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Gidding HF, McCallum L, Fathima P, Moore HC, Snelling TL, Blyth CC, Jayasinghe S, Giele C, de Klerk N, Andrews RM, McIntyre PB. Effectiveness of a 3 + 0 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule against invasive pneumococcal disease among a birth cohort of 1.4 million children in Australia. Vaccine 2018; 36:2650-2656. [PMID: 29627233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies use indirect cohort or case-control methods to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Neither method can measure the benefit vaccination programs afford the unvaccinated and many studies were unable to estimate dose-specific VE. We linked Australia's national immunisation register with health data from two states to calculate IPD incidence by vaccination status and VE for a 3 + 0 PCV schedule (doses at 2, 4, 6 months, no booster) among a cohort of 1.4 million births. METHODS Births records for 2001-2012 were probabilistically linked to IPD notifications, hospitalisations, deaths, and vaccination history (available until December 2013). IPD rates in vaccinated and unvaccinated children <2 years old were compared using Cox proportional hazards models (adjusting for potential confounders), with VE = (1 - adjusted hazard ratio) × 100. Separate models were performed for all-cause, PCV7, PCV13 and PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, and for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. RESULTS Following introduction of universal PCV7 in 2005, rates of PCV7 serotype and all-cause IPD in unvaccinated children declined 89.5% and 61.4%, respectively, to be similar to rates in vaccinated children. Among non-Aboriginal children, VEs for 3 doses were 94.2% (95%CI: 81.9-98.1) for PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, 85.6% (95%CI: 60.5-94.8) for PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD and 80.1% (95%CI: 59.4-90.3) for all-cause IPD. There were no statistically significant differences between the VEs for 3 doses and for 1 or 2 doses against PCV13 and PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, or between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. CONCLUSION Our population-based cohort study demonstrates that >90% coverage in the first year of a universal 3 + 0 PCV program provided high population-level protection, predominantly attributable to strong herd effects. The size of the cohort enabled calculation of robust dose-specific VE estimates for important population sub-groups relevant to vaccination policies internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Gidding
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - L McCallum
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - P Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - H C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - T L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - C C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - S Jayasinghe
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Giele
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - N de Klerk
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - R M Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - P B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Carcione D, Giele C, Goggin LS, Kwan KS, Smith DW, Dowse GK, Mak DB, Effler P. Association between 2009 seasonal influenza vaccine and influenza-like illness during the 2009 pandemic: preliminary results of a large household transmission study in Western Australia. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.28.19616-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carcione
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C Giele
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L S Goggin
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K S Kwan
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D W Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G K Dowse
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D B Mak
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Effler
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Carcione D, Giele C, Goggin LS, Kwan KS, Smith DW, Dowse GK, Mak DB, Effler P. Association between 2009 seasonal influenza vaccine and influenza-like illness during the 2009 pandemic: preliminary results of a large household transmission study in Western Australia. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19616. [PMID: 20650055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective household transmission study to examine whether receipt of 2009 trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) was associated with increased risk of influenza-like illness (ILI) among contacts of confirmed pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 patients. In the week following onset of pandemic illness in a household member, 46 (15%) of 304 TIV-vaccinated contacts, and 174 (15%) of 1,162 unvaccinated contacts developed ILI (p=0.95). Receipt of 2009 TIV had no effect on one's risk of pandemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carcione
- Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
An 11-year total population study of Western Australia examined the prevalence and epidemiology of congenital upper limb anomalies. All anomalies were classified according to the International Federation of Surgical Societies of the Hand classification. We found the prevalence of babies born with upper limb anomalies to be 1 in 506. Forty-six percent of those affected had another nonhand congenital anomaly. Fifty-one percent had bilateral hand anomalies, and 17% had multiple different hand anomalies. The most common anomalies were failures of differentiation (35%), duplications (33%), and failures of formation (15%). Congenital upper limb anomalies were more common in boys; preterm, postterm, and multiple births; and older mothers. No significant differences in prevalence or frequency of anomalies were found between whites and nonwhites, left and right sides, and in babies that survived and those who died shortly after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Giele
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia
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McIntyre P, Menzies R, Krause V, Selvey L, Hall R, Misrachi A, Andrews R, Giele C, Gill J. Surveillance of pneumococcal disease in Australian states and territories. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2000; 24:93-5. [PMID: 10851796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Information on pneumococcal disease, including immunisation programs, and optimum future surveillance in each Australian State and Territory were discussed at the Pneumococcal Disease in Australia Workshop on 26-27 March 1999. Workshop participants further expanded on the surveillance aspects of the Workshop in this report. Most participants favoured notification by laboratories of pneumococcal isolates from sterile sites, to provide baseline surveillance data before immunisation programs are fully implemented. It was also thought that trends in antimicrobial resistance should be notified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Parramatta, New South Wales
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Dyer JR, Davis TM, Giele C, Annus T, Garcia-Webb P, Robson J. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinine in the diabetic and non-diabetic elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38:205-12. [PMID: 7826821 PMCID: PMC1364791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Quinine is a front-line antimalarial drug but is prescribed most commonly in nonmalarious countries for cramps. Postural hypotension, hearing loss and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia occur in malaria and overdose but little is known of quinine kinetics and toxicity in the elderly. 2. We studied 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetics and 10 non-diabetic controls aged 51-79 years. Subjects attended on two occasions > 7 days apart. On each test day, subjects were given a 600 Cal meal at 18.00 h (0 h) and, on one occasion, quinine sulphate 600 mg at 22.00 h (4 h). Venous blood samples for glucose, insulin and quinine assay were drawn pre-prandially and then regularly over the next 38 h. Supine and erect blood pressures were taken and audiometry was performed at 4, 6, 8 and 14 h. A one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was fitted to serum quinine concentrations. 3. Absorption and elimination half-times, volume of distribution and oral clearance of quinine were comparable in the two groups (P > 0.2) and there was a mean absorption lag-time of approximately 1 h. Basal and immediate post-prandial (< 4 h) serum glucose and insulin concentrations on both test days were similar in the diabetics and also in the non-diabetics, but quinine produced a mean reduction in serum glucose of 1.0 mmol l-1 from 3-5 h post-dose in both groups without affecting serum insulin concentrations. Quinine administration did not alter postural blood pressure changes or produce significant hearing loss in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dyer
- University of Western Australia, Department of Medicine, Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia
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