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Reid AE, Eamiello ML, Mah A, Dixon-Gordon KL, Lickel B, Markowitz E, Nteta TM, Ginn J, Suh SM. Individual-Community Misalignment in Partisan Identity Predicts Distancing From Norms During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 2023; 14:539-550. [PMID: 37220499 PMCID: PMC10195689 DOI: 10.1177/19485506221121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether misalignment between an individual and their community in partisan identity predicted psychological and behavioral distancing from local COVID-19 norms. A nationally representative sample of Republicans and Democrats provided longitudinal data in April (N = 3,492) and June 2020 (N = 2,649). Democrats in Republican communities reported especially heightened better-than-average estimates, perceiving themselves as more adherent to and approving of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI; e.g., mask wearing) than their community. Democrats'better-than-average estimates reflected high approval and behavior in Republican communities and substantial norm underestimation. Republicans in Democratic communities did not evidence worse-than-average estimates. In longitudinal models, injunctive norms only predicted NPI behavior when individual and community partisan identity were aligned. The strong personal approval-behavior association did not depend on misalignment; there were no effects of descriptive norms. Normative messages may have limited efficacy for a sizable subpopulation in politically polarized contexts, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Mah
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joel Ginn
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
| | - Se Min Suh
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
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2
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Ginn J, Lickel B. Getting the message across: flexitarians as messengers for meat reduction. The Journal of Social Psychology 2022; 163:335-353. [PMID: 36271819 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2136059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite a consensus among climate scientists on the impact of meat consumption on climate change, this has not yet had a significant impact on dietary attitudes and behavior in the broader public. Recent efforts to address this have focused on reduction of meat consumption (e.g., flexitarianism, reducetarianism) rather than elimination of meat consumption. This reduction-rather-than-elimination approach may have positive effects on how far messages about meat consumption will spread in a social network, reaching more people with therefore a potentially greater impact. To better understand the potential impact of such message, three studies compared reduction versus vegetarian messages that were provided by a person who reduces their meat consumption versus a vegetarian. Overall, reduction focused messages and messengers result in greater acceptance of the message and higher willingness to share the message with others compared to a strictly vegetarian message/messenger.
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3
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Abstract
In social movements, activists may belong to either the disadvantaged or the advantaged group (e.g., Black racial justice activists or White racial justice activists). Across three experimental survey studies, we examined the content of these stereotypes by asking participants to freely generate a list of characteristics to describe each target group-a classic paradigm in stereotype research. Specifically, we examined the stereotypes applied to Black and White activists within racial justice movements (Study 1, n = 154), female and male activists within feminist movements (Study 2, n =134), and LBGT and straight activists within Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender movements (Study 3, n =156). We found that the "activist" category was consistently differentiated into subcategories based on group status: Disadvantaged group activists were stereotyped as strong and aggressive, whereas advantaged group activists were stereotyped as altruistic and superficial. These findings underscore the importance of considering status differences to understand the social perception of activists.
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4
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Suh SM, Chapman DA, Lickel B. The role of psychological research in understanding and responding to links between climate change and conflict. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 42:43-48. [PMID: 33866229 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of climate change on social conflict and violence is of increasing concern. The significant risk that climate change poses for human conflict has driven scholars to investigate the processes underlying the relationship. Although climate change may not directly cause conflict, heat waves and extreme weather events could amplify interpersonal violence, and climate change consequences (i.e. economic deprivation and migration) could also intensify intergroup conflict. However, psychological research is weakly integrated with this literature, and interdisciplinary efforts are needed to uncover the underpinnings of the relationship between climate change and conflict. In particular, psychological research on intergroup threat, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and culture can provide valuable insights into understanding and responding to climate-induced conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Min Suh
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel A Chapman
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg Public Policy Center, 202 S 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Yale Law School, Cultural Cognition Project, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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5
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Mah AYJ, Chapman DA, Markowitz EM, Lickel B. Coping with climate change: Three insights for research, intervention, and communication to promote adaptive coping to climate change. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 75:102282. [PMID: 32781413 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Climate change poses a major threat to human well-being and will be the root cause of a variety of stressors in coming decades. Psychologists have an important role to play in developing interventions and communication strategies to help people understand and cope with climate change impacts. Through a review of the literature, we identify three guiding insights for strategies to promote adaptive coping and resilience to climate change stress. First, it is unlikely that one single "correct" or "best" way of communicating about adaptive coping with climate change exists, but there are established best practices communicators can follow. Second, in implementing these best practices, practitioners must attend to the impact of variability in the nature of different kinds of stress caused by climate change, as well as individual differences in how people chronically respond to stressors. Third, because individuals, communities, and ecosystems are interconnected, work on adaptive coping to climate change must address individual coping in the context of community and ecosystem resilience. These insights from psychological science can be leveraged to promote human flourishing despite increasing stressors posed by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y J Mah
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Environmental Conservation, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Daniel A Chapman
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg Public Policy Center, 202 S 36thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Yale Law School, Cultural Cognition Project, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ezra M Markowitz
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Environmental Conservation, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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6
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B, Jetten J. Collective psychological ownership and the rise of reactionary counter-movements defending the status quo. Br J Soc Psychol 2020; 60:587-609. [PMID: 32949026 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Social movements pushing for social change are often met with reactionary counter-movements that defend the status quo. The present research examined this interplay by focusing on the role of racial majority group members claiming collective psychological ownership. We examined collective ownership that stems from being native to the land and from being founders of the nation. Study 1 found that in Malaysia, the Malay majority group endorsed more native ownership than Chinese and Indian minorities, which in turn predicted greater threat in response to protests demanding electoral reforms and subsequently greater support for a reactionary pro-government movement. Situated in the United States, Study 2 found that the more that White Americans endorsed founder ownership beliefs, the more they reported negative attitudes towards the Black Lives Matter protests, which in turn predicted more support for White nationalistic counter-protests. This effect was stronger among White people compared to people of colour. Study 3 examined both founder and native ownership in Australia. Founder (but not native) ownership beliefs predicted more negative attitudes towards Invasion Day protests, which subsequently predicted more support for counter-protests defending Australia Day celebrations. Implications of culture-specific beliefs about collective ownership for social movement research are discussed.
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7
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B, Dasgupta N. An integrative framework on the impact of allies: How identity‐based needs influence intergroup solidarity and social movements. Eur J Soc Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Preya Selvanathan
- The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
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8
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Uluğ ÖM, Lickel B, Leidner B, Hirschberger G. How do conflict narratives shape conflict- and peace-related outcomes among majority group members? The role of competitive victimhood in intractable conflicts. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220915771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in the Turkish–Kurdish conflict context highlighted two opposing conflict narratives: (a) a terrorism narrative and (b) an independence narrative. In this article, we argue that these narratives are relevant to protracted and asymmetrical intergroup conflict (e.g., independence struggles), and therefore have consequences for conflict- and peace-related outcomes regardless of conflict contexts. We tested this generalizability hypothesis in parallel studies in the context of Turkish–Kurdish (Study 1) and Israeli–Palestinian relations (Study 2) among majority group members (Turks and Jewish Israelis, respectively). We also investigated competitive victimhood as a potential mediating variable in the relationship between conflict narratives on the one side and support for non-violent conflict resolution, forgiveness, and support for aggressive policies on the other, in parallel studies with the two aforementioned contexts. We argue that the terrorism narrative is essentially a negation of the narrative of the other group, and the independence narrative is a consideration of that narrative; therefore, competitive victimhood would be lower/higher when the narrative of the other is acknowledged/denied. Results point to the crucial relationship between endorsing conflict narratives and conflict- and peace-related outcomes through competitive victimhood, and to the possibility that these conflict narratives may show some similarities across different conflict contexts.
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Abstract
Emotions play an important role in conflict and aggression between groups. Two studies examined the link between temporal focus (past vs. future) and emotion (anger vs. fear) in the context of the threat of terrorism. Study 1 showed that manipulating emotion (fear vs. anger) in the context of terrorist threat against the United States induced different temporal foci. Fear elicited a future focus, whereas anger elicited a past focus. Study 2 manipulated temporal focus (past vs. future) and showed an increase in anger versus fear, respectively. These concordant emotional responses predicted support for intergroup aggression, as did political conservatism and beliefs in American superiority. Anger, but not fear, mediated the effect of past versus future framing on support for aggression. These results support temporal focus as a previously unconsidered but important determinant of the link between emotions and support for intergroup aggression.
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10
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B. A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus: The proximal impact of collective action on the social change attitudes of uninvolved bystanders. J Soc Polit Psych 2019. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social movements often use protests and other collective actions to draw public attention to their cause, yet the psychological reactions to such actions from their targeted audience is not well understood. This research investigates uninvolved bystanders’ immediate responses to collective action using a quasi-experimental field study designed around a racial justice protest that took place at a large public university in the United States. We surveyed two student samples exactly one week apart at the same time and location, first in the absence of protest and then again at the time of a racial justice protest (Total N = 240). We found that participants who believed that racism was not a problem on campus had more negative attitudes toward racial justice protests and protesters, as well as lower support for anti-racist efforts on campus on the day of the protest, compared to the day without a protest. These findings provide initial evidence that a protest encounter may trigger a backlash effect amongst those who have the most resistant attitudes toward social change.
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11
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Selvanathan HP, Khoo YH, Lickel B. The role of movement leaders in building intergroup solidarity for social change: A case of the electoral reform movement in Malaysia. Eur J Soc Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Preya Selvanathan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - Ying Hooi Khoo
- International and Strategic Studies University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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12
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Kardos P, Leidner B, Castano E, Lickel B. The benefits of collective responsibility: How ingroup reputation concern motivates prosociality in intergroup contexts. Eur J Soc Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emanuele Castano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali; Università degli Studi di Bergamo; Italy
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts USA
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13
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Adelman L, Yogeeswaran K, Lickel B. They're all the same, sometimes: Prejudicial attitudes toward Muslims influence motivated judgments of entitativity and collective responsibility for an individual's actions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate C. Carnes
- Psychology Department, California State University, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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15
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B. Empowerment and threat in response to mass protest shape public support for a social movement and social change: A panel study in the context of the Bersih movement in Malaysia. Eur J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Preya Selvanathan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
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16
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Hässler T, González R, Lay S, Lickel B, Zagefka H, Tropp LR, Brown R, Manzi Astudillo J, Bernardino M. With a little help from our friends: The impact of cross-group friendship on acculturation preferences. Eur J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto González
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Siugmin Lay
- Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Linda R. Tropp
- University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts USA
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Steele RR, Rovenpor DR, Lickel B, Denson TF. Emotion regulation and prejudice reduction following acute terrorist events: The impact of reflection before and after the Boston Marathon bombings. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217706182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that regulating negative emotional responses to threatening events can help reduce outgroup bias. The present research examined the effect of emotion regulation strategies on outgroup bias during relatively benign versus threatening time periods. Participants were assigned to regulate their emotions (reflection, rumination, or control) while reading a reminder of a past terrorist event and then reported their anger and bias toward Muslims. The bombings at the 2013 Boston Marathon occurred during data collection, which allowed us to examine the effect of emotion regulation on bias before versus after these events via a 3 (emotion regulation) x 2 (timing of bombings) between-subjects design. A two-way interaction between emotion regulation condition and timing emerged on bias and anger. Reflection (compared to rumination or control) reduced bias and anger toward Muslims but only after the bombings. The reduction in anger mediated the effect of reflection on bias only after the bombings. The results provide evidence that reflection is effective at reducing bias when people are experiencing an intense outgroup threat.
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18
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González R, Lickel B, Gupta M, Tropp LR, Luengo Kanacri BP, Mora E, De Tezanos-Pinto P, Berger C, Valdenegro D, Cayul O, Miranda D, Saavedra P, Bernardino M. Ethnic Identity Development and Acculturation Preferences Among Minority and Majority Youth: Norms and Contact. Child Dev 2017; 88:743-760. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Lickel B, Hamilton DL, Sherman SJ. Elements of a Lay Theory of Groups: Types of Groups, Relational Styles, and the Perception of Group Entitativity. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0502_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Discussion in this article is on the elements of perceiver's intuitive theory of groups. The first element of the theory concerns perceiver's intuitive taxonomy of different types of groups. We discuss research examining this intuitive taxonomy, as well as the group properties that define different types of groups within the taxonomy. A second important element in the lay theory concerns perceiver's beliefs about how people within different types of groups regulate social interactions with one another. We discuss research examining the relation between perceiver's beliefs about different types of groups and how people within those groups are expected to relate to each other. Finally, we discuss how people use their intuitive theory of groups when making social judgments pertaining to groups.
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20
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Lambert AJ, Barton LR, Lickel B, Wells J. The Influence of Group Variability and Processing Goals on the Ease of Making Judgments about Social Categories. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167298248003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the effects of group variability and processing goals on the ease of making judgments about social groups. Participants were presented with a heterogeneous or homogeneous category and were instructed either to form an impression of the group (impression set) or to attend to the similarities among, and the differences between, group members (integration set). Under impression sets, we predicted that participants would find it harder to judge heterogeneous groups as compared to homogeneous groups. Under integration sets, however, judgments were predicted to be relatively easy, regardless of group variability. These predictions were supported, regardless of whether judgment ease was operationalized via response latencies (Experiment 1) or through subjective reports (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 suggested that these effects were driven by the effects of group variability and instructional set on the importance of subtypes formed at the subordinate level. Implications of these results for research on the consequences of group variability are discussed.
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Abstract
Two studies examined perceptions of collective responsibility for the April 20, 1999, shootings at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Collective responsibility refers to the perception that others, besides the wrongdoers themselves, are responsible for the event. In Study 1, the authors assessed perceptions of the shooters’ parents and their peer group (the Trenchcoat Mafia), whereas Study 2 tested perceptions of collective responsibility across a range of groups. In both studies, perceptions of a target group’s entitativity predicted judgments of collective responsibility. This relationship was mediated by two situational construals that justify applying collective responsibility: responsibility by commission (encouraging or facilitating the event) and responsibility by omission (failing to prevent the event). Study 2 also determined that perceptions of authority predicted judgments of collective responsibility for the Columbine shootings and was mediated by inferences of omission. Future directions in collective responsibility research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA.
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22
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Abstract
This research examined whether framing a natural disaster as the product of climate change impacts attitudes toward disaster victims and humanitarian relief. Participants ( n = 211) read an article about a famine caused by severe droughts, with one condition attributing the droughts to climate change and the other condition made no mention of climate change. All participants then responded to measures of justifications for or against providing aid, attitudes toward the possibility of donating, and climate change beliefs. As predicted, those high in climate change skepticism reported greater justifications for not helping the victims when the disaster was attributed to climate change. Additional moderated mediation analyses showed there was an indirect effect of climate change framing on attitudes toward donating through donation justifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Abstract
Morality helps make social life possible, but social life is embedded in many social contexts. Research on morality has generally neglected this and instead has emphasized people's general beliefs. We therefore investigated the extent to which different moral principles are perceived as embedded in social contexts. We conducted two studies investigating how diverse social contexts influence beliefs about the operative moral principles in distinct group types. Study 1 examined these perceptions using a within-subjects design, whereas Study 2 utilized a between-subjects design. We found a high degree of consensus among raters concerning the operative moral principles in groups, and each group type was characterized by a qualitatively distinct pattern of applicable moral principles. Political orientation, a focus of past research on morality, had a small influence on beliefs about operative moral principles. The implications of these findings for our understanding of morality and its functional role in groups are discussed.
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Abstract
Prejudice against Muslim Americans increased after 9/11, but little is known about the extent to which anti-Muslim attitudes shift in response to external events, in particular calls for terrorism from individuals outside the United States. Motivated by the relevance of this question and guided by past research on both intergroup relations and emotion regulation, an experiment was conducted in which participants viewed a mock news video with an English voice-over of an Arabic speaker either calling for or condemning terrorism against the United States (or no video in the control condition). The terrorism provocation increased anti-Muslim bias but only for participants high in both in-group (American) glorification and revenge planning. The same three-way interaction was also found for anger toward Muslims. When glorification and revenge planning were both high, anger toward Muslims mediated the effect on bias against Muslims but mediation did not occur when the moderators were at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Steele
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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25
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Leidner B, Tropp LR, Lickel B. Bringing science to bear—on peace, not war: Elaborating on psychology’s potential to promote peace. American Psychologist 2013; 68:514-26. [DOI: 10.1037/a0032846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Abstract
The present study examined how individual differences in motivation to respond without prejudice predict self-reported negative affect and physiological responses to the prejudicial acts of others. One hundred and one White participants were paired with a Black “partner” and together they watched two White men on film having either a pro- or antidiversity discussion. The higher participants were on internal motivation to respond without prejudice, the greater their self-reported negative affect and the more they exhibited distress-related physiological responses during the antidiversity discussion. In contrast, during the prodiversity discussion participants lower in internal motivation to respond without prejudice showed greater physiological distress, but did not self-report more negative affect. These results suggest that only those who have internalized egalitarian goals exhibit the negative emotional responses likely to promote opposition to expressions of intergroup bias; those who lack these goals might instead react against efforts to promote diversity.
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Crump SA, Hamilton DL, Sherman SJ, Lickel B, Thakkar V. Group entitativity and similarity: Their differing patterns in perceptions of groups. Eur J Soc Psychol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Spanovic M, Lickel B, Denson TF, Petrovic N. Fear and anger as predictors of motivation for intergroup aggression: Evidence from Serbia and Republika Srpska. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430210374483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between emotions of fear and anger and people’s motivation for intergroup aggression within the context of Serbian—Albanian relations in Serbia (Study 1) and Serbian—Bosniak intergroup relations in Bosnia (Study 2). Serbian students in Belgrade and Banja Luka completed a survey that assessed their attitudes towards Albanians or Bosniaks. We found that fear of the outgroup was related to increased motivation for aggression in the context of the ongoing conflict in Serbia, whereas fear was negatively related to aggression in Bosnia, where the conflict had been resolved. The relationships between fear and aggression were significant even after controlling for anger. Furthermore, ingroup affiliation mediated the relationship between fear and aggression in Serbia and between anger and aggression in Bosnia. These findings have implications for conflict resolution efforts in ongoing or intractable conflicts.
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30
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Ronquillo J, Denson TF, Lickel B, Lu ZL, Nandy A, Maddox KB. The effects of skin tone on race-related amygdala activity: an fMRI investigation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 2:39-44. [PMID: 18985117 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsl043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown differential amygdala response to African-American faces by Caucasian individuals. Furthermore, behavioral studies have demonstrated the existence of skin tone bias, the tendency to prefer light skin to dark skin. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether skin tone bias moderates differential race-related amygdala activity. Eleven White participants viewed photographs of unfamiliar Black and White faces with varied skin tone (light, dark). Replicating past research, greater amygdala activity was observed for Black faces than White faces. Furthermore, dark-skinned targets elicited more amygdala activity than light-skinned targets. However, these results were qualified by a significant interaction between race and skin tone, such that amygdala activity was observed at equivalent levels for light- and dark-skinned Black targets, but dark-skinned White targets elicited greater amygdala activity than light-skinned White targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Ronquillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
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Denson TF, Iyer R, Lickel B. Racist or racism? Taxometric support for a dimensional latent structure of explicit prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430209343294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in explicit prejudice have long been a central concern in intergroup relations, yet no study has investigated the latent structure of prejudice. Whereas some media reports, lay classifications, and historical notions of prejudice focus on a prejudiced type of person, more recent conceptualizations of prejudice explain it as a dimension with any given individual falling along a continuum from low to high. In the first taxometric research to assess attitudes, two studies used taxometric methods to explore whether explicit prejudice is best considered dimensional (i.e., differing in degree) or taxonic (i.e., differing in kind). In Study 1, 130 undergraduates ( M age = 19.2 years, ranging from 18 to 26) completed measures of explicit prejudice toward Muslims. These results largely supported a dimensional latent structure. In Study 2, 448 non-Hispanic participants ( M age = 46.2 years, ranging from 18 to 86) completed three measures of explicit prejudice toward Hispanics (modern racism, social distance, and negative traits) via the internet. Results were consistent with a dimensional latent structure. Implications for promoting intergroup relations are discussed.
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Abstract
A new aspect of intergroup conflict was investigated- vicarious retribution-in which neither the agent of retribution nor the target of retribution are directly involved in the initial intergroup provocation. The underlying processes involved in vicarious intergroup retribution were tested correlationally (Study 1) and experimentally (Study 2). Both ingroup identification and outgroup entitativity predict the degree of vicarious retribution. In both studies, there was evidence of motivated cognition, specifically that highly identified individuals perceived the outgroup as higher in entitativity than individuals low in identification. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that part of the effect of identification on retribution against the outgroup was mediated through perceptions of entitativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Stenstrom
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
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Booker CL, Unger JB, Azen SP, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Lickel B, Johnson CA. A longitudinal analysis of stressful life events, smoking behaviors, and gender differences in a multicultural sample of adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2008; 43:1521-43. [PMID: 18752157 DOI: 10.1080/10826080802238009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have addressed the associations between stressful life events and adolescent smoking. Few studies, however, have examined gender differences, specifically with multicultural samples. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between 6 stress subscales and smoking behaviors 716 multicultural U.S. adolescents living in the greater Los Angeles area in 2000-2001. At baseline the ethnic break-down of the sample was 63% Latino and 26% Asian/PI and 70% were 11 years of age. Negative personal events were associated with lifetime smoking and negative school events were associated with intentions to smoke. Stratification of the sample by gender indicated that gender confounded the relationship between negative personal stress and lifetime smoking and negative school stress, positive personal stress and intentions to smoke. Two significant interactions were found. Findings indicate there are differential effects of stressful events between genders which may lead to smoking experimentation or intentions to smoke. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Booker
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, California 91803, USA.
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Booker CL, Unger JB, Azen SP, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Lickel B, Johnson CA. Stressful life events and smoking behaviors in Chinese adolescents: a longitudinal analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2007; 9:1085-94. [PMID: 17852767 DOI: 10.1080/14622200701491180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The associations between stressful life events and smoking have been established among adolescents in the United States. However, whether these relationships are similar in adolescents from other non-Western cultures is unknown. Understanding these relationships in adolescents may help to provide opportunities to reduce the smoking rates in those cultures by providing positive coping methods that do not include smoking. In this longitudinal study, the associations between nine stressful life events scales and smoking behaviors were examined in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Six of these scales, positive school-related, negative school-related, positive family-related, positive peer-related, negative peer-related, and negative health-related had significantly different means among females and males. Among males, positive school-related stress was a protective factor for smoking susceptibility. Among females, positive school-related stress was a protective factor and negative school-related stress was a risk factor for lifetime smoking, and negative family-related stress was a risk factor for smoking susceptibility. Findings indicate that smoking among male adolescents in China may not be the result of stress; however, in females stress may contribute to the decision to smoke. Future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Booker
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Mendes WB, Blascovich J, Hunter SB, Lickel B, Jost JT. Threatened by the unexpected: physiological responses during social interactions with expectancy-violating partners. J Pers Soc Psychol 2007; 92:698-716. [PMID: 17469953 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who violate expectations increase uncertainty during social interactions. Three experiments explored whether expectancy-violating partners engender "threat" responses in perceivers. Participants interacted with confederates who violated or confirmed expectations while multiple measures were assessed, including cardiovascular reactivity, task performance, appraisals, and behavior. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants interacted with White or Latino confederates who described their family backgrounds as either high or low socioeconomic status. In Experiment 3, participants interacted with Asian or White confederates who spoke with expected accents or southern accents. Participants interacting with expectancy-violating partners (e.g., Asians with southern accents) exhibited cardiovascular responses consistent with threat, poorer task performance, and manifested negative and defeat-related behavior. Implications for decreasing prejudicial responses via uncertainty reduction are discussed.
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Abstract
The present research examined emotions as predictors of opposition to policies and actions of one's country that are perceived to be illegitimate. Two studies investigated the political implications of American (Study 1) and British (Study 2) citizens' anger, guilt, and shame responses to perceived harm caused by their countries' occupation of Iraq. In both studies, a manipulation of pervasive threat to the country's image increased participants' shame but not guilt. The emotions predicted political action intentions to advocate distinct opposition strategies. Shame predicted action intentions to advocate withdrawal from Iraq. Anger predicted action intentions to advocate compensation to Iraq, confrontation of agents responsible, and withdrawal from Iraq. Anger directed at different targets (ingroup, ingroup representative, and outgroup representative) predicted action intentions to support distinct strategies (Study 2). Guilt did not independently predict any political action intentions. Implications for the study of political action and emotions in intergroup contexts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Iyer
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, England.
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Abstract
We provide a new framework for understanding 1 aspect of aggressive conflict between groups, which we refer to as vicarious retribution. Vicarious retribution occurs when a member of a group commits an act of aggression toward the members of an outgroup for an assault or provocation that had no personal consequences for him or her but which did harm a fellow ingroup member. Furthermore, retribution is often directed at outgroup members who, themselves, were not the direct causal agents in the original attack against the person's ingroup. Thus, retribution is vicarious in that neither the agent of retaliation nor the target of retribution were directly involved in the original event that precipitated the intergroup conflict. We describe how ingroup identification, outgroup entitativity, and other variables, such as group power, influence vicarious retribution. We conclude by considering a variety of conflict reduction strategies in light of this new theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lickel
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Schmader T, Lickel B. The Approach and Avoidance Function of Guilt and Shame Emotions: Comparing Reactions to Self-Caused and Other-Caused Wrongdoing. Motiv Emot 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-006-9006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lickel B, Rutchick AM, Hamilton DL, Sherman SJ. Intuitive theories of group types and relational principles. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Johns M, Schmader T, Lickel B. Ashamed to be an American? The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9–11. Self and Identity 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860500145822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Participants recalled instances when they felt vicariously ashamed or guilty for another’s wrongdoing and rated their appraisals of the event and resulting motivations. The study tested aspects of social association that uniquely predict vicarious shame and guilt. Results suggest that the experience of vicarious shame and vicarious guilt are distinguishable. Vicarious guilt was predicted by one’s perceived interdependence with the wrongdoer (e.g. high interpersonal interaction), an appraisal of control over the event, and a motivation to repair the other person’s wrongdoing. Vicarious shame was predicted by the relevance of the event to a shared social identity with the wrongdoer, an appraisal of self-image threat, and a motivation to distance from the event. Implications for intergroup behavior and emotion are discussed.
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Abstract
The extent to which stigmatized interaction partners engender perceivers' threat reactions (i.e., stigma-threat hypothesis) was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 included the manipulation of stigma using facial birthmarks. Experiment 3 included manipulations of race and socioeconomic status. Threat responses were measured physiologically, behaviorally, and subjectively. Perceivers interacting with stigmatized partners exhibited cardiovascular reactivity consistent with threat and poorer performance compared with participants interacting with nonstigmatized partners, who exhibited challenge reactivity. In Experiment 3, intergroup contact moderated physiological reactivity such that participants who reported more contact with Black persons exhibited less physiological threat when interacting with them. These results support the stigma-threat hypothesis and suggest the utility of a biopsychosocial approach to the study of stigma and related constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blascovich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106-9660, USA
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Abstract
Three studies examined perceptions of the entitativity of groups. In Study 1 (U.S.) and Study 2 (Poland), participants rated a sample of 40 groups on 8 properties of groups (e.g., size, duration, group member similarity) and perceived entitativity. Participants also completed a sorting task in which they sorted the groups according to their subjective perceptions of group similarity. Correlational and regression analyses were used to determine the group properties most strongly related to entitativity. Clustering and multidimensional scaling analyses in both studies identified 4 general types of groups (intimacy groups, task groups, social categories, and loose associations). In Study 3, participants rated the properties of groups to which they personally belonged. Study 3 replicated the results of Studies 1 and 2 and demonstrated that participants most strongly valued membership in groups that were perceived as high in entitativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lickel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
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