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Rossi G, Pengo G, Galosi L, Berardi S, Tambella AM, Attili AR, Gavazza A, Cerquetella M, Jergens AE, Guard BC, Lidbury JA, Stainer JM, Crovace AM, Suchodolski JS. Effects of the Probiotic Mixture Slab51® (SivoMixx®) as Food Supplement in Healthy Dogs: Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota, Clinical Parameters and Immune Function. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:613. [PMID: 33102555 PMCID: PMC7499176 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in several physiologic functions of the host. In humans and animals, manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by oral administration of probiotic lactic acid bacteria plays a significant role in modulating the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of the probiotic mixture Slab51® and the capacity of this mixture to stimulate immune function in healthy dogs. Twenty dogs were divided in two groups and received a control diet or the same diet supplemented with a dose of 400 billion cfu of lyophilized bacteria for a period of 60 days. Body weight, food intake, body condition score (BCS), fecal score (FSS), fecal immunoglobulin IgA concentration, plasma IgG concentration, and fecal microbiota composition were monitored. Weight, food intake, BCS, FSS, and biochemical parameters remained unchanged during the treatment in both groups of animals. The fecal microbiota showed a significant decrease in the abundance of Clostridium perfringens and a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus organisms (p < 0.05). Fecal IgA and plasma IgG levels were significantly higher in the group receiving the probiotic compared to healthy controls. These data show that dietary supplementation with the probiotic mixture Slab51® is safe and well-tolerated, modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and enhancing specific immune functions in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | | | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Sara Berardi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Adolfo Maria Tambella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Albert E Jergens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joerg M Stainer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alberto Maria Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation (DETO), Veterinary Clinic Section and Animal Production - Veterinary Hospital, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Pilla R, Gaschen FP, Barr JW, Olson E, Honneffer J, Guard BC, Blake AB, Villanueva D, Khattab MR, AlShawaqfeh MK, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1853-1866. [PMID: 32856349 PMCID: PMC7517498 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metronidazole has a substantial impact on the gut microbiome. However, the recovery of the microbiome after discontinuation of administration, and the metabolic consequences of such alterations have not been investigated to date. Objectives To describe the impact of 14‐day metronidazole administration, alone or in combination with a hydrolyzed protein diet, on fecal microbiome, metabolome, bile acids (BAs), and lactate production, and on serum metabolome in healthy dogs. Animals Twenty‐four healthy pet dogs. Methods Prospective, nonrandomized controlled study. Dogs fed various commercial diets were divided in 3 groups: control group (no intervention, G1); group receiving hydrolyzed protein diet, followed by metronidazole administration (G2); and group receiving metronidazole only (G3). Microbiome composition was evaluated with sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)‐based dysbiosis index. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of fecal and serum samples was performed, followed by targeted assays for fecal BAs and lactate. Results No changes were observed in G1, or G2 during diet change. Metronidazole significantly changed microbiome composition in G2 and G3, including decreases in richness (P < .001) and in key bacteria such as Fusobacteria (q < 0.001) that did not fully resolve 4 weeks after metronidazole discontinuation. Fecal dysbiosis index was significantly increased (P < .001). Those changes were accompanied by increased fecal total lactate (P < .001), and decreased secondary BAs deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid (P < .001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our results indicate a minimum 4‐week effect of metronidazole on fecal microbiome and metabolome, supporting a cautious approach to prescription of metronidazole in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Frederic P Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - James W Barr
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin Olson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julia Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda B Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dean Villanueva
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad R Khattab
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa K AlShawaqfeh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German-Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Chaitman J, Ziese AL, Pilla R, Minamoto Y, Blake AB, Guard BC, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS. Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs With Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:192. [PMID: 32363202 PMCID: PMC7182012 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to characterize differences in fecal consistency, and fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles in dogs with acute diarrhea (AD) treated with either fecal microbiota transplantation as enema (FMT; n = 11) or oral metronidazole (MET; n = 7) for 7 days. On days 0, 7, and 28 fecal samples were obtained. Fecal samples from healthy dogs (HC; n = 14) were used for comparison. Samples were analyzed by the previously validated qPCR based canine Dysbiosis Index (DI; increased values indicate microbiota dysbiosis) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The fecal metabolome was analyzed using a previously validated targeted canine assay for fecal unconjugated bile acids, and untargeted metabolomics. Fecal consistency improved significantly in dogs treated with FMT and MET by day 7 and day 28 (p < 0.01) compared to day 0. However, on day 28 fecal consistency was significantly better in FMT compared to MET (p = 0.040). At day 0, dogs with AD had an altered microbiota indicated by significantly increased DI, decreased alpha-diversity, and altered beta-diversity. In the FMT group, the DI decreased over time, while MET led to a significant increase in the dysbiosis index at day 7 and 28 compared to FMT. Sequencing data revealed that in FMT microbial diversity and beta-diversity was similar to HC at day 28, while in MET these parameters were still significantly different from HC. In dogs treated with FMT, a decrease in cholic acid and the percentage of primary bile acids was observed, whereas treatment with metronidazole led to an increase in cholic acid at day 7 and an increase in percentage of primary bile acids over time. Based on untargeted metabolomics, dogs with AD had an altered fecal metabolome compared to HC. Dogs treated with FMT clustered closer to HC at day 28, while dogs treated with MET did not. In this pilot study, dogs with AD had significant differences in fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles. Dogs treated with MET still had altered microbial and metabolic profiles at day 28 compared to dogs treated with FMT or healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chaitman
- Veterinary Internal Medicine and Allergy Specialists, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna-Lena Ziese
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yasushi Minamoto
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amanda B Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Anitah Isaiah
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Blake AB, Guard BC, Honneffer JB, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Altered microbiota, fecal lactate, and fecal bile acids in dogs with gastrointestinal disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224454. [PMID: 31671166 PMCID: PMC6822739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in health and disease and produces, through fermentative reactions, several metabolic products, such as lactate, that can affect the host. The microbiota also interacts with and metabolizes compounds produced by the host, such as primary bile acids. Lactate and bile acids (BA) are of particular interest in gastrointestinal diseases because they have been associated with metabolic acidosis and bile acid diarrhea, respectively. The objectives of this study were to validate an enzymatic assay to quantify D-, L-, and total lactate in canine feces, and to characterize fecal lactate and BA concentrations as well as bacterial abundances in healthy dogs and dogs with gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal samples were collected from 34 healthy dogs, 15 dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE), and 36 dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Lactate was quantified with an enzymatic assay, BA with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 11 bacterial groups with qPCR. A fecal lactate reference interval was established from 34 healthy dogs and was 0.7–1.4 mM, 0.3–6.0 mM, and 1.0–7.0 mM for D-, L-, and total lactate, respectively. The assay to measure D-, L-, and total lactate in canine fecal samples was linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible. Significant increases in fecal lactate and decreases in secondary BA concentrations were observed in dogs with CE and dogs with EPI. Dogs with EPI had an increased abundance of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium; a decreased abundance of Fusobacterium and Clostridium hiranonis; and a higher Dysbiosis Index when compared to healthy dogs. Further studies are necessary to determine the clinical utility of lactate and BA quantification in canine feces. These metabolites suggest functional alterations of intestinal dysbiosis and may become promising targets for further elucidating the role of the microbiota in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
| | - Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia B. Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pilla R, Guard BC, Steiner JM, Gaschen FP, Olson E, Werling D, Allenspach K, Salavati Schmitz S, Suchodolski JS. Administration of a Synbiotic Containing Enterococcus faecium Does Not Significantly Alter Fecal Microbiota Richness or Diversity in Dogs With and Without Food-Responsive Chronic Enteropathy. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:277. [PMID: 31552278 PMCID: PMC6735529 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) are a group of intestinal diseases that can be categorized based on treatment response into diet- or food- responsive enteropathy (FRD), antibiotic-responsive enteropathy, steroid-responsive enteropathy, and non-responsive enteropathy. CE can often be associated with intestinal dysbiosis and thus administration of probiotic or synbiotic products may provide a useful tool for the management of some of these patients. Enterococcus faecium (EF) is a probiotic strain included in a commercially available synbiotic for small animals, however its impact on the microbial communities in dogs with FRD has not yet been evaluated. Hypothesis/Objectives: The administration of a synbiotic will lead to a significant difference of the fecal microbial composition and/or diversity in dogs with FRD, and these changes are not attributable to diet change alone. Animals/Samples: Twelve dogs with FRD fed a hydrolyzed protein diet received either a synbiotic (EF, fructooligosaccharides, gum Arabic) or placebo. Fecal samples were taken before and 6 weeks into treatment. Fecal samples were also acquired from 8 healthy dogs before and 6 weeks after being switched to the same hydrolyzed protein diet as their sole food. Methods: Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples and next generation sequencing based on the 16S rRNA genes was performed. Microbial composition and diversity between groups were compared using QIIME. Results: There was a small increase in species diversity in the feces of dogs with FRD treated with synbiotics. However, there were no significant differences in microbial community composition before and after 6 weeks in either the synbiotic or placebo treated dogs with FRD or the healthy dogs. In all groups, large individual variations were observed. Conclusions: No changes in microbial composition were observed in diseased or healthy dogs with diet change alone. However, administration of a synbiotic increased bacterial richness in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Frederic P Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Erin Olson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Silke Salavati Schmitz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Jergens AE, Guard BC, Redfern A, Rossi G, Mochel JP, Pilla R, Chandra L, Seo YJ, Steiner JM, Lidbury J, Allenspach K, Suchodolski J. Microbiota-Related Changes in Unconjugated Fecal Bile Acids Are Associated With Naturally Occurring, Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:199. [PMID: 31316997 PMCID: PMC6610424 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) in humans has recently been associated with altered intestinal microbiota. The consequences of intestinal dysbiosis, such as increased intestinal permeability and altered microbial metabolites, are suspected to contribute to the host inflammatory state and peripheral insulin resistance. Human diabetics have been shown to have changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism which may be detrimental to glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to examine BA metabolism in dogs with naturally-occurring, insulin-dependent DM and to relate these findings to changes in the intestinal microbiota. A prospective observational study of adult dogs with a clinical diagnosis of DM (n = 10) and healthy controls (HC, n = 10) was performed. The fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene next-generation (Illumina) sequencing. Concentrations of fecal unconjugated BA (fUBA) were measured using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Analysis of bacterial communities showed no significant difference for any of the alpha-diversity measures between DM vs. HC dogs. Principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted Unifrac distance metric failed to show significant clustering between dog groups (ANOSIMUnweighted: R = 0.084; p = 0.114). However, linear discriminate analysis effects size (LEfSe) detected differentially abundant bacterial taxa (α = 0.01, LDA score >2.0) on various phylogenetic levels. While Enterobacteriaceae was overrepresented in dogs with DM, the proportions of Erysipelotrichia, Mogibacteriaceae, and Anaeroplasmataceae were increased in HC dogs. Dogs with DM had increased concentration of total primary fUBA compared to HC dogs (p = 0.028). The concentrations of cholic acid and the cholic acid percentage of the total fUBA were increased (p = 0.028 and p = 0.035, respectively) in the feces of DM dogs relative to HC dogs. The levels of lithocholic acid (both absolute value and percentage of the total fUBA) were decreased (p = 0.043 and p < 0.01, respectively) in DM dogs vs. HC dogs. Results indicate that dogs with DM have both intestinal dysbiosis and associated fUBA alterations. The pattern of dysbiosis and altered BA composition is similar to that seen in humans with Type 2 DM. The dog represents a novel large animal model for advancing translational medicine research efforts (e.g., investigating pathogenesis and therapeutics) in DM affecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alana Redfern
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lawrance Chandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Guard BC, Honneffer JB, Jergens AE, Jonika MM, Toresson L, Lawrence YA, Webb CB, Hill S, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1295-1305. [PMID: 30957301 PMCID: PMC6524081 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence from human studies suggests that bile acid dysmetabolism might play a role in various human chronic gastrointestinal diseases. It is unknown whether fecal bile acid dysmetabolism occurs in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CE). Objective To assess microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acids (fUBA), and disease activity in dogs with steroid‐responsive CE. Animals Twenty‐four healthy control dogs and 23 dogs with steroid‐responsive CE. Methods In this retrospective study, fUBA were measured and analyzed. Fecal microbiota were assessed using a dysbiosis index. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index was used to evaluate remission of clinical signs. This was a multi‐institutional study where dogs with steroid‐responsive CE were evaluated over time. Results The dysbiosis index was increased in dogs with CE (median, 2.5; range, −6.2 to 6.5) at baseline compared with healthy dogs (median, −4.5; range, −6.5 to −2.6; P = .002) but did not change in dogs with CE over time. Secondary fUBA were decreased in dogs with CE (median, 29%; range, 1%‐99%) compared with healthy dogs (median, 88%; 4%‐96%; P = .049). The percent of secondary fUBA in dogs with CE increased from baseline values (median, 28%; range, 1%‐99%) after 2‐3 months of treatment (median, 94%; range, 1%‐99%; P = 0.0183). Conclusions and Clinical Importance These findings suggest that corticosteroids regulate fecal bile acids in dogs with CE. Additionally, resolution of clinical activity index in dogs with therapeutically managed CE and bile acid dysmetabolism are likely correlated. However, subclinical disease (i.e., microbial dysbiosis) can persist in dogs with steroid‐responsive CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julia B Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michelle M Jonika
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Linda Toresson
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden.,Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuri A Lawrence
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Craig B Webb
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steve Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Alexander C, Guard BC, Suchodolski JS, Swanson KS. Cholestyramine decreases apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and alters fecal characteristics and metabolites of healthy adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1020-1026. [PMID: 30423121 PMCID: PMC6396232 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine is dependent on the emulsification by bile acids (BA) and the formation of chylomicrons. Cholestyramine is a common drug used in humans-and potentially dogs-to treat BA malabsorption associated with chronic diarrhea. It is known to bind BA to form insoluble complexes, preventing their reabsorption and possibly proper emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cholestyramine on 1) macronutrient apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and 2) fecal characteristics and metabolites of healthy adult dogs. We hypothesized that cholestyramine would decrease ATTD of fat and organic matter (OM), increase fecal dry matter (DM) content, and increase fecal output. Twelve healthy beagles (3.2 ± 0.8 yr; 10.4 ± 0.9 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before the study. The study included a baseline period and two 14-d experimental periods separated by a 14-d washout. All dogs were fed the same experimental diet, formulated to meet all nutrient needs recommended by AAFCO, throughout the study. Dogs were randomized into 2 groups [diet only (control) or diet + 11.4 g/d cholestyramine (8 g/d active ingredient)] in Period 1 and received the other treatment in Period 2. During the washout, all dogs were fed the diet only. Dogs were fed once daily (0800 h) to maintain BW. Total fecal output was collected during the last 4 d of each period for ATTD analysis. On day 14 of each of period, fresh fecal and blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Dogs fed cholestyramine had lower (P < 0.001) ATTD of DM, OM, energy, crude protein, and fat and lower (P < 0.01) fecal scores (firmer stools) than controls. Dogs fed cholestyramine had greater (P < 0.01) as-is and dry fecal output than controls. Dogs fed cholestyramine had lower (P < 0.05) fecal ammonia and phenol concentrations, but greater (P < 0.05) fecal indole, acetate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations than controls. Fecal DM% and pH were greater (P < 0.01) in dogs fed cholestyramine. Our results indicate that cholestyramine, when given with a meal, is safe and well tolerated but significantly decreases nutrient digestibility and alters fecal characteristics. Future studies are required to explore the effects of cholestyramine on dogs with gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alexander
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Animal Sciences Laboratory, Urbana, IL
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Animal Sciences Laboratory, Urbana, IL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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9
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Giaretta PR, Rech RR, Guard BC, Blake AB, Blick AK, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Cook AK, Hanifeh M, Spillmann T, Kilpinen S, Syrjä P, Suchodolski JS. Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1918-1926. [PMID: 30315593 PMCID: PMC6271328 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal absorption of bile acids is mediated by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). Fecal bile acid dysmetabolism has been reported in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). OBJECTIVE Characterization of ASBT distribution along the intestinal tract of control dogs and comparison to dogs with CIE. ANIMALS Twenty-four dogs with CIE and 11 control dogs. METHODS The ASBT mRNA and protein expression were assessed using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The concentrations of fecal bile acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fecal microbiota dysbiosis index was assessed with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction panel. RESULTS In control dogs, ASBT mRNA expression was observed in enterocytes in all analyzed intestinal segments, with highest expression in the ileum. The ASBT protein expression was restricted to enterocytes in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Dogs with CIE had significantly decreased expression of ASBT protein in the ileum (P = .001), which was negatively correlated with histopathological score (ρ = -0.40; Pcorr = .049). Additionally, dogs with CIE had a significantly increased percentage of primary bile acids in feces compared to controls (P = .04). The fecal dysbiosis index was significantly higher in dogs with CIE than in control dogs (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These findings indicate that ileal protein expression of ASBT is downregulated in dogs with CIE. This change may be linked to the inflammatory process, intestinal dysbiosis, and fecal bile acid dysmetabolism observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Giaretta
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Raquel R. Rech
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Amanda B. Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Anna K. Blick
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Audrey K. Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Mohsen Hanifeh
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Susanne Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pernilla Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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10
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Schmidt M, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS, Honneffer JB, Guard BC, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Fritz J, Kölle P. The fecal microbiome and metabolome differs between dogs fed Bones and Raw Food (BARF) diets and dogs fed commercial diets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201279. [PMID: 30110340 PMCID: PMC6093636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feeding a Bones and Raw Food (BARF) diet has become an increasing trend in canine nutrition. Bones and Raw Food diets contain a high amount of animal components like meat, offal, and raw meaty bones, combined with comparatively small amounts of plant ingredients like vegetables and fruits as well as different sorts of oil and supplements. While many studies have focused on transmission of pathogens via contaminated meat and on nutritional imbalances, only few studies have evaluated the effect of BARF diets on the fecal microbiome and metabolome. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in the fecal microbiome and the metabolome between dogs on a BARF diet and dogs on a commercial diet (canned and dry dog food). METHODS Naturally passed fecal samples were obtained from 27 BARF and 19 commercially fed dogs. Differences in crude protein, fat, fiber, and NFE (Nitrogen-Free Extract) between diets were calculated with a scientific nutrient database. The fecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR assays. The fecal metabolome was analyzed in 10 BARF and 9 commercially fed dogs via untargeted metabolomics approach. RESULTS Dogs in the BARF group were fed a significantly higher amount of protein and fat and significantly lower amount of NFE and fiber. There was no significant difference in alpha-diversity measures between diet groups. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in beta-diversity (p < 0.01) between both groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) showed a higher abundance of Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium and, Clostridium in the BARF group while conventionally fed dogs had a higher abundance of Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. The qPCR assays revealed significantly higher abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridium (C.). perfringens and an increased Dysbiosis Index in the BARF group. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of metabolomics data showed clustering between diet groups. Random forest analysis showed differences in the abundance of various components, including increased 4-hydroxybutryric acid (GBH) and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the BARF group. Based on univariate statistics, several metabolites were significantly different between diet groups, but lost significance after adjusting for multiple comparison. No differences were found in fecal bile acid concentrations, but the BARF group had a higher fecal concentration of cholesterol in their feces compared to conventionally fed dogs. CONCLUSION Microbial communities and metabolome vary significantly between BARF and commercially fed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schmidt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia B. Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Fritz
- Napfcheck, small animal nutrition consultation, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kölle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Recent molecular studies have revealed a complex microbiota in the dog intestine. Convincing evidence has been reported linking changes in microbial communities to acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, especially in canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most common microbial changes observed in intestinal inflammation are decreases in the bacterial phyla Firmicutes (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and ) and Bacteroidetes, with concurrent increases in Proteobacteria (i.e., ). Due to the important role of microbial-derived metabolites for host health, it is important to elucidate the metabolic consequences of gastrointestinal dysbiosis and physiological pathways implicated in specific disease phenotypes. Metagenomic studies have used shotgun sequencing of DNA as well as phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) to characterize functional changes in the bacterial metagenome in gastrointestinal disease. Furthermore, wide-scale and untargeted measurements of metabolic products derived by the host and the microbiota in intestinal samples allow a better understanding of the functional alterations that occur in gastrointestinal disease. For example, changes in bile acid metabolism and tryptophan catabolism recently have been reported in humans and dogs. Also, metabolites associated with the pentose phosphate pathway were significantly altered in chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and indicate the presence of oxidative stress in dogs with IBD. This review focuses on the advancements made in canine metagenomics and metabolomics and their implications in understanding gastrointestinal disease as well as the development of better treatment approaches.
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Guard BC, Mila H, Steiner JM, Mariani C, Suchodolski JS, Chastant-Maillard S. Characterization of the fecal microbiome during neonatal and early pediatric development in puppies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175718. [PMID: 28448583 PMCID: PMC5407640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available describing the development of the neonatal fecal microbiome in dogs. Feces from puppies were collected at 2, 21, 42, and 56 days after birth. Feces were also collected from the puppies’ mothers at a single time point within 24 hours after parturition. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and 454-pyrosequencing was used to profile 16S rRNA genes. Species richness continued to increase significantly from 2 days of age until 42 days of age in puppies. Furthermore, microbial communities clustered separately from each other at 2, 21, and 42 days of age. The microbial communities belonging to dams clustered separately from that of puppies at any given time point. Major phylogenetic changes were noted at all taxonomic levels with the most profound changes being a shift from primarily Firmicutes in puppies at 2 days of age to a co-dominance of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes by 21 days of age. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between puppy microbiota development, physiological growth, neonatal survival, and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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13
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Guard BC, Barr JW, Reddivari L, Klemashevich C, Jayaraman A, Steiner JM, Vanamala J, Suchodolski JS. Characterization of microbial dysbiosis and metabolomic changes in dogs with acute diarrhea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127259. [PMID: 26000959 PMCID: PMC4441376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding the metabolic consequences of intestinal dysbiosis in dogs with acute onset of diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fecal microbiome, fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as serum and urine metabolites in healthy dogs (n=13) and dogs with acute diarrhea (n=13). The fecal microbiome, SCFAs, and serum/urine metabolite profiles were characterized by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes, GC/MS, and untargeted and targeted metabolomics approach using UPLC/MS and HPLC/MS, respectively. Significantly lower bacterial diversity was observed in dogs with acute diarrhea in regards to species richness, chao1, and Shannon index (p=0.0218, 0.0176, and 0.0033; respectively). Dogs with acute diarrhea had significantly different microbial communities compared to healthy dogs (unweighted Unifrac distances, ANOSIM p=0.0040). While Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium, and an unclassified genus within Ruminococcaceae were underrepresented, the genus Clostridium was overrepresented in dogs with acute diarrhea. Concentrations of fecal propionic acid were significantly decreased in acute diarrhea (p=0.0033), and were correlated to a decrease in Faecalibacterium (ρ=0.6725, p=0.0332). The predicted functional gene content of the microbiome (PICRUSt) revealed overrepresentations of genes for transposase enzymes as well as methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins in acute diarrhea. Serum concentrations of kynurenic acid and urine concentrations of 2-methyl-1H-indole and 5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde were significantly decreased in acute diarrhea (p=0.0048, 0.0185, and 0.0330, respectively). These results demonstrate that the fecal dysbiosis present in acute diarrhea is associated with altered systemic metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James W. Barr
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairam Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sattasathuchana P, Grützner N, Lopes R, Guard BC, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Stability of 3-bromotyrosine in serum and serum 3-bromotyrosine concentrations in dogs with gastrointestinal diseases. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:5. [PMID: 25595676 PMCID: PMC4299803 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 3-Bromotyrosine (3-BrY) is a stable product of eosinophil peroxidase and may serve as a marker of eosinophil activation. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method to measure 3-BrY concentrations in serum from dogs has recently been established and analytically validated. The aims of this study were to determine the stability of 3-BrY in serum, to determine the association between peripheral eosinophil counts and the presence of an eosinophilic infiltrate in the gastrointestinal tract, and to compare serum 3-BrY concentrations in healthy dogs (n = 52) and dogs with eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE; n = 27), lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (LPE; n = 25), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI; n = 26), or pancreatitis (n = 27). Results Serum 3-BrY concentrations were stable for up to 8, 30, and 180 days at 4°C, −20°C, and −80°C, respectively. There was no significant association between peripheral eosinophil count and the presence of eosinophils in the GI tissues (P = 0.1733). Serum 3-BrY concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with EGE (median [range] = 5.04 [≤0.63-26.26] μmol/L), LPE (median [range] = 3.60 [≤0.63-15.67] μmol/L), and pancreatitis (median [range] = 1.49 [≤0.63-4.46] μmol/L) than in healthy control dogs (median [range] = ≤0.63 [≤0.63-1.79] μmol/L; P < 0.0001), whereas concentrations in dogs with EPI (median [range] = 0.73 [≤0.63-4.59] μmol/L) were not different compared to healthy control dogs. Conclusions The present study revealed that 3-BrY concentrations were stable in serum when refrigerated and frozen. No relationship between peripheral eosinophil count and the presence of eosinophils infiltration in the GI tissues was found in this study. In addition, serum 3-BrY concentrations were increased in dogs with EGE, but also in dogs with LPE and pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to determine whether measurement of 3-BrY concentrations in serum may be useful to assess patients with suspected or confirmed EGE or LPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. .,Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. .,Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Swine, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Rosana Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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15
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Abstract
A number of methods exist by which the pH of local anaesthetic solutions may be increased. Most commonly, these require the addition of differing amounts of sodium bicarbonate solution according to the local anaesthetic drugs. Sodium bicarbonate (1%) was titrated against pH in six commonly used local anaesthetic solutions. Titration curves of pH and volume of sodium bicarbonate solution added are shown for this group of local anaesthetics. This study demonstrates that 1 mL of 1% sodium bicarbonate solution may be used to alkalinize this range of local anaesthetics without the risk of precipitation. We also conclude that Ropivacaine (at concentration 0.75% and 1.0%), is unsuitable for alkalinization since it precipitates at a pH of 6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q J Milner
- Department of Anaesthesia, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Gayton Road, Kings Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
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16
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Guard BC, Sikich N, Lerman J, Levine M. Maintenance and recovery characteristics after sevoflurane or propofol during ambulatory surgery in children with epidural blockade. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:1072-8. [PMID: 10021955 DOI: 10.1007/bf03012394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the maintenance and recovery characteristics after sevoflurane with those after propofol in children with epidural blockade. METHODS Fifty unpremedicated, children ASA I-II, 2-8 yr of age, scheduled for elective urological surgery as outpatients, were randomly allocated to receive either: 1) sevoflurane for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia or 2) propofol for induction (2-3 mg.kg-1 i.v.) and for maintenance (5-10 mg.kg-1.hr-1 i.v.). All children received N2O 70% in oxygen before induction and throughout the anaesthetic, rocuronium for neuromuscular blockade and a lumbar or caudal epidural block before incision. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), recovery times and all side effects during maintenance and recovery were recorded by a blinded observer. Adverse events during the first 24 hr were also recorded. RESULTS Mean HR increased 5-10% after induction in both groups reaching a maximum by five minutes. Heart rate returned to baseline by skin incision in the sevoflurane group and by 10 min after induction in the propofol group. During maintenance, HR decreased by 10-20% below baseline values by 20 min in the propofol group only, where it remained for the remainder of the anaesthetic. Similarly, SBP increased by 10% after induction of anaesthesia in both groups, but returned to baseline by 10 min. Light anaesthesia occurred in four (16%) children, all in the propofol group. Emergence and recovery indices were similar in the two groups. DISCUSSION Sevoflurane and propofol exhibit similar maintenance and recovery profiles when combined with epidural analgesia in children undergoing ambulatory surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Guard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Abstract
In order to evaluate the contribution of tubal spasm to pelvic pain following laparoscopic sterilisation, we have studied the effect of glycopyrrolate, an anticholinergic agent with antispasmodic properties, on 60 ASA 1 and 2 patients presenting as day-cases for laparoscopic sterilisation using Filshie clips. In a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial, patients received either glycopyrrolate 0.3 mg or saline intravenously prior to induction of anaesthesia. Compared with the control group, patients receiving glycopyrrolate had significantly reduced immediate postoperative pain scores (p < 0.02) and required significantly less postoperative morphine (p < 0.01). Nausea, vomiting and anti-emetic requirements were also reduced though not significantly. We conclude that glycopyrrolate 0.3 mg at induction of anaesthesia is an effective method of improving the quality of recovery after day-case laparoscopic sterilisation using clips.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Guard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Ipswich Hospital, Suffolk
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