Splenectomy versus Imaging-Guided Percutaneous Drainage for Splenic Abscess: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Splenic abscess (SA) is a rare, life-threatening illness that is generally treated with splenectomy. However, this is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Recently, percutaneous drainage (PD) has emerged as an alternative therapy in select patients. In this study, we compare mortality and complications in patients with SA treated with splenectomy versus PD. Patients and Methods: A systematic literature search of 13 databases and online search engines was conducted from 2019 to 2020. A bivariate generalized linear mixed model (BGLMM) was used to conduct a separate meta-analysis for both mortality and complications. We used the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool to evaluate risk of bias in non-randomized studies, and the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for assessing quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Results were presented according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: The review included 46 retrospective studies from 21 countries. For mortality rate, 27 studies compared splenectomy and PD whereas 10 used PD only and nine used splenectomy only. Data for major complications were available in 18 two-arm studies, seven single-arm studies with PD, and seven single-arm studies with splenectomy. Of a total of 589 patients, 288 were treated with splenectomy and 301 underwent PD. Mortality rate was 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8%-17%) in patients undergoing splenectomy compared with 8% (95% CI, 4%-13%) with PD. Complication rates were 26% (95% CI, 16%-37%) in the splenectomy group compared with 10% (95% CI, 4%-17%) in the PD group. Conclusions: Percutaneous drainage s associated with a trend toward lower complications and mortality rates compared with splenectomy in the treatment of SA, however, these findings were not statistically significant. Because of the heterogeneity of the data, further prospective studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Protein Binding Effects of Dopamine Coated Titanium Dioxide Shell Nanoparticles

Non-targeted nanoparticles are capable of entering cells, passing through different subcellular compartments and accumulating on their surface a protein corona that changes over time. In this study, we used metal oxide nanoparticles with iron-oxide core covered with titanium dioxide shell (Fe3O4@TiO2), with a single layer of covalently bound dopamine covering the nanoparticle surface. Mixing nanoparticles with cellular protein isolates showed that these nanoparticles can form complexes with numerous cellular proteins. The addition of non-toxic quantities of nano-particles to HeLa cell culture resulted in their non-specific uptake and accumulation of protein corona on nanoparticle surface. TfRC, Hsp90 and PARP were followed as representative protein components of nanoparticle corona; each protein bound to nanoparticles with different affinity. The presence of nanoparticles in cells also mildly modulated gene expression on the level of mRNA. In conclusion, cells exposed to non-targeted nanoparticles show subtle but numerous changes that are consistent from one experiment to another.