and acpA are required for capsule production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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6
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Barlev-Gross M, Weiss S, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Eden K, Mazuz N, Glinert I, Bar-David E, Puni R, Amit S, Kriger O, Schuster O, Alcalay R, Makdasi E, Epstein E, Noy-Porat T, Rosenfeld R, Achdout H, Mazor O, Israely T, Levy H, Mechaly A. Spike vs nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection: application in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3501-3510. [PMID: 33768365 PMCID: PMC7993413 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Public health experts emphasize the need for quick, point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 detection as an effective strategy for controlling virus spread. To this end, many “antigen” detection devices were developed and commercialized. These devices are mostly based on detecting SARS-CoV-2’s nucleocapsid protein. Recently, alerts issued by both the FDA and the CDC raised concerns regarding the devices’ tendency to exhibit false positive results. In this work, we developed a novel alternative spike-based antigen assay, comprising four high-affinity, specific monoclonal antibodies, directed against different epitopes on the spike’s S1 subunit. The assay’s performance was evaluated for COVID-19 detection from nasopharyngeal swabs, compared to an in-house nucleocapsid-based assay, composed of novel antibodies directed against the nucleocapsid. Detection of COVID-19 was carried out in a cohort of 284 qRT-PCR positive and negative nasopharyngeal swab samples. The time resolved fluorescence (TRF) ELISA spike assay displayed very high specificity (99%) accompanied with a somewhat lower sensitivity (66% for Ct < 25), compared to the nucleocapsid ELISA assay which was more sensitive (85% for Ct < 25) while less specific (87% specificity). Despite being outperformed by qRT-PCR, we suggest that there is room for such tests in the clinical setting, as cheap and rapid pre-screening tools. Our results further suggest that when applying antigen detection, one must consider its intended application (sensitivity vs specificity), taking into consideration that the nucleocapsid might not be the optimal target. In this regard, we propose that a combination of both antigens might contribute to the validity of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria Barlev-Gross
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Keren Eden
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Mazuz
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Reut Puni
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Amit
- Clinical Microbiology, Sheba Medical Centre, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Or Kriger
- Clinical Microbiology, Sheba Medical Centre, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofir Schuster
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ron Alcalay
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Efi Makdasi
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Epstein
- The Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tal Noy-Porat
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ronit Rosenfeld
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ohad Mazor
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adva Mechaly
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
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7
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Ben-Shmuel A, Brosh-Nissimov T, Glinert I, Bar-David E, Sittner A, Poni R, Cohen R, Achdout H, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Politi B, Melamed S, Vitner E, Cherry L, Israeli O, Beth-Din A, Paran N, Israely T, Yitzhaki S, Levy H, Weiss S. Detection and infectivity potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination in isolation units and quarantine facilities. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1658-1662. [PMID: 32919072 PMCID: PMC7481174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental surfaces have been suggested as likely contributors in the transmission of COVID-19. This study assessed the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminating surfaces and objects in two hospital isolation units and a quarantine hotel. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 virus stability and infectivity on non-porous surfaces was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Surface and air sampling were conducted at two COVID-19 isolation units and in a quarantine hotel. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR and infectivity was assessed by VERO E6 CPE test. RESULTS In laboratory-controlled conditions, SARS-CoV-2 gradually lost its infectivity completely by day 4 at ambient temperature, and the decay rate of viral viability on surfaces directly correlated with increase in temperature. Viral RNA was detected in 29/55 surface samples (52.7%) and 16/42 surface samples (38%) from the surroundings of symptomatic COVID-19 patients in isolation units of two hospitals and in a quarantine hotel for asymptomatic and very mild COVID-19 patients. None of the surface and air samples from the three sites (0/97) were found to contain infectious titres of SARS-Cov-2 on tissue culture assay. CONCLUSIONS Despite prolonged viability of SARS-CoV-2 under laboratory-controlled conditions, uncultivable viral contamination of inanimate surfaces might suggest low feasibility for indirect fomite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tal Brosh-Nissimov
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Reut Poni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Regev Cohen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Einat Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Lilach Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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8
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Sittner A, Ben-Shmuel A, Glinert I, Bar-David E, Schlomovitz J, Kobiler D, Weiss S, Levy H. Using old antibiotics to treat ancient bacterium-β-lactams for Bacillus anthracis meningitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228917. [PMID: 32053632 PMCID: PMC7018077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As Bacillus anthracis spores pose a proven bio-terror risk, the treatment focus has shifted from exposed populations to anthrax patients and the need for effective antibiotic treatment protocols increases. The CDC recommends carbapenems and Linezolid (oxazolidinone), for the treatment of anthrax, particularly for the late, meningeal stages of the disease. Previously we demonstrated that treatment with Meropenem or Linezolid, either as a single treatment or in combination with Ciprofloxacin, fails to protect rabbits from anthrax-meningitis. In addition, we showed that the failure of Meropenem was due to slow BBB penetration rather than low antibacterial activity. Herein, we tested the effect of increasing the dose of the antibiotic on treatment efficacy. We found that for full protection (88% cure rate) the dose should be increased four-fold from 40 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg. In addition, B. anthracis is a genetically stable bacterium and naturally occurring multidrug resistant B. anthracis strains have not been reported. In this manuscript, we report the efficacy of classical β-lactams as a single treatment or in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors in treating anthrax meningitis. We demonstrate that Ampicillin based treatment of anthrax meningitis is largely efficient (66%). The high efficacy (88-100%) of Augmentin (Amoxicillin and Clavulonic acid) and Unasyn (Ampicillin and Sulbactam) makes them a favorable choice due to reports of β-lactam resistant B. anthracis strains. Tazocin (Piperacillin and Tazobactam) proved inefficient compared to the highly efficient Augmentin and Unasyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - David Kobiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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9
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Glinert I, Weiss S, Sittner A, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Schlomovitz J, Kobiler D, Levy H. Infection with a Nonencapsulated Bacillus anthracis Strain in Rabbits-The Role of Bacterial Adhesion and the Potential for a Safe Live Attenuated Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120506. [PMID: 30513757 PMCID: PMC6316610 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonencapsulated (∆pXO2) Bacillus anthracis strains are commonly used as vaccines and for anthrax research, mainly in the mouse model. Previously, we demonstrated that the infection of rabbits, intranasally or subcutaneously, with the spores of a fully virulent strain results in the systemic dissemination of the bacteria, meningitis, and death, whereas ∆pXO2 strains are fully attenuated in this animal model. We used the intravenous inoculation of rabbits to study the pathogenicity of the ∆pXO2 strain infection. Bacteremia, brain bacterial burden, and pathology were used as criteria to compare the Vollum∆pXO2 disease to the wild type Vollum infection. To test the role of adhesion in the virulence of Vollum∆pXO2, we deleted the major adhesion protein BslA and tested the virulence and immunogenicity of this mutant. We found that 50% of the rabbits succumb to Vollum∆pXO2 strain following i.v. infection, a death that was accompanied with significant neurological symptoms. Pathology revealed severe brain infection coupled with an atypical massive bacterial growth into the parenchyma. Contrary to the Vollum strain, deletion of the bslA gene fully attenuated the ∆pXO2 strain. Though the Vollum∆pXO2 cannot serve as a model for B. anthracis pathogenicity in rabbits, deletion of the bslA gene prevents central nervous system (CNS) infections, possibly leading to the generation of a safer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - David Kobiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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10
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Sittner A, Mechaly A, Vitner E, Aftalion M, Levy Y, Levy H, Mamroud E, Fisher M. Improved production of monoclonal antibodies against the LcrV antigen of Yersinia pestis using FACS-aided hybridoma selection. J Biol Methods 2018; 5:e100. [PMID: 31453250 PMCID: PMC6706158 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2018.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For about four decades, hybridoma technologies have been the “work horse” of monoclonal antibody production. These techniques proved to be robust and reliable, albeit laborious. Over the years, several major improvements have been introduced into the field, but yet, antibody production still requires many hours of labor and considerable resources. In this work, we present a leap forward in the advancement of hybridoma-based monoclonal antibody production, which saves labor and time and increases yield, by combining hybridoma technology, fluorescent particles and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). By taking advantage of the hybridomas’ cell-surface associated antibodies, we can differentiate between antigen-specific and non-specific cells, based on their ability to bind the particles. The speed and efficiency of antibody discovery, and subsequent cell cloning, are of high importance in the field of infectious diseases. Therefore, as a model system, we chose the protein LcrV, a major virulence factor of the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis, an important re-emerging pathogen and a possible bioterror agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Adva Mechaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Einat Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Yinon Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Emanuelle Mamroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Morly Fisher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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11
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Etoc F, Balloul E, Vicario C, Normanno D, Liße D, Sittner A, Piehler J, Dahan M, Coppey M. Publisher Correction: Non-specific interactions govern cytosolic diffusion of nanosized objects in mammalian cells. Nat Mater 2018; 17:1048. [PMID: 30232394 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the version of this Article originally published, Supplementary Videos 3-5 were incorrectly labelled; 3 should have been 5, 4 should have been 3 and 5 should have been 4. This has now been corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Etoc
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elie Balloul
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Vicario
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Normanno
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, CNRS UMR7258, Inserm U1068, Aix-Marseille Universite UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseilles, France.
| | - Domenik Liße
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maxime Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
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12
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Etoc F, Balloul E, Vicario C, Normanno D, Liße D, Sittner A, Piehler J, Dahan M, Coppey M. Non-specific interactions govern cytosolic diffusion of nanosized objects in mammalian cells. Nat Mater 2018; 17:740-746. [PMID: 29967464 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of macromolecules in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells varies over orders of magnitude and dictates the kinetics of cellular processes. However, a general description that associates the Brownian or anomalous nature of intracellular diffusion to the architectural and biochemical properties of the cytoplasm has not been achieved. Here we measure the mobility of individual fluorescent nanoparticles in living mammalian cells to obtain a comprehensive analysis of cytoplasmic diffusion. We identify a correlation between tracer size, its biochemical nature and its mobility. Inert particles with size equal or below 50 nm behave as Brownian particles diffusing in a medium of low viscosity with negligible effects of molecular crowding. Increasing the strength of non-specific interactions of the nanoparticles within the cytoplasm gradually reduces their mobility and leads to subdiffusive behaviour. These experimental observations and the transition from Brownian to subdiffusive motion can be captured in a minimal phenomenological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Etoc
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elie Balloul
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Vicario
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Normanno
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CNRS UMR7258, Inserm U1068, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseilles, France.
| | - Domenik Liße
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maxime Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France.
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13
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Sittner A, Bar-David E, Glinert I, Ben-Shmuel A, Weiss S, Schlomovitz J, Kobiler D, Levy H. Pathology of wild-type and toxin-independent Bacillus anthracis meningitis in rabbits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186613. [PMID: 29088287 PMCID: PMC5663420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic meningitis is considered a complication of anthrax and was reported in about 50% of deadly cases in humans and non-human primates (NHP). Recently we demonstrated in Guinea pigs and rabbits that 100% of the B. anthracis-infected animals presented histopathology of meningitis at the time of death, some without any sign of hemorrhage. A similar pathology was observed in animals that succumbed following infection with the toxin deficient mutant, thus indicating that anthrax meningitis is a toxin-independent phenomenon. In this manuscript we describe a histopathological study of the B. anthracis infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Though we could find sporadic growth of the bacteria around blood vessels in the cortex, we report that the main infiltration route is the choroid plexus. We found massive destruction of entire sections of the choroid plexus coupled with massive aggregation of bacilli in the ventricles, in close proximity to the parenchyma. The choroid plexus also contained significant amounts of intravascular bacterial aggregates, often enclosed in what appear to be fibrin-like clots. The high concentration of these aggregates in areas of significant tissue destruction combined with the fact that capsular B. anthracis bacteria have a low tendency to adhere to endothelial cells, might suggest that these clots are used as an adherence mechanism by the bacteria. The major histopathological finding is meningitis. We find massive bacterial growth in the meninges without evidence of encephalitis, even when the bacteria emerge from a parenchymal blood vessel. Erythrocytes were present within the meningeal space but no clear vasculitis could be detected. Histology of the brain stem indicates meningitis, edema and hemorrhages that might explain death from suffocation due to direct damage to the respiratory center. All of these processes are toxin-independent, since they were observed following infection with either the wild type strain or the toxin-deficient mutant. Herein, we propose that the first step of anthrax-meningitis is bacterial adhesion to the blood vessels by manipulating coagulation, mainly in the choroid plexus. The trapped bacteria then destroy sections of the choroid plexus, resulting in penetration into the CSF, leading to meningitis and hemorrhage. Death could be the result of increased intracranial pressure and/or damage to the brain stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - David Kobiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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14
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Levy H, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-David E, Sittner A, Schlomovitz J, Altboum Z, Kobiler D. The central nervous system as target of Bacillus anthracis toxin independent virulence in rabbits and guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112319. [PMID: 25375158 PMCID: PMC4223028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system is considered a complication of Anthrax and was reported in humans and non-human primates. Previously we have reported that Bacillus anthracis possesses a toxin-independent virulent trait that, like the toxins, is regulated by the major virulence regulator, AtxA, in the presence of pXO2. This toxin-independent lethal trait is exhibited in rabbits and Guinea pigs following significant bacteremia and organ dissemination. Various findings, including meningitis seen in humans and primates, suggested that the CNS is a possible target for this AtxA-mediated activity. In order to penetrate into the brain tissue, the bacteria have to overcome the barriers isolating the CNS from the blood stream. Taking a systematic genetic approach, we compared intracranial (IC) inoculation and IV/SC inoculation for the outcome of the infection in rabbits/GP, respectively. The outstanding difference between the two models is exhibited by the encapsulated strain VollumΔpXO1, which is lethal when injected IC, but asymptomatic when inoculated IV/SC. The findings demonstrate that there is an apparent bottleneck in the ability of mutants to penetrate into the brain. Any mutant carrying either pXO1 or pXO2 will kill the host upon IC injection, but only those carrying AtxA either on pXO1 or in the chromosome in the background of pXO2 can penetrate into the brain following peripheral inoculation. The findings were corroborated by histological examination by H&E staining and immunofluorescence of rabbits' brains following IV and IC inoculations. These findings may have major implications on future research both on B. anthracis pathogenicity and on vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Zeev Altboum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - David Kobiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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15
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Levy H, Glinert I, Weiss S, Sittner A, Schlomovitz J, Altboum Z, Kobiler D. Toxin-independent virulence of Bacillus anthracis in rabbits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84947. [PMID: 24416317 PMCID: PMC3885664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accepted paradigm states that anthrax is both an invasive and toxinogenic disease and that the toxins play a major role in pathogenicity. In the guinea pig (GP) model we have previously shown that deletion of all three toxin components results in a relatively moderate attenuation in virulence, indicating that B. anthracis possesses an additional toxin-independent virulence mechanism. To characterize this toxin-independent mechanism in anthrax disease, we developed a new rabbit model by intravenous injection (IV) of B. anthracis encapsulated vegetative cells, artificially creating bacteremia. Using this model we were able to demonstrate that also in rabbits, B. anthracis mutants lacking the toxins are capable of killing the host within 24 hours. This virulent trait depends on the activity of AtxA in the presence of pXO2, as, in the absence of the toxin genes, deletion of either component abolishes virulence. Furthermore, this IV virulence depends mainly on AtxA rather than the whole pXO1. A similar pattern was shown in the GP model using subcutaneous (SC) administration of spores of the mutant strains, demonstrating the generality of the phenomenon. The virulent strains showed higher bacteremia levels and more efficient tissue dissemination; however our interpretation is that tissue dissemination per se is not the main determinant of virulence whose exact nature requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josef Schlomovitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Zeev Altboum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - David Kobiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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16
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17
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Clarke S, Pinaud F, Sittner A, Gouzer G, Beutel O, Piehler J, Dahan M. Monofunctional Quantum Dot Probes for Single-Molecule Imaging. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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19
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21
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Baram D, Pyetan E, Sittner A, Auerbach T, Rozenberg H, Yonath A. Ribosomal crystallography reveals co-translational trafficking by eubacterial trigger factor. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305095772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Pyetan E, Baram D, Sittner A, Auerbach-Nevo T, Bashan A, Greenberg I, Rozenberg H, Zarivach R, Yonath A. Structural parameters influencing the affinities and effectiveness of ribosomal antibiotics. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876730508952x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Baram D, Pyetan E, Sittner A, Auerbach-Nevo T, Bashan A, Yonath A. Structure of trigger factor binding domain in biologically homologous complex with eubacterial ribosome reveals its chaperone action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12017-22. [PMID: 16091460 PMCID: PMC1183488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505581102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigger factor (TF), the first chaperone in eubacteria to encounter the emerging nascent chain, binds to the large ribosomal subunit in the vicinity of the protein exit tunnel opening and forms a sheltered folding space. Here, we present the 3.5-A crystal structure of the physiological complex of the large ribosomal subunit from the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans with the N-terminal domain of TF (TFa) from the same organism. For anchoring, TFa exploits a small ribosomal surface area in the vicinity of proteins L23 and L29, by using its "signature motif" as well as additional structural elements. The molecular details of TFa interactions reveal that L23 is essential for the association of TF with the ribosome and may serve as a channel of communication with the nascent chain progressing in the tunnel. L29 appears to induce a conformational change in TFa, which results in the exposure of TFa hydrophobic patches to the opening of the ribosomal exit tunnel, thus increasing its affinity for hydrophobic segments of the emerging nascent polypeptide. This observation implies that, in addition to creating a protected folding space for the emerging nascent chain, TF association with the ribosome prevents aggregation by providing a competing hydrophobic environment and may be critical for attaining the functional conformation necessary for chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baram
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Zarivach R, Bashan A, Berisio R, Harms J, Auerbach T, Schluenzen F, Bartels H, Baram D, Pyetan E, Sittner A, Amit M, Hansen HAS, Kessler M, Liebe C, Wolff A, Agmon I, Yonath A. Functional aspects of ribosomal architecture: symmetry, chirality and regulation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raz Zarivach
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Bashan
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rita Berisio
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Harms
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Auerbach
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schluenzen
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Bartels
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Baram
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erez Pyetan
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Amit
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harly A. S. Hansen
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maggie Kessler
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christa Liebe
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Wolff
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilana Agmon
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ada Yonath
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Max‐Planck‐Research Unit for Ribosomal Structure, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Agmon I, Amit M, Auerbach T, Bashan A, Baram D, Bartels H, Berisio R, Greenberg I, Harms J, Hansen HAS, Kessler M, Pyetan E, Schluenzen F, Sittner A, Yonath A, Zarivach R. Ribosomal crystallography: a flexible nucleotide anchoring tRNA translocation, facilitates peptide-bond formation, chirality discrimination and antibiotics synergism. FEBS Lett 2004; 567:20-6. [PMID: 15165888 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The linkage between internal ribosomal symmetry and transfer RNA (tRNA) positioning confirmed positional catalysis of amino-acid polymerization. Peptide bonds are formed concurrently with tRNA-3' end rotatory motion, in conjunction with the overall messenger RNA (mRNA)/tRNA translocation. Accurate substrate alignment, mandatory for the processivity of protein biosynthesis, is governed by remote interactions. Inherent flexibility of a conserved nucleotide, anchoring the rotatory motion, facilitates chirality discrimination and antibiotics synergism. Potential tRNA interactions explain the universality of the tRNA CCA-end and P-site preference of initial tRNA. The interactions of protein L2 tail with the symmetry-related region periphery explain its conservation and its contributions to nascent chain elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Agmon
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Sittner A. Zur aktiven Therapie des Abortus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1905. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1188009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sittner A. Diagnostische Verfehlungen auf dem Gebiete der Extrauteringravidität (Fortsetzung aus No. 41.). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1903. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1203248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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