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Messner A, Nairz J, Kiechl S, Winder B, Pechlaner R, Geiger R, Knoflach M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U. Comparison of body mass index and fat mass index to classify body composition in adolescents-The EVA4YOU study. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2203-2214. [PMID: 38386029 PMCID: PMC11035421 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop age- and sex-specific reference percentiles for fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) in adolescents aged 14 to 19 years and to determine differences in overweight/obesity classification by FMI and body mass index (BMI). The EVA4YOU study is a single-center cross-sectional study conducted in western Austria. Cardiovascular risks including anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis were assessed in adolescents (mean age 17 years). FMI and FFMI were calculated as the ratio of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) to the square of height and compared to study population-specific BMI percentiles. One thousand four hundred twenty-two adolescents were included in the analysis. Girls had a significantly higher mean FM and FMI and a significantly lower mean FFM, FFMI (p < 0.001, each), and mean BMI (p = 0.020) than boys. Body composition classification by FMI and BMI percentiles shows a concordance for the < 75th and > 97th percentile, but a significant difference in percentile rank classifications between these two cut-off values (all p < 0.05). Based on FMI, 15.5% (221/1422) of the whole population and 29.4% (92/313) of those between the 75th and 97th percentiles are classified one category higher or lower than those assigned by BMI. CONCLUSION Classification of normal or pathologic body composition based on BMI and FMI shows good accordance in the clearly normal or pathologic range. In an intermediate range, FMI reclassifies categories based on BMI in more than a quarter of adolescents. Cut-off values to differentiate normal from pathologic FMI values on a biological basis are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (Identifier: NCT04598685; Date of registration: October 22, 2020). WHAT IS KNOWN • Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with major risk factors including unhealthy diets, harmful behaviors, and obesity. Obesity in children and adolescents is a key risk factor for later NCDs, which is commonly measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). • BMI can be misleading as it doesn't distinguish between fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM), leading to potential misclassification of obesity in children. Previous studies have already suggested the use of the Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) as a more accurate measures of body composition. WHAT IS NEW • This study adds the first age- and sex-specific reference values for FMI and FFMI in Austrian adolescents using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a safe and secure measurement method of a large representative cohort. • We found percentile misclassification between BMI and FMI when categorizing for obesity, especially in intermediate categories of body composition. Furthermore, when comparing the new reference values for FMI and FFMI to existing ones from the US, UK, and Germany we could show a good alignment within the European cohorts and major differences with American values, indicating and confirming the difference of FMI and FFMI for different populations of different ethnical background, living on different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Messner
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Nairz
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophia Kiechl
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Feldkirch Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Nairz J, Messner A, Kiechl SJ, Winder B, Hochmayr C, Egger AE, Griesmacher A, Geiger R, Griesmaier E, Pechlaner R, Knoflach M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U. Determinants of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young people: Maternal, neonatal, and adolescent factors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298800. [PMID: 38386674 PMCID: PMC10883560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the impact of maternal, neonatal, and adolescent factors on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a cohort of 14- to 19-year-old adolescents. METHODS This study is part of the Early Vascular Ageing in the YOUth study, a single-center cross-sectional study conducted in western Austria. Maternal and neonatal factors were extracted from the mother-child booklet, adolescent factors were evaluated by a face-to-face interview, physical examination, and fasting blood analyses. Liver fat content was assessed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) using signals acquired by FibroScan® (Echosense, Paris, France). The association of maternal, neonatal, and adolescent factors with CAP values was analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS In total, 595 adolescents (27.2% male) aged 17.0 ± 1.3 years were included. 4.9% (n = 29) showed manifest NAFLD with CAP values above the 90th percentile. Male sex (p < 0.001), adolescent triglyceride levels (p = 0.021), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance index and BMI z-score (p < 0.001, each) showed a significant association with liver fat content in the multivariable analysis. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with CAP values after adjustment for sex, age, and birth weight for gestational age (p < 0.001), but this association was predominantly mediated by adolescent BMI (indirect effect b = 1.18, 95% CI [0.69, 1.77]). CONCLUSION Components of the metabolic syndrome were the most important predictors of adolescent liver fat content. Therefore, prevention of NAFLD should focus on lifestyle modification in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nairz
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Alex Messner
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Sophia J. Kiechl
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Feldkirch Hospital, Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Austria
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Alexander E. Egger
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Elke Griesmaier
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
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Mueller K, Messner A, Nairz J, Winder B, Staudt A, Stock K, Gande N, Hochmayr C, Bernar B, Pechlaner R, Griesmacher A, Egger AE, Geiger R, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M, Kiechl SJ. Determinants of Diet Quality in Adolescents: Results from the Prospective Population-Based EVA-Tyrol and EVA4YOU Cohorts. Nutrients 2023; 15:5140. [PMID: 38140399 PMCID: PMC10746085 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Unhealthy dietary behaviors are estimated to be one of the leading causes of death globally and are often shaped at a young age. Here, we investigated adolescent diet quality and its predictors, including nutrition knowledge, in two large Central European cohorts. (2) Methods: In 3056 participants of the EVA-Tyrol and EVA4YOU prospective population-based cohort studies aged 14 to 19 years, diet quality was assessed using the AHEI-2010 and DASH scores, and nutrition knowledge was assessed using the questionnaire from Turconi et al. Associations were examined utilizing multivariable linear regression. (3) Results: The mean overall AHEI-2010 score was 42%, and the DASH score was 45%. Female participants (60.6%) had a significantly higher diet quality according to the AHEI-2010 and DASH score. AHEI-2010 and DASH scores were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with sex, school type, smoking, and total daily energy intake. The DASH score was additionally significantly associated (p < 0.001) with age, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Participants with better nutrition knowledge were more likely to be older, to attend a general high school, to live in a high-income household, to be non-smokers, and to have a higher diet quality according to the AHEI-2010 and DASH score. (4) Conclusions: Predictors of better diet quality included female sex, physical activity, educational level, and nutrition knowledge. These results may aid focused interventions to improve diet quality in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mueller
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Adamgasse 23, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Alex Messner
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Johannes Nairz
- Department of Paediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (J.N.); (R.G.)
| | - Bernhard Winder
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Feldkirch Hospital, Carinagasse 41, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria;
| | - Anna Staudt
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Katharina Stock
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Nina Gande
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Benoît Bernar
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- The Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ZIMCL), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Alexander E. Egger
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Paediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (J.N.); (R.G.)
| | - Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer
- Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.M.); (A.S.); (K.S.); (N.G.); (C.H.); (U.K.-K.)
| | - Michael Knoflach
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Adamgasse 23, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Sophia J. Kiechl
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, Adamgasse 23, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Neurology Hochzirl Hospital, Hochzirl 1, 6170 Zirl, Austria
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Bernar B, Gande N, Stock AK, Staudt A, Pechlaner R, Hochmayr C, Kaltseis K, Winder B, Kiechl SJJ, Broessner G, Geiger R, Kiechl S, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M. Early Vascular Ageing in adolescents with migraine with aura: a community-based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:384. [PMID: 37528337 PMCID: PMC10394858 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine with aura is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, yet the pathophysiology is unknown. Suggested underlying mechanisms of aura formation point into the direction of an abnormal vasoreactivity that also extends to the extracranial vasculature. METHODS In the Early Vascular Ageing Tyrol study, a community-based non-randomized controlled trial conducted in 45 schools and companies in Tyrol (Austria) and South-Tyrol (Italy) between May 2015 and September 2018 aiming to increase cardiovascular health in adolescents, headache syndromes were classified according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders in a face-to-face interview. Carotid-femoral pulse-wave-velocity was measured by applanation tonometry and carotid intima-media-thickness by high-resolution ultrasound of the distal common carotid arteries. Differences in pulse-wave-velocity and carotid intima-media-thickness in youngsters with migraine with aura were compared respectively to those without headache and with other headaches by multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 2102 study participants 1589 were aged 14 to 19 (mean 16.8) years and had complete data. 43 (2.7%) reported migraine with aura and 737 (46.4%) other headaches. Mean pulse-wave-velocity was 6.17 m/s (± 0.85) for migraine with aura, 6.06 m/s (± 0.82) for all other headaches and 6.15 (0.95) m/s for participants without headaches. Carotid intima-media-thickness was 411.3 µm (± 43.5) for migraine with aura, 410.9 µm (± 46.0) for all other headaches and 421.6 µm (± 48.4) for participants without headaches. In multivariable linear regression analysis, we found no differences in carotid-femoral pulse-wave-velocity or carotid intima-media-thickness in young subjects with migraine with aura, all other headaches, or no headaches. CONCLUSIONS In line with previous large-scale studies in adults, we could not demonstrate relevant associations of migraine with aura with markers of arterial stiffness or subclinical atherosclerosis making early vascular ageing an unlikely pathophysiological link between migraine with aura and cardiovascular diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION First registered on ClinicalTrials.gov 29/04/2019 (NCT03929692).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bernar
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Nina Gande
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Katharina Stock
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Staudt
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Kaltseis
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Academic Teaching Hospital, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophia Julia J Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl-Natters Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Gregor Broessner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kaltseis K, Frank F, Bernar B, Kiechl S, Winder B, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M, Broessner G. Primary headache disorders in adolescents in North- and South-Tyrol: Findings of the EVA-Tyrol-Study. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:993-1004. [PMID: 35331020 PMCID: PMC9442274 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the prevalence of primary headache disorders, associated risk factors and use of acute/preventive medication in a representative large sample of adolescents. METHODS Within the EVA-Tyrol project, a community-based non-randomized controlled cross-sectional study, data was collected from adolescents aged 14-19 years from 45 sites across North-, East- and South Tyrol. Headaches were classified according to the latest ICHD-3 and assessed by headache specialists in face-to-face interviews. FINDINGS Of 1923 participants 930 (48.4%) reported having headaches. Female to male ratio was 2:1. Migraine, tension-type headache and other headache were diagnosed in 10%, 30.2% and 8.2% respectively. Medication overuse was diagnosed in 3.4%, increasing up to 21.7% in participants with chronic headache. The use of preventative medication was not reported by any adolescent. Sleep disturbances (p < 0.05), alcohol consumption (p < 0.05), low physical activity (p < 0.01) and high screen time exposure (p < 0.01) were associated with an increased risk of headaches. CONCLUSION We report high prevalence of primary headache disorders and medication overuse in a large community-based sample of teenagers. Acute and preventive non-drug and pharmacological treatments are not established due to lack of paediatric headache outpatient clinics. Promoting health education in teenagers and encouraging public awareness, including that of health care providers is pivotal.Trial registration: EVA-Tyrol has been retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov under https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03929692 since April 29, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kaltseis
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Frank
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benoît Bernar
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophia Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria,VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke,
Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke,
Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria,VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke,
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Broessner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria,Gregor Broessner, Department of Neurology,
Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Winder B, Kiechl SJ, Gruber NM, Bernar B, Gande N, Staudt A, Stock K, Hochmayr C, Geiger R, Griesmacher A, Anliker M, Kiechl S, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M. The association of allergic asthma and carotid intima-media thickness in adolescence: data of the prospective early vascular ageing (EVA)-Tyrol cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 35042472 PMCID: PMC8764773 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that asthma is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. However, data in children and adolescents are scarce and conflicting. We aimed to assess the impact of asthma with and without an allergic component on the carotid intima-media thickness in a large pediatric population. METHODS The community-based early vascular ageing-Tyrol cohort study was performed between May 2015 and July 2018 in North, East (Austria) and South Tyrol (Italy) and recruited youngster aged 14 years and above. Medical examinations included anthropometric measurements, fasting blood analysis, measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness by high-resolution ultrasound, and a physician guided interview. RESULTS The mean age of the 1506 participants was 17.8 years (standard deviation 0.90). 851 (56.5%) participants were female. 22 subjects had a physician diagnosis of non-allergic asthma, 268 had inhalative allergies confirmed by a positive radio-allergo-sorbent-test and/or prick test, and 58 had allergic asthma. Compared to healthy controls, participants with non-allergic asthma (411.7 vs. 411.7 µm; p = 0.932) or inhalative allergy (420.0 vs. 411.7 µm; p = 0.118) did not have significantly higher carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). However, participants with allergic asthma had significantly higher cIMT (430.8 vs. 411.7; p = 0.004) compared to those without and this association remained significant after multivariable adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION Allergic asthma in the youth is associated with an increased carotid intima-media thickness. Physicians should therefore be aware of allergic asthma as a potential cardiovascular risk factor in children and adolescents. Trial Registration Number The EVA-Tyrol Study has been retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov under NCT03929692 since April 29, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Winder
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innrain 66a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophia J Kiechl
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innrain 66a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadja M Gruber
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innrain 66a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benoît Bernar
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Gande
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Staudt
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Stock
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ZIMCL), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ZIMCL), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innrain 66a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michael Knoflach
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innrain 66a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kiechl SJ, Staudt A, Stock K, Gande N, Bernar B, Hochmayr C, Winder B, Geiger R, Griesmacher A, Egger AE, Pechlaner R, Kiechl S, Knoflach M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U. Diagnostic Yield of a Systematic Vascular Health Screening Approach in Adolescents at Schools. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:70-76. [PMID: 34930573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant proportion of noncommunicable diseases in adults has its roots in adolescence, and this is particularly true for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Detection of vascular and metabolic risk factors at young ages may aid disease prevention. METHODS In 2,088 adolescents sampled from the general population of Tyrol, Austria, and South Tyrol, Italy, we systematically assessed the frequency of yet unknown vascular and metabolic risk conditions that require further diagnostic workup or intervention (lifestyle counselling or pharmacotherapy). The health screening included medical history taking, fasting blood analysis, and blood pressure and body measurements and was performed at schools. To recruit a representative sample of adolescents, equal proportions (about 67%) of schools were invited per school type and region. RESULTS Adolescents were on average 16.4 (standard deviation 1.1) years old, and 56.4% were female. A proportion of 22.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.6-26.3) had previous or current physician-confirmed diseases. The health screening newly detected relevant medical conditions in 45.4% [95% CI, 41.5-49.4] (55.8% [95% CI, 52.7-58.7] in boys and 37.4% [95% CI, 35.0-39.8] in girls, p < .001). The most prevalent were elevated blood pressure and hypertension, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, and subclinical hypothyroidism. Detection of risk conditions did not depend on socioeconomic status but increased with age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Vascular health screening in adolescents at schools has a high diagnostic yield and may aid guideline-recommended prevention in the youth. Implementation should carefully consider national differences in healthcare systems, resources, and existing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Staudt
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Stock
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Gande
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benoît Bernar
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- The Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ZIMCL), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander E Egger
- The Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ZIMCL), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Kiechl SJ, Staudt A, Stock K, Gande N, Bernar B, Hochmayr C, Winder B, Geiger R, Griesmacher A, Anliker M, Kiechl S, Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M, Pechlaner R. Predictors of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Adolescents-The EVA-Tyrol Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020233. [PMID: 34482715 PMCID: PMC8649517 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease depends on the duration and time course of risk factor exposure. Previous reports on risk factors of progression of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in the young were mostly restricted to high-risk populations or susceptible to certain types of bias. We aimed to unravel a risk factor signature for early vessel pathology based on repeated ultrasound assessments of the carotid arteries in the general population. Methods and Results Risk factors were assessed in 956 adolescents sampled from the general population with a mean age of 15.8±0.9 years, 56.2% of whom were female. cIMT was measured at baseline and on average 22.5±3.4 months later by high-resolution ultrasound. Effects of baseline risk factors on cIMT progression were investigated using linear mixed models with multivariable adjustment for potential confounders, which yielded significant associations (given as increase in cIMT for a 1-SD higher baseline level) for alanine transaminase (5.5 μm; 95% CI: 1.5-9.5), systolic blood pressure (4.7 μm; 0.3-9.2), arterial hypertension (9.5 μm, 0.2-18.7), and non-high-density (4.5 μm; 0.7-8.4) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4.3 μm; 0.5-8.1). Conclusions Systolic blood pressure, arterial hypertension, low-density and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alanine transaminase predicted cIMT progression in adolescents, even though risk factor levels were predominantly within established reference ranges. These findings reemphasize the necessity to initiate prevention early in life and challenge the current focus of guideline recommendations on high-risk youngsters. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03929692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J. Kiechl
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,VASCageResearch Centre on Vascular Ageing and StrokeInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Staudt
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Katharina Stock
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Department of Pediatrics IIIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nina Gande
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Benoît Bernar
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Department of Pediatrics IMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph Hochmayr
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Bernhard Winder
- Department of Pediatrics IIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,VASCageResearch Centre on Vascular Ageing and StrokeInnsbruckAustria
| | - Ralf Geiger
- Department of Pediatrics IIIMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,VASCageResearch Centre on Vascular Ageing and StrokeInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Staudt A, Stock K, Gande N, Bernar B, Hochmayr C, Pechlaner R, Kiechl SJ, Geiger R, Griesmacher A, Anliker M, Kiechl S, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Knoflach M, Winder B, Reiter C, Burger C, Klingenschmid J, Marxer J, Asare M, Bock-Bartl M, Kothmayer M, Bohl M, Pircher M. Impact of lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors on early atherosclerosis in a large cohort of healthy adolescents: The Early Vascular Ageing (EVA)-Tyrol Study. Atherosclerosis 2020; 305:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine variation in reported quality and working conditions of pre-registration house officer (PRHO) posts. To use multilevel modelling to determine how much of the variation was due to the effects of consultant firms, hospitals, trusts and deaneries, as well as variation at the level of the individual doctor. DESIGN Questionnaire survey of national sample of PRHOs at the end of the pre-registration year. Multilevel modelling was carried out using MLwiN. SETTING PRHOs working in UK approved medical and surgical posts in NHS hospitals from August 1996 to January 1999. PARTICIPANTS One thousand, four-hundred and thirty-five PRHOs who had previously been part of an extended cohort study of medical student selection and training. They reported on a total of 4926 posts, on 2721 identifiable consultant firms, in 336 hospitals, in 264 trusts and in 17 deaneries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PRHOs' perceptions of the overall quality of all PRHO posts they had worked in, and working conditions in the current post. RESULTS Twenty percent of PRHO posts were described as excellent and 34% as very good, through to 6% reported as not very good, poor or bad. The overall rating of the post showed highly significant variation at the level of hospital/trust, and consultant firm. Other aspects of posts, such as working conditions showed variation at the level of deanery, trust, hospital and firms, with different patterns for the different measures. Assessments of stress in PRHOs (GHQ, burnout, response to uncertainty), and a desire to leave medicine, showed no variation at the level of deanery, trust, hospital or firm. CONCLUSION Some aspects of a PRHO post, in particular overall rated quality, but also many aspects of working conditions, show substantial variation at the level of hospital, trust and consultant firm, suggesting that differences reflect local variation in working practices and treatment of PRHOs, with the possibility of change and improvement. The lack of any variation at the level of deanery, trust, hospital or firm in stress of PRHOs suggests that these responses are idiosyncratic, individual responses by doctors themselves, rather than a general characteristic of posts, hospitals, trusts or deaneries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C McManus
- Academic Centre for Medical Education, Centre for Health Informatics and Multi-professional Education (CHIME), Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Leung WC, Jolly B, Murray E, McManus C, Winder B, Richards P. Clinical experience and performance in final examinations. West J Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7149.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
The attributes of 721 medical students admitted to the United Medical and Dental Schools (UMDS) of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK between the years 1991 and 1994 were examined to determine the relationship between A-level grade predictions (as completed on each student's UCAS form by their school/college at the time of their application to the school) and subsequent assessments of their academic ability and performance. Predicted A-level grades were found to be significantly, if weakly, correlated with the rating of academic ability made at interview by the UMDS interviewing panel. They were not however, related to the grades obtained by students in the A-level examination itself. Further, while success at pre-clinical examinations was predicted by obtained A-level grades, it showed no relationship with the predicted grades. In contrast, the interview-based rating of the applicant's academic potential was significantly predictive of subsequent A level and, to a lesser extent, pre-clinical examination performance. It is concluded that predicted A-level grades may not offer a valid method of assessing the academic potential of applicants for medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Richardson
- Division of Psychiatry and Psychology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe current enteral nutrition-prescribing practices for critically ill patients, and to identify factors associated with initiation of, and tolerance to, enteral nutrition. DESIGN A prospective, cohort study. SETTING Two tertiary care medical-surgical intensive care units (ICU) in Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS We enrolled 99 consecutive patients who were expected to stay in the ICU for > 3 days and who were unable to tolerate oral nutrition. We followed patients for 21 days or until they tolerated enteral nutrition, tolerated oral nutrition, were discharged from the ICU, or died. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We recorded time elapsed from ICU admission to initiation and tolerance of enteral feedings, and examined factors associated with these events. We defined tolerance as receiving 90% of estimated daily energy requirements for > 48 hrs without gastrointestinal dysfunction (i.e., high gastric residuals, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention). Seventy-three (74%) of 99 patients were started on enteral feedings an average 3.1 days (range 1 to 18) after ICU admission. Of 26 patients never started on enteral nutrition, three (12.5%) patients eventually tolerated oral nutrition, 14 (54.0%) patients were discharged from the ICU, and seven (27.0%) patients died. Reasons for not initiating enteral nutrition included absence of bowel sounds (27.0%), high nasogastric drainage (16.9%), contraindication to enteral nutrition (16.7%), tolerance of oral nutrition (6.8%), and no apparent reason (5.1%). Abdominal surgery, use of vasoactive drugs, and admission to one hospital made initiation of enteral nutrition less likely, whereas presence of bowel sounds and admission to the other hospital made initiation of enteral nutrition more likely. Thirty-five (42.9%) of 73 patients started on enteral nutrition achieved tolerance of the regimen. The average time from ICU admission to tolerance of feedings was 5.8 days (range 1 to 14). Once started on enteral nutrition, the most common reasons for decreasing or discontinuing feedings included high gastric residuals (51.0%), mechanical feeding tube problems (15.4%), medical or surgical procedures (5.4%), and vomiting (5.1%). Use of paralytic agents and the presence of high gastric residuals were associated with intolerance. Of 38 patients who did not achieve tolerance, 20 (52.6%) patients were discharged from the ICU, eight (21.0%) patients died, and eight (21.0%) patients eventually tolerated oral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Enteral nutrition is not started in all eligible ICU patients. Approximately half of those patients receiving enteral nutrition achieved tolerance of the regimen. Gastrointestinal dysfunction causing intolerance to enteral nutrition is a common reason for not starting, or discontinuing, feedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Heyland
- Department of Medicine, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Parker LM, Laurén DJ, Hammock BD, Winder B, Hinton DE. Biochemical and histochemical properties of hepatic tumors of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:211-7. [PMID: 8094646 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/14.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and histochemical studies were conducted in aflatoxin B1-induced liver tumors in adult rainbow trout. Specific activities of the phase I enzymes, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (mEH and cEH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and DT-diaphorase, and the phase II enzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), glutathione transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) were measured. Cryostat sections of tumor and surrounding liver from the same cohorts were analyzed immunohistochemically for cytochrome P450IA1 and histochemically for ALDH (benzaldehyde and hexanal), DT-diaphorase, gamma-GT and uridine diphosphoglucuronyl dehydrogenase (UDPGdH). In tumor tissues, the largest biochemical changes were found with benzaldehyde dehydrogenase, where activity increased from undetectable levels to 7.4 nmol/min/mg protein, and gamma-GT, where activity increased 12-fold over controls. Increases in other enzymes ranged from 1.26 to 2.84 times that of control liver, except EROD, which decreased, and cEH and mEH, which were unchanged. Histochemical analyses showed the induction of ALDH, gamma-GT, DT-diaphorase and UDPGdH, and the depression of cytochrome P450IA1 in hepatic neoplasms. In addition, marker enzyme histochemistry of neoplasms revealed heterogeneous populations of hepatocytes and absence of necrotic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Parker
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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