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Stilo S, Gayer-Anderson C, Beards S, Bourque F, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Di Forti M, Murray R, Morgan C. Does Social Disadvantage Explain the Higher Risk of Psychosis in Immigrants? Results from the Eugei Study in London. Eur Psychiatry 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that migrant and ethnic minority groups have an elevated risk of psychosis in a number of countries. Social disadvantage is one of the hypotheses put forward to explain these findings. The aim of this study is to investigate main effects, association and synergism between social disadvantage and migration on odds of psychotic experiences. We collected information on social disadvantage and migration from 332 patients and from 301 controls recruited from the local population in South London. Two indicators of social disadvantage in childhood and six indicators of social disadvantage in adulthood were analyzed. We found evidence that the odds of reporting psychotic experience were higher in those who experienced social disadvantage in childhood (OR= 2.88, 95% CI 2.03-4.06), social disadvantage in adulthood (OR= 9.06, 95% CI 5.21–15.74) and migration (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.02). When both social disadvantage and migration were considered together, the association with psychosis was slightly higher for social disadvantage in childhood and migration (OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.12–5.62) and social disadvantage in adulthood and migration (OR 9.10, 95% CI 4.63-17.86). Migrant cases were not more likely than non-migrant cases to report social disadvantage (p = 0.71) and no evidence of an additive interaction between migration and social disadvantage was found (ICR 0.32 95% CI -4.04–4.69). Preliminary results support the hypothesis that the association between social disadvantage and psychosis is independent of migration status.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Stilo SA, Gayer-Anderson C, Beards S, Hubbard K, Onyejiaka A, Keraite A, Borges S, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Di Forti M, Murray RM, Morgan C. Further evidence of a cumulative effect of social disadvantage on risk of psychosis. Psychol Med 2017; 47:913-924. [PMID: 27916012 PMCID: PMC5341492 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that indicators of social disadvantage are associated with an increased risk of psychosis. However, only a few studies have specifically looked at cumulative effects and long-term associations. The aims of this study are: To compare the prevalence of specific indicators of social disadvantage at, and prior to, first contact with psychiatric services in patients suffering their first episode of psychosis and in a control sample. To explore long-term associations, cumulative effects, and direction of effects. METHOD We collected information on social disadvantage from 332 patients and from 301 controls recruited from the local population in South London. Three indicators of social disadvantage in childhood and six indicators of social disadvantage in adulthood were analysed. RESULTS Across all the domains considered, cases were more likely to report social disadvantage than were controls. Compared with controls, cases were approximately two times more likely to have had a parent die and approximately three times more likely to have experienced a long-term separation from one parent before the age of 17 years. Cases were also more likely than controls to report two or more indicators of adult social disadvantage, not only at first contact with psychiatric services [odds ratio (OR) 9.5], but also at onset of psychosis (OR 8.5), 1 year pre-onset (OR 4.5), and 5 years pre-onset (OR 2.9). CONCLUSIONS Greater numbers of indicators of current and long-term exposure are associated with progressively greater odds of psychosis. There is some evidence that social disadvantage tends to cluster and accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Stilo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - C. Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S. Beards
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K. Hubbard
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A. Onyejiaka
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A. Keraite
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S. Borges
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V. Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P. Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - C. Pariante
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M. Di Forti
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R. M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - C. Morgan
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Reininghaus U, Gayer-Anderson C, Valmaggia L, Kempton MJ, Calem M, Onyejiaka A, Hubbard K, Dazzan P, Beards S, Fisher HL, Mills JG, McGuire P, Craig TKJ, Garety P, van Os J, Murray RM, Wykes T, Myin-Germeys I, Morgan C. Psychological processes underlying the association between childhood trauma and psychosis in daily life: an experience sampling study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2799-2813. [PMID: 27400863 PMCID: PMC5358473 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171600146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has accumulated that implicates childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis, but our understanding of the putative psychological processes and mechanisms through which childhood trauma impacts on individuals and contributes to the development of psychosis remains limited. We aimed to investigate whether stress sensitivity and threat anticipation underlie the association between childhood abuse and psychosis. METHOD We used the Experience Sampling Method to measure stress, threat anticipation, negative affect, and psychotic experiences in 50 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, 44 At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) participants, and 52 controls. Childhood abuse was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS Associations of minor socio-environmental stress in daily life with negative affect and psychotic experiences were modified by sexual abuse and group (all p FWE < 0.05). While there was strong evidence that these associations were greater in FEP exposed to high levels of sexual abuse, and some evidence of greater associations in ARMS exposed to high levels of sexual abuse, controls exposed to high levels of sexual abuse were more resilient and reported less intense negative emotional reactions to socio-environmental stress. A similar pattern was evident for threat anticipation. CONCLUSIONS Elevated sensitivity and lack of resilience to socio-environmental stress and enhanced threat anticipation in daily life may be important psychological processes underlying the association between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - C. Gayer-Anderson
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - L. Valmaggia
- Psychology Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - M. J. Kempton
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - M. Calem
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - A. Onyejiaka
- Psychology Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - K. Hubbard
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - P. Dazzan
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust and King's College London, London,
UK
| | - S. Beards
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - H. L. Fisher
- MRC Social, Genetic &
Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London,
London, UK
| | - J. G. Mills
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - P. McGuire
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust and King's College London, London,
UK
| | - T. K. J. Craig
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - P. Garety
- Psychology Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - J. van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - R. M. Murray
- Psychosis Studies Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust and King's College London, London,
UK
| | - T. Wykes
- Psychology Department,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust and King's College London, London,
UK
| | - I. Myin-Germeys
- Department of Medicine,
Psychiatry Research Group, Catholic University of
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Morgan
- Health Service and Population Research
Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust and King's College London, London,
UK
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Kolliakou A, Castle D, Sallis H, Joseph C, O'Connor J, Wiffen B, Gayer-Anderson C, McQueen G, Taylor H, Bonaccorso S, Gaughran F, Smith S, Greenwood K, Murray RM, Di Forti M, Atakan Z, Ismail K. Reasons for cannabis use in first-episode psychosis: does strength of endorsement change over 12 months? Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:152-9. [PMID: 25541346 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why patients with psychosis use cannabis remains debated. The self-medication hypothesis has received some support but other evidence points towards an alleviation of dysphoria model. This study investigated the reasons for cannabis use in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and whether strength in their endorsement changed over time. METHODS FEP inpatients and outpatients at the South London and Maudsley, Oxleas and Sussex NHS Trusts UK, who used cannabis, rated their motives at baseline (n=69), 3 months (n=29) and 12 months (n=36). A random intercept model was used to test the change in strength of endorsement over the 12 months. Paired-sample t-tests assessed the differences in mean scores between the five subscales on the Reasons for Use Scale (enhancement, social motive, coping with unpleasant affect, conformity and acceptance and relief of positive symptoms and side effects), at each time-point. RESULTS Time had a significant effect on scores when controlling for reason; average scores on each subscale were higher at baseline than at 3 months and 12 months. At each time-point, patients endorsed 'enhancement' followed by 'coping with unpleasant affect' and 'social motive' more highly for their cannabis use than any other reason. 'Conformity and acceptance' followed closely. 'Relief of positive symptoms and side effects' was the least endorsed motive. CONCLUSIONS Patients endorsed their reasons for use at 3 months and 12 months less strongly than at baseline. Little support for the self-medication or alleviation of dysphoria models was found. Rather, patients rated 'enhancement' most highly for their cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kolliakou
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PO92, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK.
| | - D Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Joseph
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J O'Connor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Wiffen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G McQueen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Taylor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Bonaccorso
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Greenwood
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - R M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Z Atakan
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ismail
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PO92, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
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