GC-MS, quantum mechanics calculation and the antifungal activity of river red gum essential oil when applied to four natural textiles

The most important uses of old fabrics include clothing, mummification, and bookbinding. However, because they are predominantly constructed of natural materials, they are particularly susceptible to physical and chemical deterioration brought on by fungi. The treatments that are typically used to preserve old textiles focus on the use of synthetic fungicides, which have the potential to be dangerous for both human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs), which are safe for the environment and have no negative effects on human health, have been widely advocated as an alternative to conventional antifungals. Four natural fabrics-linen, cotton, wool, and silk-were utilized in the current work. The extracted EO from leaves of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) were prepared at 125, 250, and 500 µL/L. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger were inoculated separately into the treated four fabrics with the EO at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µL/L or the main compounds (spathulenol and eucalyptol) at the concentrations of 6, 12, 25, and 50 µL/L and were then compared to the un-treated samples. GC-MS was used to analyze the EO chemical composition, while visual observations and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were used to study the fungal growth inhibition. Spathulenol (26.56%), eucalyptol (14.91%), and p-cymene (12.40%) were the principal chemical components found in E. camaldulensis EO by GC-MS. Spathulenol molecule displayed the highest electrostatic potential (ESP) compared with the other primary compound, as calculated by quantum mechanics. In the untreated textile samples, SEM analysis revealed substantial proliferation of hyphae from A. flavus, F. culmorum, and A. niger. The fungal growth was completely inhibited at a concentration of 500 µL/L from the EO. Both eucalyptol and spathulenol completely inhibited the formation of the fungal spores at a concentration of 50 µL/L, although eucalyptol was more effective than spathulenol across the board for all four textiles. The results support E. camaldulensis EO functionalized textiles as an effective active antifungal agent.

Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with Melia azedarach Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses

The main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (Bougainvillea spectabilis, Ficus altissima, and F. elastica) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays stalks) and to study the fungal activity of handsheets treated with Melia azedarach heartwood extract (MAHE) solutions. Through the aforementioned analyses, the ideal cooking conditions were determined for each raw material based on the lignin percentage present. After cooking, pulp showed a decrease in the Kappa number produced from WMT, ranging from 16 to 17. This was in contrast with NWMT, which had Kappa numbers ranging from 31 to 35. A difference in the optical properties of the pulp produced from WMT was also observed (18 to 29%) compared with pulp produced from NWMT (32.66 to 35.35%). As for the evaluation of the mechanical properties, the tensile index of the pulp ranged from 30.5 to 40 N·m/g for WMT and from 44.33 to 47.43 N·m/g for NWMT; the tear index ranged from 1.66 to 2.55 mN·m²/g for WMT and from 4.75 to 5.87 mN·m²/g for NWMT; and the burst index ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 kPa·m²/g for WMT and from 3.92 to 4.76 kPa·m²/g for NWMT. Finally, the double fold number was 3 compared with that of pulp produced from pulp, which showed good values ranging from 36 to 55. In the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated handsheets with extract from MAHE showed no growth of Aspergillus fumigatus over paper discs manufactured from B. speclabilis pulp wood. Pulp paper produced from Z. mays and S. bicolor stalks was treated with 1% MAHE, while pulp paper from F. elastica was treated with 0.50% and 1% MAHE. With the addition of 0.5 or 1% MAHE, Fusarium culmorum showed no increase in growth over the paper manufactured from B. speclabilis, F. altissima, F. elastica and Zea mays pulps with visual inhibition zones found. There was almost no growth of S. solani in paper discs manufactured from pulps treated with 1% MAHE. This is probably due to the phytochemical compounds present in the extract. The HPLC analysis of MAHE identified p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, quinol, and quercetin as the main compounds, and these were present in concentrations of 3966.88, 1032.67, 834.13, 767.81, 660.64, 594.86, and 460.36 mg/Kg extract, respectively. Additionally, due to the importance of making paper from agricultural waste (stalks of S. bicolor and Z. mays), the development of sorghum and corn with high biomass is suggested.

New Approach for Using of Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L. Essential Oils as Wood-Biofungicides: GC-MS, SEM, and MNDO Quantum Chemical Studies

BACKGROUND

Fungi growing on wood cause deterioration of stored food materials or discoloration of the wood itself, and the search for new and safe bioagents is recently needed.

METHODS

Essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts from Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L., analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were tested for their antifungal activity by the vapor method against four common fungi, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and Fusarium culmorum, and confirmed by SEM examination as the oils applied on wood samples.

RESULTS

The most abundant compounds identified in the EO from M. longifolia were menthone and eucalyptol; in C. reticulata EO, they were β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, and β-elemene. EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, with 100% fungal mycelial inhibition growth (FMIG). C. reticulata and M. longifolia EOs, at 125 µL/mL, observed FMIG values of 98% and 95%, respectively, against A. fumigatus. M. longifolia EO, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent activity against A. niger, with 100% FMIG. F. culmorum completely inhibited (100% FMIG) EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata applied at 500 µL/mL. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Wood, treated with M. longifolia at 125 µL/mL, showed inhibition zone values of 7.33 and 21.33 mm against A. flavus and A. niger, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Both oils possessed good wood-biofungicide activity with the vapor method, as clearly shown by the SEM examination. These activities suggest their possible use as natural wood preservatives.

Impact of Three Natural Oily Extracts as Pulp Additives on the Mechanical, Optical, and Antifungal Properties of Paper Sheets Made from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Meryta sinclairii Wood Branches

In the pulp and paper industry, several studies have been done to improve and enhance the properties of the mechanical, optical, and antimicrobial activities of pulp produced with different additives. In the present study, pulp of wood branches (WBs) from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Meryta sinclairii (Hook.f.) Seem. was treated with n-hexane oily extracts (HeOE) from Melia azedarach L. fruits, Magnolia grandiflora L. leaves, and Sinapis alba L. seeds as additives at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% based on oven-dry pulp weight. Measured mechanical properties were higher in paper sheets made from E. camaldulensis than M. sinclairii WB pulp. The highest tensile index values were observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba (33.90 N·m/g) and M. grandiflora (33.76 N·m/g) compared to control (32.10 N·m/g); the highest tear index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 mN·m²/g) compared to control (3.32 mN·m²/g); and the highest burst index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 kPa·m²/g) compared to control (3.08 kPa·m²/g). The highest double-fold number value (9) was observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba, M. azedarach, and M. grandiflora but with no significant difference compared to control treatment (8.33) or other HeOE treatments with E. camaldulensis WB pulp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination showed clear inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus terreus with WB pulp paper discs of E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii treated with HeOEs of M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% compared to control treatment, while HeOEs at 5% concentration showed no growth of A. niger and A. terreus. The present findings establish that the HeOEs from M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% are novel natural products that can be used as alternatives to improve the properties and antifungal activity of WB pulp produced from E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii.

Assessment of the Impact of Different Treatments on the Technological and Antifungal Properties of Papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L.) Sheets

In the present work, sheets of Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), manufactured by lamination from strips pre-treated with different treatments, were evaluated for their technological and fungal infestation properties (Aspergillus flavus AFl375, A. niger Ani245 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cgl311). The results showed that the highest values of tensile strength, tear strength, burst index and double-fold number were observed in papyrus sheets produced from strips treated with nano-cellulose (0.25%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 10%), Tylose (0.25%) and nano-cellulose (0.5%), with values of 98.90 N·m/g, 2343.67 mN·m²/g, 1162 kpa·m²/g and 8.33, respectively. The percentage of brightness ranged from 49.7% (strips treated with KOH 2% + 100 mL NaClO) to 9.6% (strips treated with Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark extract 2%), while the percentage of darkness ranged from 99.86% (strips treated with Salix babylonica leaf extract 2% or E. camaldulensis bark extract 0.5%) to 67.26% (strips treated with NaOH (2%) + 100 mL NaClO). From the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated strips with extracts from P. rigida and E. camaldulensis or S. babylonica showed no growths of A. flavus and C. gloeosporioides. Additionally, other pre-treatments, such as Nano-cellulose+Tylose 0.5% (1:1 v/v) and Tylose 0.5%, were also found to have no growth of A. niger. In conclusion, strips pre-treated with nanomaterials and extracts were enhanced in terms of the technological and antifungal properties of produced Papyrus sheets, respectively.

Occult vs. overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding - inverse relationship and the use of mucosal damaging and protective drugs

BACKGROUND

While efforts have focused on the prevention of overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), little is known about occult GIB, which might also originate from sites not protected by acid inhibition.

AIM

To measure the incidence and outcomes of both overt and occult GIB over a 6-year period (2007-2012), and to assess the use of NSAIDs, anti-thrombotic therapy (ATT), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and iron therapy.

METHODS

A sample of 300 patients (100 from each of three index years) with occult GIB was randomly selected and their outcomes were compared with those of patients with overt UGIB (N = 869).

RESULTS

The incidence of overt UGIB fell from 140.1 per 100 000 population per annum in 2007 to 106.8 in 2010 and to 88.0 in 2012 (P < 0.001); while that of occult GIB rose from 243.1 to 263.6 and to 292.8 (P < 0.001) over the same period. The incidence of occult GIB was highly correlated with the number of prescriptions of PPIs per 1000 population (χ(2) trend = 11.80; P < 0.001). In the overt UGIB group, the median haemoglobin level on presentation was lowest (10.3) in patients taking NSAIDs/ATT plus PPIs compared with those taking PPIs alone (11.5), NSAIDs/ATT alone (10.4) or none of these drugs (12.7 g/dL) (P < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis).

CONCLUSIONS

An inverse trend seems to have formed in the incidence of overt vs. occult gastrointestinal bleeding in association with the wider use of PPIs and NSAIDs. An alternative approach to acid inhibition is needed to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding.

Clinical trial: the incidence and early mortality after peptic ulcer perforation, and the use of low-dose aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

BACKGROUND

It is not clear whether the incidence or early mortality related to peptic ulcer perforation has changed.

AIM

To evaluate the incidence and mortality related to peptic ulcer perforation while considering the intake of low-dose aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

METHODS

We recorded the numbers and details of all patients presenting in our region of Scotland with perforation between 1997 and 2006 including demography, drug usage and 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

In subjects aged >65 years, the annual incidence of perforation was 32.7 per 10(5) of the age-specific population, of whom 10.7 per 10(5) were taking low-dose aspirin and 12.0 taking NSAIDs. These were all significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the corresponding incidence in subjects aged < or =65 years (6.6 per 10(5) overall, 1.1 taking aspirin and 2.5 taking NSAIDs). There was an increasing trend with time in the number of patients taking NSAIDs (chi(2) = 4.57, P = 0.03). Using univariate analysis, 30-day mortality was associated with aspirin [odds ratio, 2.32 (95% C.I., 1.20-4.47), P = 0.01] but not with NSAIDs. The strongest predictors of mortality were increasing age and comorbidity.

CONCLUSIONS

Perforation remains common in elderly patients including users of NSAIDs and aspirin. Early mortality is also noted in association with increasing age and comorbidity, but not independently with drug intake.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the changing use of COX-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low-dose aspirin

BACKGROUND

Rofecoxib was withdrawn in 2004.

AIM

To assess the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the context of the changing use of cyclo-oxygenase-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low-dose aspirin.

METHODS

We examined the characteristics of patients developing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a defined population in south-west Scotland. The primary comparisons were made between two calendar years, preceding and following the withdrawal of rofecoxib.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding rose from 98.7 in 2002 to 143 per 10(5) of the population per annum in 2005 (chi(2) = 21.1; P < 0.001). The rise in the incidence was associated with using low-dose aspirin, from 26.6 to 38.4 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 5.4; P = 0.02), other antithrombotic drugs, from 12.1 to 30.2 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 19.6; P < 0.001), and excess alcohol, from 23.5 to 36.4 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 7.1; P = 0.008), but insignificantly with using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, from 13.3 to 16.1 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 0.64; P = 0.4). After adjustment for the concomitant use of these drugs, there was no significant trend in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs over the period of 1996-2005.

CONCLUSION

The rise in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was weakly related to the change in use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Instead, it probably reflected the increasing use of low-dose aspirin, other antithrombotic drugs and alcohol.

Clinical outcome in upper gastrointestinal bleeding complicating low-dose aspirin and antithrombotic drugs

BACKGROUND

The current risk stratification systems in upper gastrointestinal bleeding do not correct for the intake of low-dose aspirin and other antithrombotic drugs.

AIM

To test the Blatchford scores in evaluating the clinical outcome in bleeders using these drugs.

METHODS

We calculated the Blatchford scores in 510 bleeders, including 123 on low-dose aspirin, 44 on other antithrombotic drugs, and 68 on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

RESULTS

The median clinical scores distributed according to aetiological risk factors were as follows: no risk factors, 5; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 8; aspirin, 7; other antithrombotics, 6; excess alcohol, 4; multiple risk factors, 7; (P = 0.003, Kruskal-Wallis test). Scores correlated positively with the duration of admission in the entire group (r(s) = 0.285; P < 0.001) and in those taking aspirin and antithrombotics (r(s) = 0.211; P = 0.029). The median scores in patients requiring the blood transfusion were 10 in the entire group and 11 in users of aspirin or antithrombotics, compared with 3 and 4, respectively, in those not transfused (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The Blatchford scores are significantly elevated in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, low-dose aspirin, and other antithrombotic drugs. They correlate positively with the duration of admission and the need for blood transfusion.

Upper gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities and blood loss complicating low-dose aspirin and antithrombotic therapy

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the site and nature of bleeding lesions related to low-dose aspirin and other antithrombotic agents.

AIM

To describe the mucosal abnormalities in patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding while being treated with these drugs.

METHODS

The endoscopic findings and clinical details were analysed in all patients presenting with haematemesis and/or melaena at a single centre during three calendar years. Associations between endoscopic findings and risk factors, including the intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, low-dose aspirin (75 mg daily) and other antithrombotic drugs including warfarin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole, were assessed by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

In 674 upper gastrointestinal bleeders, we found that the odds ratio for the presence of erosive oesophagitis in aspirin users was 2 (95% CI, 1-3; P = 0.03) and 3 (2-5; P = 0.0003) in patients taking other antithrombotic agents. In 41 patients with oesophagitis and taking these drugs, 36 (88%) had cardiovascular disease and only 4 (10%) had peptic symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Erosive oesophagitis is common in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding taking low-dose aspirin or antithrombotic agents, and could potentially be confused with the coexisting heart disease.

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage associated with low-dose aspirin and anti-thrombotic drugs - a 6-year analysis and comparison with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

BACKGROUND

Low-dose aspirin and other anti-thrombotic therapy has been increasingly used for vascular protection.

AIM

To assess the possibility that the incidence of upper gastrointestinal blood loss has changed in subjects using these agents in comparison with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

METHODS

We studied the characteristics of all patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and attending a single hospital at 3 points over a 6-year period: 1996 (n = 204), 1999 (n = 224) and in 2002 (n = 252).

RESULTS

The incidence of haemorrhage in subjects taking low-dose aspirin rose from 15 per 100 000 of the population per annum in 1996, to 18 in 1999 and 27 in 2002 (P = 0.004). The respective incidence in subjects taking other anti-thrombotic drugs was 4, 8, and 12 (P < 0.001). No significant change was detected in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. However, acute myocardial infarction mortality was 216 per 100 000 in 1996, 221 in 1999 and fell to 169 in 2002 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in users of low-dose aspirin and other anti-thrombotic drugs has been steadily rising. This has been paralleled by a fall in cardiac mortality.

Gastric epithelial anti-microbial peptides--histological correlation and influence of anatomical site and peptic ulcer disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Natural anti-microbial peptides are increasingly recognised for their protective effects in mucosal surfaces. We, therefore, aimed at investigating their expression in the human stomach in a range of peptic conditions.

METHODS

We assessed the expression of epithelial secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, human beta-defensins (HBD1 and HBD2), and alpha-defensin (HD5) in gastric biopsies taken from 52 patients, median age of 55 years. Expression of peptide mRNA was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The activity of gastritis was graded on a 0-3 scale.

RESULTS

The antrum had a median secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor of 0.93 and HBD1 of 0.42, compared with 0.13 (P = 0.001) and 0.08 units (P = 0.002) respectively in the gastric body. The antral histological scores correlated positively with HBD2 expression (r = 0.69; P< 0.001) and negatively with HBD1 (r = -0.47; P = 0.006) particularly in the absence of aspirin. Patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers had lower expression of HBD1 and greater expression of HBD2 than in controls. The intake of aspirin by patients infected with H. pylori was associated with marked rise in the expression of HD5 and less expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric epithelial anti-microbial peptides are influenced by anatomical site, grade of gastritis, peptic ulceration, and can be modulated by aspirin.

Oesophagitis and bile reflux gastritis--clinical and histological assessments

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Little is known concerning the relationship between oesophagitis and bile reflux (chemical) gastritis despite the numerous studies on gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori. Given the importance of bile in the pathogenesis of both gastric and oesophageal disorders, we aimed at assessing the chemical gastritis score in patients with or without oesophagitis.

METHODS

Chemical/bile reflux gastritis score and bile reflux index were assessed in gastric biopsies taken from patients with oesophagitis and gastric surgery (group 1, n=9), gastric surgery without oesophagitis (group 2, n= 11), and oesophagitis without gastric surgery (group 3, n= 10). Endoscopic oesophageal damage was also graded on a 0-5 scale.

RESULTS

Group 1 had a median (interquartile range) chemical score of 6 (4-9) compared with 8 (6-10) in group 2, and 1 (0-2) in group 3 (p=0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple group comparisons). Both the reflux gastritis score and bile reflux index were lowest in patients with intact stomachs. However, the oesophageal scores were 2 (1-2) in group 1 compared with 3 (2-5) in group 3 (p=0.01).

CONCLUSION

Patients with post-surgical stomachs have similar chemical and related scores regardless of the presence or absence of oesophagitis. Despite the higher chemical gastritis scores, patients with gastric surgery, exposed mainly to bile reflux, have milder oesophagitis than those with intact stomachs, exposed to both gastric acid and bile.

Urinalysis for interleukin-8 in the non-invasive diagnosis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Given its role in mediating inflammation, the use of urinary interleukin-8 (IL-8) was assessed in the non-invasive diagnosis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

METHODS

IL-8 was measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in random urine samples (1 ml each) carrying code numbers and taken from 208 patients: 177 adults and 31 children presenting with a range of active or inactive inflammatory conditions.

RESULTS

In the appropriate controls and in patients with inactive inflammation, the median urinary IL-8 levels ranged from 7-12 pg/ml, compared with 104 pg/ml in active ulcerative colitis (p = 0.002), 54 in active Crohn's disease (p = 0.025), 93 in active rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.001), 107 in acute cholecystitis (p<0.0001), 127 in acute appendicitis (p = 0.0001), and 548 pg/ml in urinary tract infection (p<0.0001). Children with non-viral inflammation/infection also had higher IL-8 values (median, 199 pg/ml; p = 0.0001) than those with viral infection (median, 7 pg/ml) or non-specific conditions (median, 10 pg/ml). In the study group as a whole urinary IL-8 values correlated positively with peripheral blood white cell count (r = 0.32; p < 0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.41; p<0.001), and C-reactive protein (r = 0.33; p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Taking the appropriate clinical situation into account, urinary IL-8 measurement helps in the non-invasive assessment of active inflammation in at least a number of common acute and chronic conditions.

Reflux and Barrett's oesophagitis after gastric surgery--long-term follow-up and implications for the roles of gastric acid and bile in oesophagitis

BACKGROUND

The role of gastric acid is difficult to separate from that of bile in oesophageal reflux, and the complications of this can take many years to develop. Gastric surgery patients provide a good model for both significant bile reflux and marked gastric acid inhibition.

AIM

To study the oesophageal abnormalities in gastric surgery patients undergoing long-term follow-up, compared with patients with intact stomachs.

METHODS

Two hundred and forty adult patients were endoscoped regardless of their age, sex or type of surgical procedure. Oesophageal damage was graded on a scale of 0-5, and biopsies were taken to exclude neoplasia, to diagnose Barrett's oesophagus and to identify Helicobacter pylori.

RESULTS

Of the 240 patients studied, 140 had undergone gastric surgery 27 years (19-31 years) [median (interquartile range)] prior to endoscopy, and these patients had milder oesophageal scores and fewer cases of Barrett's oesophagitis. Of the 119 patients with post-surgical bile reflux gastritis, 31 (26%) had oesophagitis, two (1.7%) had Barrett's oesophagitis and oesophageal scores of 0 (0-1) were found. These results compared with corresponding values of 37 (37%; P = 0.11), 11 (11%; P = 0.007) and 0 (0-2) (P = 0.046), respectively, in 100 patients with intact stomachs. In addition, of the 83 patients with vagotomy, 19 had oesophagitis (23%; P = 0.05), none had Barrett's oesophagitis and lower oesophageal scores (P = 0.02) were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence and severity of reflux and Barrett's oesophagitis are not increased in patients with a long history of gastric surgery, particularly after vagotomy, and despite being at risk of bile reflux.

Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy in Basra, Iraq: a 20-month experience

This prospective study represents our experiences in using fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the evaluation of different thoracic lesions. Over a 20-month period, 203 patients (151 males and 52 females) (age range: 15-100 years) underwent bronchoscopies. The patients had a wide range of symptoms and/or radiographic abnormalities. The majority had cough and shortness of breath; haemoptysis was a common symptom. In all, 148 patients had neoplasms and 55 had non-neoplastic lesions. The most common malignancy was bronchogenic carcinoma (91 confirmed, 33 suspected). Other neoplasms included pulmonary metastases and mediastinal tumours. The non-neoplastic chest lesions included pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary hydatid cyst, lung abscess and resolving chest infection and chronic bronchitis. FOB was most useful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma (positive diagnostic yield of 73%). It was least useful in diagnosing mediastinal tumours.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy and Helicobacter pylori infection

The interest in the interaction between NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori derives its importance from its potential to provide a different strategy to combat the common problem of NSAID-related peptic ulcers and their life threatening complications. Studies assessing this subject have differed in almost every aspect of their methodology, including the definition of a NSAID user as well as the types, doses, duration, and the indications for NSAID use. They also differed in their end points, the tests for the assessment of Helicobacter pylori, and the regimes used for its eradication. However, NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori are known to share a number of important pathogenic mechanisms, and the prevalence of the infection is high in cohorts of ulcer patients taking NSAIDs. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori using bismuth-based regimes has also been more successful and beneficial in preventing the occurrence or relapse of NSAID-related ulcers than regimes using proton pump inhibitors.

Neutrophils, Helicobacter pylori, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ulcers

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Gastric injury by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is minimal in neutropenic animals. This study examined peptic ulcer development in the presence or absence of gastric neutrophils in patients requiring long-term use of NSAIDs.

METHODS

Gastric histology, neutrophils, and Helicobacter pylori were assessed in 120 patients randomized to receive placebo or 20 or 40 mg famotidine twice daily as prophylaxis against NSAID-related ulcers and who underwent endoscopy at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks.

RESULTS

In 43 patients without gastric neutrophils, ulcers developed in 1 of 14 (7.7%) taking placebo, 2 of 16 (12.5%) taking 20 mg famotidine, and none of 13 taking 40 mg famotidine. However, in 77 patients with neutrophils, ulcers developed in 13 of 28 (47. 4%) taking placebo (P < 0.001), 3 of 26 (12.6%) taking 20 mg famotidine, and 3 of 23 (13%) taking 40 mg famotidine. Eight of 46 patients (17%) without H. pylori had neutrophils compared with 69 of 74 (93%) with both H. pylori and neutrophils (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric neutrophils increase the incidence of ulceration in long-term NSAID users. Because neutrophils exist with H. pylori, eradicating this infection might prevent NSAID-related peptic ulcers.

Reduced gastric mucosal vascularity in patients with chronic gastritis

OBJECTIVES/DESIGN

Chronic inflammation is increasingly being linked to ischaemia, but the mechanism is poorly understood, and little is known about its effect on local gastric endothelial microvessels. We aimed at studying the number and surface area of gastric mucosal endothelial microstructures in the presence or absence of chronic gastritis.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical assessments were carried out on gastric antral and body biopsies taken from patients with chronic gastritis and others with normal histology. The primary antibody (QB-END/10) was raised against CD34 antigen within the endothelial cell membranes. A computer attached to a microscope was used to count the number and measure the surface area of mucosal endothelial entities.

RESULTS

In patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis (n = 19), the median number of endothelial microstructures per section was 43 in the antrum and 86 in the gastric body, compared with 205 (P = 0.00004) and 165 (P = 0.002), respectively, in subjects with normal gastric histology (n = 11). The median surface area of the endothelial microstructures was also reduced in patients with gastritis. The normal gastric antrum had more endothelial entities than the normal body (median of 205 vs 165; P = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the normal stomach, the antrum is more richly vascularized than the gastric body. However, active chronic gastritis is associated with reduction in both the number and surface area of mucosal endothelial microstructures, with the reduction being more marked in the antrum. This is different from acute inflammation, and is relevant to our understanding of the natural history of mucosal defence, particularly the greater susceptibility of the gastric antrum to ulceration, compared with the gastric body.

Famotidine for healing and maintenance in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated gastroduodenal ulceration

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are strongly associated with gastroduodenal ulceration. How to manage patients with NSAID-associated ulcers is a common clinical dilemma. High-dose famotidine in the healing and maintenance of NSAID-associated gastroduodenal ulceration was therefore evaluated.

METHODS

One hundred four patients with rheumatoid or osteoarthritis who had gastroduodenal ulceration received famotidine, 40 mg twice daily. Sixteen patients stopped and 88 continued their NSAID treatment. Ulcer healing was assessed endoscopically at 4 and 12 weeks. Seventy-eight NSAID users with healed ulcers were then randomized to receive 40 mg twice daily famotidine or placebo and underwent endoscopy at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Cumulative ulcer healing rates at 12 weeks were 89.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.3%-95.7%) for patients who continued NSAID treatment and 100% (95% CI, 82.9%-100.0%) for those who stopped. The subsequent estimated cumulative gastroduodenal ulcer relapse over 6 months for NSAID users who took placebo was 53.5% (95% CI, 36.6%-70.3%). This was reduced to 26.0% (12.1%-39.9%) in patients taking famotidine (P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

High-dose famotidine is effective ulcer healing therapy in patients who stop or continue NSAID treatment and significantly reduced the cumulative incidence of gastroduodenal ulcer recurrence compared with placebo when given as maintenance therapy.

Altered urinary interleukin-8/creatinine ratio in peptic ulcer disease: pathological and diagnostic implications

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS

To assess its clinicopathological and diagnostic significance, interleukin-8 (IL-8) was measured by radioimmunoassay in fasting urine specimens and in gastric mucosal incubates taken from 54 patients with dyspepsia. The presence of Helicobacter pylori, the activity of gastritis, and urine creatinine levels were also assessed.

RESULTS

The median urinary IL-8/creatinine ratio was 0.1 x 10(-6) in patients with current peptic ulcers (n = 13) and 0.2 x 10(-6) in patients with a history of ulcers (n = 8), compared with 0.4 x 10(-6) (p < 0.0001) in patients without ulcers who were infected with H. pylori (n = 20) or not infected (n = 13). The activity of gastritis had a positive correlation with gastric IL-8 (r = 0.5870, p < 0.01) and a negative correlation with urinary IL-8/creatinine ratio (r = -0.6447, p < 0.005). The improvement in the activity of gastritis in 20 patients given anti-H. pylori triple therapy was associated with a significant fall in gastric mucosal IL-8 and a rise in urinary IL-8/creatinine ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

An inverse relationship seems to exist between urinary IL-8 and the activity of gastritis and gastric IL-8. This may represent another concept in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and can assist in the noninvasive diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease.

Histopathological aspects of mucosal injury related to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

As the majority of patients with chronic arthritis are treated, for many years, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), it is only natural to expect the long-term use of these agents to be associated with a range of oesophago-gastro-duodenal histopathological changes. We have demonstrated that oesophagitis (defined as basis of papillary length, basal cell hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration) is less prevalent in patients taking NSAID. This phenomenon can be utilised in the treatment of certain conditions such as post-irradiation oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagitis. It also implies that NSAID-related oesophageal ulceration is due to lodging of tablets in the oesophagus and is, in turn, preventable by swallowing of some fluids or solids after taking NSAID. In the stomach, long-term use of NSAID is associated with a specific entity known as chemical or reactive gastritis in about 25% of cases. This is frequently associated with ulceration. Chronic active superficial gastritis, in the presence of Helicobacter pylori, can be found in about 70% of cases. Not unlike oesophagitis, the prevalence of active duodenitis is low in chronic NSAID users. Local ulceration still takes place. This implies that duodenitis is not required in at least some cases of NSAID-related duodenal ulcers, and demonstrates the multi-factorial nature of the pathogenesis of mucosal damage in long-term users of a NSAID.

Insulin-like growth factor-I in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and response to eradication using bismuth based triple therapy

AIMS

To measure insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in the presence and absence of Helicobacter pylori infection and in response to eradication of the organism.

METHODS

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure gastric and fasting serum concentrations of IGF-I in 17 patients with and 11 without H pylori infection. Repeat assessments were performed in the infected patients six weeks after they received a two week course of bismuth chelate, metronidazole, and amoxycillin.

RESULTS

IGF-I was detected at very low concentrations in gastric juice and in mucosal incubates. The median serum IGF-I concentration was 88 micrograms/l in the patients infected with H pylori compared with 90 micrograms/l in the non-infected controls; IGF-I concentrations dropped to 77 micrograms/l following eradication therapy (p = 0.014).

CONCLUSION

The similarity in baseline IGF-I concentrations in the presence and absence of H pylori suggests that their subsequent drop after treatment is more likely to be due to the treatment.

Gastric mucosal hepatocyte growth factor in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

OBJECTIVES

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is increasingly recognized for its role in a variety of hepatic and systemic diseases. Its relationship to gastritis has not been studied. We aimed at measuring gastric mucosal HGF levels in the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis, in peptic ulcers, and in response to H. pylori eradication.

METHODS

Fifty one patients were studied. Patients were not entered if they had liver disease, malignancy, or any systemic illness. HGF was measured in gastric antral incubates using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Assessments were repeated 6 wk after a 2-wk course of anti-H. pylori triple therapy in 12 patients. Code numbers were used for blinding.

RESULTS

The median gastric mucosal HGF level was 36 ng/gm/tissue in patients with H. pylori gastritis (n = 33) compared with 19 ng/gm in 18 negative controls (p = 0.0024), 18 ng/gm after the eradication of H. pylori (p = 0.021), 23 ng/gm in all patients with ulcers (n = 10), and 26 ng/gm/tissue in H. pylori-positive ulcers (n = 7).

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric mucosal HGF levels were elevated in H. pylori gastritis and reduced by its eradication. These results are relevant to our understanding of the increased gastric cell proliferation in patients with H. pylori-related gastritis.

Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

BACKGROUND

Acid suppression with famotidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, provides protection against gastric injury in normal subjects receiving short courses of aspirin or naproxen. The efficacy of famotidine in preventing peptic ulcers in patients receiving long-term therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not known.

METHODS

We studied the efficacy of two doses of famotidine (20 mg and 40 mg, each given orally twice daily), as compared with placebo, in preventing peptic ulcers in 285 patients without peptic ulcers who were receiving long-term NSAID therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (82 percent) or osteoarthritis (18 percent). The patients were evaluated clinically and by endoscopy at base line and after 4, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. The evaluators were unaware of the treatment assignment. The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of gastric or duodenal ulceration at 24 weeks.

RESULTS

The cumulative incidence of gastric ulcers was 20 percent in the placebo group, 13 percent in the group of patients receiving 20 mg of famotidine twice daily (P = 0.24 for the comparison with placebo), and 8 percent in the group receiving 40 mg of famotidine twice daily (P = 0.03 for the comparison with placebo). The proportion of patients in whom duodenal ulcers developed was significantly lower with both doses of famotidine than with placebo (13 percent in the placebo group, 4 percent in the low-dose famotidine group [P = 0.04], and 2 percent in the high-dose famotidine group [P = 0.01]). Both doses of famotidine were well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with high-dose famotidine significantly reduces the cumulative incidence of both gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with arthritis receiving long-term NSAID therapy.

Mucosal erosions in longterm non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users: predisposition to ulceration and relation to Helicobacter pylori

The importance of erosions in longterm non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users, their relevance to ulceration and their relation to Helicobacter pylori are unclear. This study assessed the incidence of peptic ulcers in the presence or absence of erosions or H pylori in a group of longterm NSAID users (n = 50), undergoing endoscopy at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks while continuing with NSAIDs. Ulcers diagnosed at baseline endoscopy were excluded. Ulcers developed in nine of 23 patients (39%) with pre-existing erosions compared with six of 27 (22%) without erosions (p < 0.05). The group infected with H pylori (n = 30) had a total of 18 patients (60%) with erosions, a total of 12 ulcers (40%), and eight ulcers (27%) complicating previous erosions, compared with five (25%, p < 0.01), three (15%, p < 0.05), and one (5%, p < 0.01) respectively in patients not infected with H pylori (n = 20). Ulcer development was not influenced by the initial number of erosions but strongly associated with H pylori positive duodenal erosions. It is concluded that ulcers are more likely to develop in longterm NSAID users who have mucosal erosions or H pylori, or both.

Oesophageal histology in long term users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

AIMS

To study the oesophageal histological changes in long term users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) compared with patients not receiving these drugs.

METHODS

Ninety eight patients were studied, 53 of whom had taken NSAIDs for three years; 45 had not. Oesophageal biopsy specimens were taken from healthy-looking mucosa in the lower third of oesophagus. The papillary length, the thickness of the basal cell layer, and the intensity of cells infiltrating the epithelium were all assessed blind.

RESULTS

The NSAID group included four (7%) cases of papillary elongation and two (4%) cases of basal cell hyperplasia, compared with 13 (29%; p < 0.01) and eight (18%; p < 0.02), respectively, in patients not taking NSAIDs. The total histological scores were also lower in patients treated with NSAIDs.

CONCLUSION

Long term NSAID users have fewer oesophageal histological abnormalities than patients not receiving NSAIDs. Macroscopic damage related to NSAID use is, therefore, unlikely to require pre-existing histological oesophagitis for its development.

Predicting NSAID related ulcers--assessment of clinical and pathological risk factors and importance of differences in NSAID

Although ulcers are often associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) little is known about the feasibility of predicting their development in patients taking NSAIDs. In addition, the ulcerogenic potentials of the newer NSAIDs, taken on long term basis, have not been compared with those of more established preparations. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients at a higher risk of NSAID induced ulcers, measure the ulcerogenic potential of a variety of NSAIDs, and test the effect of these potentials on the predictability of ulceration. Altogether 190 long term NSAID users were studied. The presence of abdominal complaints, previous history of ulcers, arthritis related physical disability, anaemia, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori status were all assessed as possible risk factors. NSAIDs were classified into established drugs (group I), and newer agents (group II). Group I included naproxen, indomethacin, diclofenac, ketoprofen, piroxicam, and flurbiprofen. Group II included fenbufen, nabumetone, ibuprofen, etodolac, azapropazone, and tiaprofenic acid. Of 63 ulcers identified in the study group, 51 (81%) were seen in group I NSAID patients (51 of 132, 39%) compared with 12 ulcers in group II (12 of 58, 21%), p < 0.02; estimated relative risk (ERR): 2.41). In group I, 25 ulcers were found in 38 patients with abdominal pain (25 of 38, 66%, p < 0.01, ERR: 5.03); 18 in 25 (72%) patients with a previous history of ulcers (p < 0.001, ERR: 5.77), 26 in 44 (59%) patients with debilitating arthritis (p < 0.001, ERR 3.64), and 35 in 73 (48%) patients with H pylori associated gastritis (p < 0.01, ERR: 2.48). The presence of these factors in group II patients did not influence the risk of ulceration. Group I NSAIDs were more likely to be associated with chemical gastritis and to intensify H pylori related damage. Although silent ulcers are not uncommon in patients taking NSAIDs, recognition of the risk factors might helps predict a significant number (up to 81%), especially in those receiving group I NSAIDs.

Duodenal histology, ulceration, and Helicobacter pylori in the presence or absence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Duodenitis and gastric metaplasia, which is often colonised by Helicobacter pylori (H pylori), are increasingly recognised for their importance in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers. The situation is not clear in patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), who have a higher risk of peptic ulceration. The aim of this study was to identify the duodenal histological abnormalities in the presence or absence of NSAIDs, H pylori, and duodenal ulceration. Endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens were taken from healthy looking mucosa of 172 patients (74 took NSAIDs, and 98 did not). Duodenitis was graded according to the degree of neutrophilic and plasma cell infiltration, villus height, Brunner's gland prolapse, and gastric metaplasia. The activity of duodenitis was dependent on the neutrophilic infiltration. A global score covering all the above factors was constructed, and H pylori in both the stomach and duodenum, was also assessed. The results showed that duodenitis with varying degrees of neutrophilic infiltration and gastric metaplasia was found in 20 patients (27%) taking NSAIDs, compared with 56 patients (57%) not taking NSAIDs (chi 2 = 16.24, p < 0.001). This degree of duodenitis was also found in 20 of 25 patients (80%) with duodenal ulcers, regardless of NSAID intake (chi 2 = 15.38, p < 0.001). Gastric metaplasia was identified in 20 patients (27%) receiving NSAIDs and 38 (39%) not receiving NSAIDs. Duodenal H pylori was only seen in patients with gastric metaplasia 10 (50%) receiving NSAIDs, and 34 (89%) not receiving NSAIDs. H pylori positive gastritis, and the combination of active duodenitis and gastric metaplasia were independent predictors of duodenal ulceration. It is concluded that active duodenitis is less common in patients taking NSAIDs but is strongly associated with gastric metaplasia, H pylori positive gastritis, and duodenal ulceration. These findings are relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of duodenal ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs.

Serological diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori--evaluation of four tests in the presence or absence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The host's humoral immune response to Helicobacter pylori has been used in the diagnosis of active infection with these organisms. Several commercial tests are available but there are few and unconfirmed reports of their efficacy. This study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of the following H pylori serological tests in patients treated or not treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): Pyloriset Latex, Helico-G, Biolab Malakit, and Bio-Rad GAP Test IgG. Venous blood was tested at random in 124 patients, 64 of whom had received NSAID and 60 who had not. H pylori IgG antibodies were detected by latex agglutination (Pyloriset), or by ELISA (the remaining tests). Endoscopic gastric antral biopsy specimens were also obtained for urease activity, culture, and histology. Detection of H pylori by at least two of these was considered as a true positive, and its absence in all biopsy specimens as a true negative. The sensitivity values in the presence (or absence) of NSAID were: Pyloriset Latex, 59 (60)%; Helico-G, 79 (74)%; Biolab Malakit, 85 (81)%; and Bio-Rad GAP Test IgG, 100 (95)%. The respective specificity values were: 50 (71)%, 47 (59)%, 50 (65)%, and 30 (29)%. The Bio-Rad GAP Test IgG has the highest sensitivity and the lowest specificity values regardless of NSAID intake. The sensitivity of the other tests, however, is less than that of the standard biopsy related tests and their specificity is even lower in chronic NSAID users.

Gastric and duodenal mucosal blood flow in patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs--influence of age, smoking, ulceration and Helicobacter pylori

Using laser Doppler flowmetry, we measured gastric and duodenal mucosal blood flow in 70 patients who had taken non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for longer than 4 weeks, and studied the correlation with demographic factors, ulceration, and Helicobacter pylori. Blood flow was also measured in 17 other subjects not taking any drugs. Measurements were taken from healthy-looking mucosa in the gastric antrum and the first part of the duodenum. Both gastric and duodenal blood flow values were significantly lower in patients taking NSAID than in those who did not. In the NSAID group, the median duodenal mucosal blood flow was 150 perfusion units in smokers (n = 29) compared with 175 in non-smokers (P = 0.024), 123 units in patients with duodenal ulcers (n = 12) compared with 160 in those without duodenal ulcers (P = 0.020), 135 units in patients with H. pylori (n = 30) compared with 168 in patients without H. pylori (P = 0.033), and 118 in smokers infected with H. pylori compared with 175 units in non-smokers not infected with H. pylori (F = 13.4, P = 0.0005). There was no correlation with age. Gastric blood flow was not significantly influenced by any of the above variables. These results suggest that chronic NSAID intake is associated with reduced blood flow in both the stomach and duodenum. However, amongst NSAID patients, duodenal, but not gastric, mucosal blood flow is reduced in smokers, and in those with duodenal ulcers and H. pylori.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Health Assessment Questionnaire as a predictor of non-steroidal peptic ulceration

To assess the possibility of a relationship between the degree of physical disability in arthritic patients and non-steroidal peptic ulceration, patients were endoscoped immediately after performing their arthritic functional assessments. The Health Assessment Questionnaire was used and patients were classified into three main groups: I, scoring 0-1; II, 1.1-2; and III, 2.1-3. Ulcers, found in 36 out of 89 patients studied (36/89, 40%), were distributed as follows: 15/22 (68%) in group III compared with 9/28 (32%) in group I (chi 2 = 5.2, P < 0.02), and 12/39 (31%) in group II (chi 2 = 7.24, P < 0.01). Patients with debilitating arthritis appear to have a higher prevalence of non-steroidal peptic ulceration. This finding might be relevant to the process of selecting patients for prophylactic anti-ulcer therapy.

Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcers in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving gold, sulfasalazine, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The conflicting reports on gold and Helicobacter pylori could be related to the use of serological tests of unproven value in NSAID patients, and to the lack of the appropriate control groups. More important is the fact that the endoscopic consequences of the possible effect of gold on H. pylori have not been investigated. We therefore decided to assess the prevalence of H. pylori and peptic ulcers in rheumatoid patients being treated with gold sodium thiomalate (GST) plus NSAID, sulfasalazine plus NSAID, or NSAID only. Eighty-five patients receiving treatment for at least 6 months were endoscoped, and H. pylori was studied in gastric antral biopsies by both culture and histology. Endoscopic abnormalities were classified into ulcers (measuring 5 mm in diameter or more) and erosions (smaller lesions). H. pylori (and ulcers) were found in 17 (12 ulcers) of 31 patients on NSAID only and 21 (9 ulcers) of 27 patients on sulfasalazine plus NSAID, compared with nine (3 ulcers) of 27 patients receiving GST plus NSAID, p < 0.05, analysis of variance. Patients treated with GST and NSAID had the lowest prevalence of detectable H. pylori. This could explain the apparent reduction in the prevalence of peptic ulcers in this group and, if confirmed in larger randomized studies, might have therapeutic implications.

Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori: comparison and influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy of culture, histology, CLO-test, Helico-G and Pyloriset tests in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori in the presence or absence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

METHODS

Of 134 patients studied, 75 had taken NSAIDs. At endoscopy, biopsy specimens were taken for culture, histology, and CLO-test. Blood was also taken for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Helico-G) and latex agglutination (Pyloriset) tests.

RESULTS

The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of histology and CLO-test, compared with culture, ranged from 90% to 97%, regardless of NSAID intake. In the 59 patients not taking NSAIDs Helico-G had a sensitivity of 75% (p < 0.05) and a specificity of 61%; Pyloriset's sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 63% (p < 0.05) and 67%. In the 75 patients taking NSAIDs the sensitivity of Helico-G was 81% and its specificity 45% (p < 0.05); Pyloriset had a sensitivity of 61% (p < 0.05) and a specificity of 50% (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that H pylori is more reliably diagnosed by culture, histology, and CLO-test than by the serological tests used in this study, especially in patients treated with NSAIDs.

Vocal cord paralysis and oesophago-broncho-aortic fistula complicating foreign body-induced oesophageal perforation

A 61 year old man died after presenting with a 24 h history of haematemesis and haemoptysis, and one year history of hoarseness of voice. Post-mortem examination showed a dental plate eroding through the mid-oesophagus into a bronchus and into the descending arch of the aorta, with scarring suggestive of old perforation. An organized haematoma also involved the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Vocal cord paralysis may be a manifestation of foreign body-induced oesophageal perforation, which can lead to death from an oesophago-broncho-aortic fistula. Both complications of oesophageal perforation from a foreign body have not to our knowledge been previously reported.

Chemical gastritis and Helicobacter pylori related gastritis in patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: comparison and correlation with peptic ulceration

AIMS

To evaluate the prevalence and significance of chemical gastritis, in comparison with gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori in patients receiving non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

METHODS

Two hundred and eighteen patients were studied, 174 of whom were taking NSAIDs. Chemical gastritis was defined as the presence of foveolar hyperplasia, muscle fibres in the lamina propria, oedema and vasodilation, in the absence of a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate.

RESULTS

Chemical gastritis was found in 46 (26%) patients taking NSAIDs, and three (7%) in subjects not taking these drugs (p less than 0.01). H pylori was detected in 56 (32%) subjects taking NSAIDs compared with 22 (50%) not taking these agents (p less than 0.02). Ulcers were found in 16 out of 72 patients (22%) taking NSAIDs and without H pylori infection or chemical gastritis compared with 27 out of 56 (48%) with H pylori related gastritis (p less than 0.01), and 25 out of 46 (54%) with chemical gastritis (p less than 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Peptic ulcers associated with the use of NSAIDs seem to occur more commonly in patients with chemical gastritis or H pylori infection. Patients taking NSAIDs also seem to have a greater prevalence of chemical gastritis but a lower prevalence of H pylori than those not taking these drugs.

Nonsteroidal peptic damage in rheumatoid patients receiving second-line drugs

Using endoscopy, we assessed the prevalence of peptic ulceration in 281 rheumatoid patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs alone, or in combination with second-line agents. Ulcers were found in 33 of 96 patients who took nonsteroidals only (33/96, 34%), compared with 8/33 (24%) on hydroxychloroquine, 10/30 (33%) on penicillamine, 13/46 (28%) on sulphasalazine, but only 11/76 (14%) on intramuscular gold plus nonsteroidals (chi 2 = 7.95, 0.001 less than p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05 using Bonferroni correction). Second-line drugs do not seem to increase the prevalence of ulcers related to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; on the contrary, fewer ulcers were found in patients receiving gold therapy, and this might have therapeutic implications.

Inhibition of human gastric cyclic AMP production by Helicobacter pylori protein--possible involvement of mucosal prostaglandin E2

The effect of Helicobacter pylori protein on cAMP and prostaglandin (PGE2) production was studied in incubates of human gastric fundic mucosa. At 24 hours, specimens incubated in the control fluid had a median cAMP value of 81 pmol/mg protein, compared to 28 pmol/mg (P less than 0.05) when incubated in H. pylori protein, 155 pmol/kg (P less than 0.006) in histamine, and 23 pmol/kg (P less than 0.05) in histamine plus H. pylori protein. A similar trend was observed at 48 hours. Although H. pylori protein had no direct effect on mucosal PGE2, it intensified the inhibitory effect of indomethacin and prevented the stimulatory effect of histamine on both PGE2 and cAMP production. Given the role of cAMP in various physiological responses, these results suggest that H. pylori protein might alter those functional aspects of the human gastric mucosa which rely on cAMP as a second messenger. Assuming that PGE2 is involved in mediating such effect, its role would appear to be either partial or indirect.

The interaction between Helicobacter pylori culture filtrate and indomethacin: effects on the integrity of human gastric antral mucosa and its prostaglandin E2 production in vitro

Histopathological methods and radioimmunoassay were used to assess the microstructure and prostaglandin E2 production by paired specimens of human gastric antral mucosa; the specimens were studied after 48 h of incubation in base-line tissue culture medium, Helicobacter pylori culture filtrate, H. pylori culture control fluid, indomethacin, and H. pylori culture filtrate plus indomethacin. When applied alone, the filtrate did not affect the structure of the mucosal tissue or its prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In the overall group (n = 21), specimens incubated with the mixture of H. pylori filtrate and indomethacin had a median histological grade of 1 and prostaglandin E2 of 29 pg/mg tissue, compared to 2 pg/mg (P = 0.04) and 60 pg/mg (P = 0.0007) respectively, in specimens incubated with indomethacin alone. These results indicate that an interaction may exist between indomethacin and a factor contained in H. pylori culture filtrate. Such interaction is damaging to the human gastric antral mucosa, and its understanding might have therapeutic implications.

Effect on gastric and duodenal mucosal prostaglandins of repeated intake of therapeutic doses of naproxen and etodolac in rheumatoid arthritis

The synthesis of gastric and duodenal mucosal prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin I2, and thromboxane B2 during a 60 minute incubation of biopsy specimens, the degree of endoscopic and histological damage, and the anti-inflammatory response were all studied after a four week, double blind study of therapeutic doses of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, naproxen and etodolac, received by 27 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (13 receiving naproxen, 14 etodolac). Prostaglandin values after treatment did not differ from the baseline levels when all the patients were analysed as one group. Subgroup analysis showed that naproxen suppressed gastric prostaglandin E2 from a median of 29 to 9 ng/mg protein, duodenal prostaglandin E2 from 34 to 11 ng/mg, and duodenal prostaglandin I2 from 62 to 15 ng/mg protein. No overall suppression occurred with etodolac. Also, on the second assessment patients receiving naproxen had lower gastric and duodenal prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2, but higher values of duodenal thromboxane B2, than patients receiving etodolac. Both drugs had comparable anti-arthritic activity and caused microscopic gastritis in similar proportions of patients. No correlation was detected between prostaglandin values and the mucosal damage which developed in seven patients receiving naproxen (54%) and three receiving etodolac (21%). These findings indicate that, unlike naproxen, etodolac does not seem to affect gastric or duodenal prostaglandin synthesis; other mechanisms of injury need to be considered.

Gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis in the presence of Campylobacter pylori in patients with gastric ulcers and non-ulcer dyspepsia

It is unclear how Campylobacter pylori (CP) interacts with gastric mucosal prostaglandins (PG). In a double-blind study we measured gastric PG synthesis in 22 patients with benign gastric antral ulcers (GU) and 26 with non-ulcer dyspepsis (NUD). CP status was determined by histology and bacteriology: 26 (16 GU plus 10 NUD) were CP positive, and 22 (6 GU plus 16 NUD) were CP negative. Patients with severe gastritis regardless of CP status) had significantly higher PGE2 and PGI2 values than those with mild gastritis. Severe gastritis was found in 36% of CP-negative subjects and 77% of the CP-positive patients (chi 2 = 8.64, p less than 0.01), but no significant differences in PG values were found between CP-positive or -negative patients.

Evaluation of the efficacy and comparative effects on gastric and duodenal mucosa of etodolac and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using endoscopy

The therapeutic efficacy and upper gastrointestinal side effects of a twice daily dose of 300 mg etodolac and 500 mg naproxen were compared in 30 hospital out-patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs were taken for 4 weeks in a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, single centre study. Rheumatological, endoscopic and laboratory assessments were performed at the start and on completion of the study. Mucosal lesions developed in only three (20%) patients of the etodolac group and they all had low endoscopy scores, compared to eight (53%) patients of the naproxen group with significantly worse endoscopy scores (p less than 0.05). Lesions were asymptomatic in all but one patient (on naproxen), and the gastric antrum was the commonest region involved. Of the 11 patients who developed endoscopic abnormalities in both groups, seven (64%) were moderate to heavy smokers. Etodolac had a similar antiarthritic effect to naproxen, but it appears to be better tolerated by the upper gastrointestinal mucosa as shown by endoscopy.