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Tetel V, Van Wyk B, Fraley GS. Sex differences in glucocorticoid responses to shipping stress in Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101534. [PMID: 34823178 PMCID: PMC8626681 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some concerns have been raised recently about the assay of corticosterone vs. cortisol in poultry species. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that ducks secrete both glucocorticoids. First, we validated two commercially ELISA kits for the two glucocorticoids by first charcoal stripping duck serum in order to remove all steroid hormones. We ran serial dilutions of spiked, charcoal-stripped serum on kits of opposite glucocorticoid as well as a serial dilution using the respective ELISA buffer of the opposite assay kit. We found that the glucocorticoid standard curve in duck serum matched the respective curve in that kit's own buffer. However, when the opposite hormone was run in each kit in both duck serum or ELISA buffer, a near zero slope was obtained. Second, we further validated the presence of both glucocorticoids using mass spectrometry. Third, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous ACTH would stimulate the release of both corticosterone and cortisol. And, fourth, we tested the hypothesis that each glucocorticoid would have different serum levels in response to shipping stress. To test this hypothesis, we collected serum from 10 drakes and 10 hens from 2 flocks (N = 20 per time point per sex): 24 h prior to shipping, at shipping as ducks were walked off the truck, 24 h after shipping, and 1 wk after shipping. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. Surprisingly, we also observed a sex difference in both glucocorticoid levels in that hens showed higher (P < 0.01) serum levels than did drakes at all-time points in response to either ACTH or transportation. Finally, no differences were observed in either glucocorticoid levels associated with shipping in either sex. The fact that both glucocorticoids are released in measurable amounts lends to the possibility that they may be differentially regulated, or at least there is a sex difference in the neural pathways associated with glucocorticoid release in ducks. Although corticosterone is the likely predominate glucocorticoid in ducks, serious attention should be given to the role of cortisol in poultry. Further consideration of sex, age, and timing of blood collection to stressor needs to be considered when assessing glucocorticoid levels in any avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tetel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - B Van Wyk
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | - G S Fraley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Mukumbang FC, Kriel E, Van Wyk B, Kruger JA. Desperate times call for desperate measures: Adapting antiretroviral service delivery in the context of the COVID-19 pandemi. S Afr Med J 2020; 110:711-712. [PMID: 32880290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F C Mukumbang
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Bentley A, Porter L, Van Blois L, Van Wyk B, Vuong CN, Tellez-Isaias G, Shafer D, Tucker Z, Fraley SM, Hargis BM, Fraley GS. A feed restriction milieu for Pekin meat ducks that may improve gait characteristics but also affects gut leakiness. Poult Sci 2020; 99:39-47. [PMID: 32416824 PMCID: PMC7587728 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that a 15% feed restriction (FR) during the first 2 wk after hatch could improve gait in Pekin meat ducks, but did result in reduced breast mass. We hypothesized that feed restriction after day 5 following muscle satellite cell development would allow the full growth of the breast meat. To accomplish this goal, 300 1-day-old ducklings (Maple Leaf Farms Inc.) were randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 groups (n = 4 pens, 25 ducks per pen): (1) Control group fed to ad libitum; (2) 85% daily feed intake from days 1 to 14 (FR 85% 1-14); 85% daily feed intake from days 5 to 14 (FR 85% 5-14). All ducks were vaccinated with inactivated Salmonella enteritidis on day 14 and boosted on day 26. The FR 85% 5-14 did show similar production standards to controls, and improved gait characteristics (P < 0.05). To determine if the partial feed restriction would have an impact on intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity, we treated ducks on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 with 8.32 mg/kg FITC-d in water per os and blood samples were obtained via the tibial vein 1 h later. Serum samples were analyzed for presence and quantification of FITC-d. Feed restriction elicited a significant increase in FITC-d permeability at all points of evaluation. Anti-S. enteritidis specific IgY responses were assessed by ELISA from serum collected at 14 D, 28 D, and 35 D. Although all ducks showed an increase humoral immune response to the S. enteritidis, both feed restricted groups showed reduced IgY production compared to ad lib controls. Our data suggest that although the FR 5-14 feed restriction paradigm may reduce gait abnormalities without affecting production rates, some challenges exist due to increased gut leakiness or decreased acquired immune activity. Future studies will look at altering the feed restriction milieu to ameliorate these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bentley
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - L Porter
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - L Van Blois
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - B Van Wyk
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - C N Vuong
- Poultry Health Laboratory & Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Poultry Health Laboratory & Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK 72701, USA
| | - D Shafer
- Maple Leaf Farms, Inc. Leesburg, Indiana 46538, USA
| | - Z Tucker
- Maple Leaf Farms, Inc. Leesburg, Indiana 46538, USA
| | - S M Fraley
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA; South Crossing Veterinary Center, Caledonia, MI 49316, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Poultry Health Laboratory & Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK 72701, USA
| | - G S Fraley
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA.
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Van Blois L, Bentley A, Porter L, Prihoda N, Potter H, Van Wyk B, Shafer D, Fraley S, Fraley G. Feed Restriction Can Alter Gait but Does not Reduce Welfare in Meat Ducks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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