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Becken S, Miller G, Lee DS, Mackey B. The scientific basis of 'net zero emissions' and its diverging sociopolitical representation. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170725. [PMID: 38325471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The Net Zero Emissions (NZE) concept has created momentum for climate commitment made by national governments, cities, industries and individual companies. However, evidence of tangible decarbonisation is limited. Here we identify precarious differences between the scientific origin of NZE and its social representation in the wider public and explore the consequences of the resulting science-action gap for achieving global climate goals. A particular focus is given to 'offsetting', which is closely connected to the practical delivery of NZE but typically ignores that different types or carbon credits have different environmental efficacy. Revisiting the science related to the global carbon cycle demonstrates that a heavy reliance on any carbon offsetting that is not a permanent removal presents a real risk. Moreover, competition over scarce 'removal credits' distracts from the real tasks at hand, namely to rapidly decrease fossil fuel emissions, actively remove carbon through restoration, and protect existing terrestrial carbon sinks. Establishing separate targets for these distinct actions is an essential step towards disentangling current confusion. Whilst a 'race to net zero' may trigger innovation in the decarbonisation space, the restoration and protection of carbon sinks demands a collective approach where actors should focus on how to make real and verifiable contributions rather than claiming individual net zero scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Becken
- Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - G Miller
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - D S Lee
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom.
| | - B Mackey
- Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia.
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Asbridge EF, Low Choy D, Mackey B, Serrao-Neumann S, Taygfeld P, Rogers K. Coastal flood risk within a peri-urban area: Sussex Inlet district, SE Australia. Nat Hazards (Dordr) 2021; 109:999-1026. [PMID: 34248277 PMCID: PMC8256777 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-021-04865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The peri-urban interface (PUI) exhibits characteristic qualities of both urban and rural regions, and this complexity has meant that risk assessments and long-term planning for PUI are lagging, despite these areas representing new developing settlement frontiers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by modifying an existing approach to quantify and assess flood risk. The risk triangle framework was used to map exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables; however, in a novel application, the risk triangle framework was adapted by presuming that there is a variation in the degree of exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables. Within Australia and globally, PUIs are often coastal, and flood risk associated with rainfall and coastal inundation poses considerable risk to communities in the PUI; these risks will be further exacerbated should projections of increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and accelerating sea-level rise eventuate. An indicator-based approach using the risk triangle framework that maps flood hazard, exposure and vulnerability was used to integrate the biophysical and socio-economic flooding risk for communities in PUI of the St Georges Basin and Sussex Inlet catchments of south-eastern Australia. Integrating the flood risk triangle with future scenarios of demographic and climate change, and considering factors that contribute to PUI flood risk, facilitated the identification of planning strategies that would reduce the future rate of increase in flood risk. These planning strategies are useful for natural resource managers and land use planners across Australia and globally, who are tasked with balancing socio-economic prosperity for a changing population, whilst maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services and values. The indicator-based approach used in this study provides a cost-effective first-pass risk assessment and is a valuable tool for decision makers planning for flood risk across PUIs in NSW and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. F. Asbridge
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - D. Low Choy
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - B. Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld Australia
| | - S. Serrao-Neumann
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - P. Taygfeld
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - K. Rogers
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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Capps KL, McLaughlin EM, Murray AWA, Aldus CF, Wyatt GM, Peck MW, Van Amerongen A, Ariëns RMC, Wichers JH, Baylis CL, Wareing DRA, Bolton FJ, Aird H, Allen R, Anderson P, Boughtflower M, Chen Q, Davies A, Dennis J, Gibson SJ, Green RA, Hilton J, Jorgensen F, Leuschner R, Loder C, Mackey B, Meldrum R, Millar I, Reid T, Robinson AJ, Robinson; I, Smith H, Surman S, Vickers D, Wood M. Validation of Three Rapid Screening Methods for Detection of Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Foods: Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/87.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted for the validation of 3 methods for the detection of all verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in foods. The methods were a multi-analyte 1-step lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for detection of E. coli O157 and verotoxin (VT); an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeted against VT1, VT2, and VT2c (VT-ELISA); and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of VT genes (VT-PCR). Aliquots (25 g or 25 mL) of 4 food types (raw minced [ground] beef, unpasteurized milk, unpasteurized apple juice [cider], and salami) were individually inoculated with low numbers (<9 to 375 cells/25 g) of 6 test strains of E. coli (serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, and O157) with differing VT-producing capabilities. Five replicates for each test strain and 5 uninoculated samples were prepared for each food type. Fourteen participating laboratories analyzed samples using the LFIA, 9 analyzed the samples by ELISA, and 9 by PCR. The LFIA for O157 and VT had a specificity (correct identification of negative samples) of 92 and 94%, respectively, and a sensitivity (correct identification of positive samples) of 94 and 55%, respectively. The VT-ELISA and VT-PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Capps
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, North Yorkshire, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emiline M McLaughlin
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, North Yorkshire, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair W A Murray
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, North Yorkshire, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F Aldus
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M Wyatt
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Peck
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Aart Van Amerongen
- Agrotechnology and Food Innovations A&F B.V., Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renata M C Ariëns
- Agrotechnology and Food Innovations A&F B.V., Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Wichers
- Agrotechnology and Food Innovations A&F B.V., Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher L Baylis
- Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, GL55 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - David R A Wareing
- Preston Public Health Laboratory, Royal Preston Hospital, PO Box 202, Sharoe Green LN, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HG, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick J Bolton
- Preston Public Health Laboratory, Royal Preston Hospital, PO Box 202, Sharoe Green LN, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HG, United Kingdom
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Dostine PL, Woinarski JCZ, Mackey B, Nix H. Patterns of grassland productivity, composition and seed abundance, and the diet of the flock bronzewing pigeon Phaps histrionica at one site in northern Australia over a period of marked seasonal change. Wildl Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Multiple scales of research are needed to understand the ecology and conservation requirements of species whose ecology is characterised by marked spatial and temporal dynamism. The flock bronzewing pigeon may provide a model for the conservation management of species with similar dispersive ecologies.
Aims
This study aimed to document the species composition and its variability in seeds consumed by flock bronzewing pigeons across a period of contrasting seasonal conditions, and to relate this diet to variation in food resource availability.
Methods
The diet of the flock bronzewing pigeon was described by analysis of the crop contents of samples collected over the period from June 2006 to September 2007 at one pastoral property on the Barkly Tablelands, Northern Territory. Variation in food resource availability was assessed using data from remote sensing, grassland community structure, and direct measurement of soil seed density. Multivariate statistical methods were used to test variation in plant community structure between years and among land units; generalised linear modelling was used to examine inter-annual variation in the abundance of key food plant species and seasonal variation in seed abundance.
Key results
Across the period of this study, the diet of flock bronzewing pigeons on the Barkly Tableland was largely restricted to seeds of a small number of plant species within Mitchell grasslands. Dietary patterns varied between years; evidence from remote sensing, grassland community structure, and seed density was consistent with these dietary patterns.
Conclusions
Flock bronzewing pigeons appear to be adapted to exploiting rare, episodic events, leading to high seed production by the ephemeral or annual component of perennial tussock grasslands. Key food plant species include the forbs Wedelia asperrima, Trichodesma zeylanicum and Phyllanthus lacerosus and the large-seeded annual grass Chionachne hubbardiana. These species may not be those that provide critical resources during unfavourable periods.
Implications
Conservation management of flock bronzewing pigeons will entail strategies to maintain key food species in grazed landscapes, and to ensure replenishment of seed reserves of annual and ephemeral plant species. Management practices to achieve these goals may include rotational wet season spelling of paddocks. More information is required on the focal areas for persistence within these black-soil grassland landscapes.
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Murphy S, Spradlin TR, Mackey B, McVee J, Androukaki E, Tounta E, Karamanlidis AA, Dendrinos P, Joseph E, Lockyer C, Matthiopoulos J. Age estimation, growth and age-related mortality of Mediterranean monk seals Monachus monachus. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sabetraftar K, Mackey B, Croke B. Sensitivity of modelled gross primary productivity to topographic effects on surface radiation: A case study in the Cotter River Catchment, Australia. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Williamson GJ, Christidis L, Norman J, Brook BW, Mackey B, Bowman DMJS. The use of Australian bioregions as spatial units
of analysis to explore relationships between
climate and songbird diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/pc110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biogeographers often investigate patterns of biodiversity at continental and global scales, using existing data georeferenced
to a lattice of cells of latitude and longitude. Problems can arise with this approach when the available
biological data are insufficient to adequately sample each cell and the cells are environmentally heterogeneous. An
alternative, though less-often employed, approach is to use bioregions (defined as areas with distinctive biophysical
environmental characteristics) as the basic sampling unit and to statistically control for unequal areas of regions. Here
we applied this latter approach with the Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) to analyse continental
patterns of songbird species richness in relation to mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and mean
wet season temperature, which are all predicted to substantially change given anthropogenic climate change. We used
the Birds Australia database that has a large sample (>1,560,000) of distribution records covering Australia. For each
of the 85 IBRAs, we determined the total number of songbird species and standardized these richness values
accounting for the species-area effect by including the log of bioregion area as a covariate in the statistical models.
Our analysis of standardized bioregion songbirds richness showed that the best supported model, based on information
theory statistics included an interaction of mean annual temperature and precipitation (48.6% deviance explained).
The fitted model showed declining richness with increasing temperature and declining precipitation, signalling that
future climates may result in regional declines in songbird abundance. We suggest our simple empirical-statistical
approach, using bioregions as the spatial unit, has promise for continental and global impact assessment of diversity
changes and for conservation planning
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Munang R, Rivington M, Takle E, Mackey B, Thiaw I, Liu J. Climate Information and Capacity Needs for Ecosystem Management under a Changing Climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sagarzazu N, Cebrián G, Condón S, Mackey B, Mañas P. High hydrostatic pressure resistance of Campylobacter jejuni after different sublethal stresses. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 109:146-55. [PMID: 20028438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the development of resistance responses in Campylobacter jejuni to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments after the exposure to different stressful conditions that may be encountered in food-processing environments, such as acid pH, elevated temperatures and cold storage. METHODS AND RESULTS Campylobacter jejuni cells in exponential and stationary growth phase were exposed to different sublethal stresses (acid, heat and cold shocks) prior to evaluate the development of resistance responses to HHP. For exponential-phase cells, neither of the conditions tested increased nor decreased HHP resistance of C. jejuni. For stationary-phase cells, acid and heat adaptation-sensitized C. jejuni cells to the subsequent pressure treatment. On the contrary, cold-adapted stationary-phase cells developed resistance to HHP. CONCLUSIONS Whereas C. jejuni can be classified as a stress sensitive micro-organism, our findings have demonstrated that it can develop resistance responses under different stressing conditions. The resistance of stationary phase C. jejuni to HHP was increased after cells were exposed to cold temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study contribute to a better knowledge of the physiology of C. jejuni and its survival to food preservation agents. Results here presented may help in the design of combined processes for food preservation based on HHP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sagarzazu
- Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria de Zaragoza, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Thompson PM, Mackey B, Barton TR, Duck C, Butler JRA. Assessing the potential impact of salmon fisheries management on the conservation status of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in north-east Scotland. Anim Conserv 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smilanick JL, Aiyabei J, Gabler FM, Doctor J, Sorenson D, Mackey B. Quantification of the Toxicity of Aqueous Chlorine to Spores of Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Plant Dis 2002; 86:509-514. [PMID: 30818674 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine toxicity to Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum citri-aurantii, causes of green mold and sour rot of citrus, respectively, was quantified. In 3% wt/vol NaHCO3 containing 200 µg free chlorine per ml at pH 8.3, 95% of P. digitatum spores died (LT95) by 180 s at 5°C, while only 32 s were required at 24°C. The LT95 of G. citri-aurantii arthrospores was 108 and 31 s at 5 and 24°C, respectively. Mortality slowed 2- to 4-fold for each unit of increase from pH 7 to 10. The LT95 of P. digitatum spores in 200 µg free chlorine per ml at 24°C at pH 7, 8, 9, and 10 was 13.2, 19.1, 29.4, and 88.4 s, respectively. The LT95 of G. citri-aurantii at pH 7, 8, 9, and 10 was 3.0, 12.6, 56.6, and 114 s, respectively. Models were prepared describing mortality. Brief immersion in 200 µg free chlorine per ml reduced viable spores of P. digitatum and G. citri-aurantii from 106 to 103 spores per lemon, and naturally occurring yeast and molds from 106 to 104 CFU. In fruit wound-inoculated and immersed 24 h later in water, 4,000 µg free chlorine per ml, or 3% wt/vol NaHCO3, green mold occurrence after storage was 98.5, 68.3 and 7.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Smilanick
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - J Aiyabei
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - F Mlikota Gabler
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - J Doctor
- Sunkist Growers 222 W. Lindmore Street, Lindsay, CA 93247
| | - D Sorenson
- Sunkist Growers 222 W. Lindmore Street, Lindsay, CA 93247
| | - B Mackey
- Biometrics Unit, USDA ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 600 Buchanan Street, Albany CA 94710-1100
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Pagán R, Jordan S, Benito A, Mackey B. Enhanced acid sensitivity of pressure-damaged Escherichia coli O157 cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1983-5. [PMID: 11282662 PMCID: PMC92826 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1983-1985.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 02/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure-damaged Escherichia coli O157 cells were more acid sensitive than native cells and were impaired in pH homeostasis. However differences in acid sensitivity were not related to differences in cytoplasmic pH (pH(i)). Cellular beta-galactosidase was more acid labile in damaged cells. Sensitization to acid may thus involve loss of protective or repair functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pagán
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Peach replant soils were fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) or methyl iodide (MI) at rates of 392 to 448 kg/ha. In two trials, peach tree growth in fumigated soil or in untreated soil was evaluated by measuring trunk diameter and weight of branches removed by pruning. In both trials, trunk diameter of trees grown in MB- and MI-fumigated plots was greater than trees in control plots (P ≤ 0.01). In both trials, weight of branches pruned from trees grown in fumigated plots was greater than branch weights from trees grown in control plots (P ≤ 0.01). Plots fumigated with MI did not differ from plots fumigated with MB in trunk growth, weight of branch prunings, or reductions in population densities of the nematode Paratylenchus. MI and MB appeared to be equally effective in controlling replant disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Eayre
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2021 S. Peach Ave. Fresno, CA 93727
| | - J J Sims
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - H D Ohr
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - B Mackey
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710
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Pagán R, Mackey B. Relationship between membrane damage and cell death in pressure-treated Escherichia coli cells: differences between exponential- and stationary-phase cells and variation among strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2829-34. [PMID: 10877775 PMCID: PMC92080 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.7.2829-2834.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Accepted: 05/02/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between membrane damage and loss of viability following pressure treatment was examined in Escherichia coli strains C9490, H1071, and NCTC 8003. These strains showed high, medium, and low resistance to pressure, respectively, in stationary phase but similar resistance to pressure in exponential phase. Loss of membrane integrity was measured as loss of osmotic responsiveness or as increased uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide. In exponential-phase cells, loss of viability was correlated with a permanent loss of membrane integrity in all strains, whereas in stationary-phase cells, a more complicated picture emerged in which cell membranes became leaky during pressure treatment but resealed to a greater or lesser extent following decompression. Strain H1071 displayed a very unusual pressure response in stationary phase in which survival decreased to a minimum at 300 MPa but then increased at 400 to 500 MPa before decreasing again. Membranes were unable to reseal after treatment at 300 MPa but could do so after treatment at higher pressures. Membrane damage in this strain was thus typical of exponential-phase cells under low-pressure conditions but of stationary-phase cells under higher-pressure conditions. Heat shock treatment of strain H1071 cells increased pressure resistance under low-pressure conditions and also allowed membrane damage to reseal. Growth in the presence of IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside) increased resistance under high-pressure conditions. The mechanisms of inactivation may thus differ at high and low pressures. These studies support the view that membrane damage is an important event in the inactivation of bacteria by high pressure, but the nature of membrane damage and its relation to cell death may differ between species and phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pagán
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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Holtzman DM, Fagan AM, Mackey B, Tenkova T, Sartorius L, Paul SM, Bales K, Ashe KH, Irizarry MC, Hyman BT. Apolipoprotein E facilitates neuritic and cerebrovascular plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease model. Ann Neurol 2000; 47:739-47. [PMID: 10852539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing evidence suggests that this association may be linked to the ability of ApoE to interact with the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and influence its concentration and structure. To determine the effect of ApoE on Abeta and other AD pathology in vivo, we used APPsw transgenic mice and ApoE knockout (-/-) mice to generate APPsw animals that carried two (ApoE +/+), one (ApoE +/-), or no copies (ApoE -/-) of the normal mouse ApoE gene. At 12 months of age, Abeta deposition was present in the cortex and hippocampus and was also prominent within leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels of all APPsw ApoE +/+ mice. Importantly, although Abeta deposition still occurred in APPsw ApoE -/- mice, no fibrillar Abeta deposits were detected in the brain parenchyma or cerebrovasculature. There was also no neuritic degeneration associated with Abeta deposition in the absence of ApoE. These data demonstrate that ApoE facilitates the formation of both neuritic and cerebrovascular plaques, which are pathological hallmarks of AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Holtzman DM, Bales KR, Tenkova T, Fagan AM, Parsadanian M, Sartorius LJ, Mackey B, Olney J, McKeel D, Wozniak D, Paul SM. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent amyloid deposition and neuritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2892-7. [PMID: 10694577 PMCID: PMC16026 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050004797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles determine the age-adjusted relative risk (epsilon4 > epsilon3) for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE may affect AD pathogenesis by promoting deposition of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and its conversion to a fibrillar form. To determine the effect of apoE on Abeta deposition and AD pathology, we compared APP(V717F) transgenic (TG) mice expressing mouse, human, or no apoE (apoE(-/-)). A severe, plaque-associated neuritic dystrophy developed in APP(V717F) TG mice expressing mouse or human apoE. Though significant levels of Abeta deposition also occurred in APP(V717F) TG, apoE(-/-) mice, neuritic degeneration was virtually absent. Expression of apoE3 and apoE4 in APP(V717F) TG, apoE(-/-) mice resulted in fibrillar Abeta deposits and neuritic plaques by 15 months of age and substantially (>10-fold) more fibrillar deposits were observed in apoE4-expressing APP(V717F) TG mice. Our data demonstrate a critical and isoform-specific role for apoE in neuritic plaque formation, a pathological hallmark of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Benito A, Ventoura G, Casadei M, Robinson T, Mackey B. Variation in resistance of natural isolates of Escherichia coli O157 to high hydrostatic pressure, mild heat, and other stresses. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1564-9. [PMID: 10103251 PMCID: PMC91221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.4.1564-1569.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1998] [Accepted: 01/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from patients with clinical cases of food-borne illness and other sources exhibited wide differences in resistance to high hydrostatic pressure. The most pressure-resistant strains were also more resistant to mild heat than other strains. Strain C9490, a representative pressure-resistant strain, was also more resistant to acid, oxidative, and osmotic stresses than the pressure-sensitive strain NCTC 12079. Most of these differences in resistance were observed only in stationary-phase cells, the only exception being acid resistance, where differences were also apparent in the exponential phase. Membrane damage in pressure-treated cells was revealed by increased uptake of the fluorescent dyes ethidium bromide and propidium iodide. When strains were exposed to the same pressure for different lengths of time, the pressure-sensitive strains took up stain sooner than the more resistant strain, which suggested that the differences in resistance may be related to susceptibility to membrane damage. Our results emphasize the importance of including stress-resistant strains of E. coli O157 when the efficacy of a novel or mild food preservation treatment is tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benito
- Institute of Food Research, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
High concentrations of soil B are detrimental to crop productivity in certain arid and semiarid regions of the western United States. Production of tall fescue on B-affected soils may be a viable strategy to reduce and maintain soil B concentrations at nontoxic levels for most agronomic crops. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study B uptake in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Schreb. cv. Au Triumph grown in soil containing potentially toxic levels of native soil B. The soil B concentrations (water-extractable B greater than 5 mg B liter-1) did not affect the dry matter (DM) yield of tall fescue. Boron concentrations in shoot tissue for both years ranged from 88 to 121 mg B kg-1 DM. whereas in root tissue, concentrations ranged from 50 to 60 mg B kg-1 DM. For both years of the study, soil samples were taken at depth of 0-45 and 45-90 cm at the beginning and end of the designated growing season and analyzed for water-extractable B. Summary data from all cropped plots at the two soil depths indicated that the mean water-extractable B concentrations were reduced by 35% after 2 years in the tall fescue plots, whereas losses of extractable B from bare plots did not exceed 13% for both years. Tall fescue apparently can be used as a component in an overall strategy to lower extractable soil native B levels in irrigated agriculture soils and potentially reduce leaching of B into shallow ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bañuelos
- Water Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fresno, California 93727, USA
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Jensvold MF, Hamilton JA, Mackey B. Including women in clinical trials: how about the women scientists? J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972) 1994; 49:110-112. [PMID: 7930349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
What happens when women scientists are excluded from designing and conducting research? This paper discusses the importance of recruiting and retaining women as scientists. It explores the impact on science of discrimination, harassment, and retaliation against women scientists. The paper presents case examples suggesting that when women scientists' careers are stymied, research that could be beneficial to women may be devalued, delayed, or derailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Jensvold
- Institute for Research on Women's Health, Washington, DC
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Kelley DS, Daudu PA, Branch LB, Johnson HL, Taylor PC, Mackey B. Energy restriction decreases number of circulating natural killer cells and serum levels of immunoglobulins in overweight women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48:9-18. [PMID: 8200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of energy restriction on immune response and also compared the effects of low fat (LF, 18.6 E%) and high fat (HF, 40.7 E%) diets during energy restriction on immunological parameters. Ten overweight women were fed the HF diet for 42 days (P1) to maintain their body weights. For the next 84 days (P2), the energy intake was reduced to 50% of the intake during P1 for all the women, five of them were fed the HF diet and the other five the LF diet. For the last 35 days of the study (P3), subjects remained on their respective diets, but the energy intake was increased to maintain BW to the level reached at the end of energy restriction. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4, numbers of lymphocytes and their subsets, blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and protein A were determined several times during the study. Delayed hypersensitivity skin (DHS) response to seven recall antigens was determined towards the end of each study period. None of the parameters studied were different between the HF and LF dietary groups. During energy restriction the subjects lost an average of 7 kg in the LF group and 9 kg in the HF group. Energy restriction caused a significant (P < 0.005) decrease in the serum concentration of IgG, IgA, C3, and the number of circulating natural killer (NK) cells. An increase in energy intake during P3 reversed some of the decreases caused by energy restriction, but the levels did not return to pre-restriction levels during these 35 days of refeeding adequate dietary energy. The numbers of circulating lymphocytes and their subsets with the exception of NK cells, serum levels of IgM and C4, and the DHS response monitored 48 h after the application of antigens were not affected by energy restriction. Health status of the women in our study did not seem to be compromised; however, it could be compromised under more drastic restrictions or with moderate restrictions in high risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kelley
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Presidio of San Francisco, CA 94129
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Jensvold MF, Mackey B, Young-Horvath V. Sexual harassment in medical training. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:661-2; author reply 662-3. [PMID: 8341345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Vail P, Morris T, Collier S, Mackey B. An RNA virus in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus preparations: Incidence and influence on baculovirus activity. J Invertebr Pathol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(83)90216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chick EW, Compton SB, Pass T, Mackey B, Hernandez C, Austin E, Pitzer FR, Flanigan C. Hitchcock's birds, or the increased rate of exposure to histoplasma from blackbird roost sites. Chest 1981; 80:434-8. [PMID: 7273893 DOI: 10.1378/chest.80.4.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A statewide survey of populations in proximity to blackbird roost sites to determine exposure to histoplasmosis from such sites has demonstrated that a site harboring Histoplasma capsulatum, even though undisturbed, adds significantly to the exposure rate of proximal populations. Disturbance of such a site increases the exposure rate dramatically with or without concurrent clinical cases of histoplasmosis.
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Chick EW, Compton SB, Pass T, Pitzer FR, Flanigan C, Mackey B, Hernandez C, Austin E. A new appraisal of histoplasmin sensitivity in Kentucky. J Ky Med Assoc 1980; 78:405-7. [PMID: 7391661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Fuller
- Western Regional Research Laboratory; ARS, USDA; Berkeley 94710 California
| | - W. W. Spooncer
- Western Regional Research Laboratory; ARS, USDA; Berkeley 94710 California
- ; Merritt College; Oakland 94619 California
| | - A. D. King
- Western Regional Research Laboratory; ARS, USDA; Berkeley 94710 California
| | - J. Schade
- Western Regional Research Laboratory; ARS, USDA; Berkeley 94710 California
| | - B. Mackey
- Western Regional Research Laboratory; ARS, USDA; Berkeley 94710 California
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Abstract
In a survey of California almonds, aflatoxin was found in 14% of 74 samples of unsorted, in-shell almonds as received by the processor in 1972, but it occurred at very low levels (below 20 parts per billion (ppb)) in 90% of the contaminated samples. The overall proportion of individual nuts contaminated was especially low and is estimated with 95% probability to have been in the range of 1 nut/55,300 nuts to 1 nut/14,700 nuts. Aflatoxin contamination is not restriced to any particular section of the almond-growing region of California. Commercial sorting procedures are effective in removing most aflatoxin-contaminated nutmeats, since none of 26 samples of processed, whole nutmeats contained aflatoxin. In contrast, 13 of 27 samples of diced almonds were contaminated, but nine of these 13 samples contained less than 20 ppb. Only one of 25 samples of sliced nutmeats contained aflatoxin (4 ppb). Thus, aflatoxin incidence in almonds varies greatly with the category of finished product. The apparent high incidence in diced nutmeats is probably due mostly to the more uniform distribution of aflatoxin occurring in this product (because of its small particle size) than that occurring in the other products. Sample size requirements for monitoring aflatoxin in almonds are discussed.
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