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Sharp TM, Tufa AJ, Cotter CJ, Lozier MJ, Santiago GA, Johnson SS, Mataia'a M, Waterman SH, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Paz-Bailey G, Hemme RR, Schmaedick MA, Anesi S. Identification of risk factors and mosquito vectors associated with dengue virus infection in American Samoa, 2017. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001604. [PMID: 37418355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first outbreak of dengue in American Samoa was reported in 1911. Sporadic outbreaks have been reported since, as were outbreaks of other pathogens transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes including Ross River, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. During an outbreak of dengue virus-type 2 (DENV-2) in 2016-2018, we conducted household-based cluster investigations to identify population-specific risk factors associated with infection and performed entomologic surveillance to determine the relative abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis. METHODS AND FINDINGS We contacted dengue patients who had tested positive for DENV infection and offered them as well as their household members participation in household-based cluster investigations. For those that accepted participation, we also offered participation to residents of households within a 50-meter radius of each case-patient's home. Questionnaires were administered and serum specimens collected for testing by RT-PCR and anti-DENV IgM ELISA. Adult female mosquitoes were aspirated from inside and outside participating households and tested by RT-PCR. We analyzed characteristics associated with DENV infection in bivariate analyses. A total of 226 participants was enrolled from 91 households in 20 clusters. Median age of participants was 34 years (range: <1-94), and 56.2% were female. In total, 7 (3.2%) participants had evidence of DENV infection by IgM ELISA (n = 5) or RT-PCR (n = 2). Factors significantly associated with DENV infection were reporting a febrile illness in the past three months (prevalence ratio: 7.5 [95% confidence interval: 1.9-29.8]) and having a household septic tank (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.004). Of 93 Ae. aegypti and 90 Ae. polynesiensis females collected, 90% of Ae. aegypti were collected inside homes whereas 83% of Ae. polynesiensis were collected outside homes. DENV nucleic acid was not detected in any mosquito pools. Sequencing of the DENV-2 from patient specimens identified the Cosmopolitan genotype of DENV-2 and was most closely related to virus detected in the Solomon Islands during 2016. CONCLUSIONS This investigation demonstrated that dengue is a continuing risk in American Samoa. Increased frequency of infection among residents with a septic tank suggests a need to investigate whether septic tanks serve as larval habitats for mosquito vectors of DENV in American Samoa. Future efforts should also evaluate the role of Ae. polynesiensis in DENV transmission in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Sharp
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - A John Tufa
- Pacific Island Health Officers' Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
| | - Caitlin J Cotter
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Lozier
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gilberto A Santiago
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie S Johnson
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary Mataia'a
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen H Waterman
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jorge L Muñoz-Jordán
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ryan R Hemme
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Scott Anesi
- American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
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Cotter CJ, Ferradas C, Ludwig S, Dalton K, Larsen J, Laucks D, Iverson SA, Baron P, Tolomeo PC, Brazil AM, Ferguson JM, Lautenbach E, Rankin SC, Morris DO, Davis MF. Risk factors for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in MRSA-exposed household pets. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:22-27. [PMID: 36331035 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household pets can carry meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) introduced to the home by their human companions. Specific factors promoting pet carriage of this pathogen have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated MRSA cultured from pets and the home environment in households where a human infected with MRSA had been identified, and aimed to determine potential risk factors for pet MRSA carriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Humans diagnosed with community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) skin or soft-tissue infection (SSTI) in the mid-Atlantic United States were identified. One hundred forty-two dogs and cats from 57 affected households were identified of which 134 (94.4%) pets and the household environment were sampled for bacterial culture, PCR confirmation and spa-typing for MRSA strain determination. Samples were obtained 3 months later from 86 pets. RESULTS At baseline, 12 (9.0%) pets carried MRSA. Potential risk factors associated with carriage included pet bed (environmental) MRSA contamination, flea infestation and prior antimicrobial use in the pet. Pets tended to carry human-adapted MRSA strains and spa-types of MRSA isolates cultured from pets were concordant with strains cultured from the home environment in seven of eight homes (87.5%) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results may inform risk-based veterinary clinical recommendations and provide evidence for selective pet testing as a possible alternative to early removal of pets from the homes of humans infected with MRSA. MRSA contamination of the home environment is likely an important risk factor for pet MRSA carriage, and household interventions should be considered to reduce risk of MRSA carriage in exposed pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Cotter
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cusi Ferradas
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Shanna Ludwig
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Dalton
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Laucks
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sally Ann Iverson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Baron
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health and Human Values, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pam C Tolomeo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy M Brazil
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Ferguson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cotter CJ, Tufa AJ, Johnson S, Matai’a M, Sciulli R, Ryff KR, Hancock WT, Whelen C, Sharp TM, Anesi MS. Outbreak of Dengue Virus Type 2 - American Samoa, November 2016-October 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1319-1322. [PMID: 30496157 PMCID: PMC6276381 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6747a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kielty PGC, O'Connor BR, Cotter CJ, Goodson AMC, Payne KFB, Tahim A. Medical students' understanding of oral and maxillofacial surgery: an Irish perspective. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 55:371-377. [PMID: 27914724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.11.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) remains an enigmatic specialty in Irish medicine and many students are unaware of its scope and the unique career pathway involved. We completed a multicentre cross-sectional study to identify their ability to identify the requirements for entry to specialty training year 3 (ST3) in OMFS, to assess their awareness of OMFS surgeons, and their general awareness of, and exposure to, the specialty. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Participants were asked to select the most suitable surgical specialty to treat a number of common conditions in the head and neck, and to choose the requirements they deemed essential for specialist training. Knowledge was measured by the number of correct responses. A total of 443 medical students participated (University College Cork (UCC) n=328, 74%; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) n=113, 26%). A total of 318/374 (85%) had had no previous experience of OMFS, 38/374 (10%) had had theoretical teaching only, and 18/374 (5%) had had clinical experience. A total of 212/329 (64%) wished for greater exposure as a student, but only 34/329 (9%) would consider a career in the specialty. The median (IQR) number of correct responses for OMFS procedures was 3.0/10 (2.0), with women, direct entrants, and RCSI students scoring highest. Only 11/367 (3%) could identify the minimum entry requirements for a post of specialist registrar. This study has identified a potential gap in the undergraduate curriculum. Although medical students are rarely taught about OMFS, they show an interest in learning more.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G C Kielty
- University College Cork, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, College Road, Cork.
| | - B R O'Connor
- Our Lady's Childrens Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12
| | - C J Cotter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork
| | - A M C Goodson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, SE59RS, United Kingdom
| | - K F B Payne
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, SE59RS, United Kingdom
| | - A Tahim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, SE59RS, United Kingdom
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Wenninger JM, Olson EB, Cotter CJ, Thomas CF, Behan M. Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses in aging male vs. aging female rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1522-8. [PMID: 19265066 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90802.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clear that sex hormones impact ventilation. While the effects of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, testosterone, and progesterone on resting ventilation have been well documented, effects of sex hormones on the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR) are inconclusive. In addition, in no study have systemic sex steroid hormone levels been measured. Age and sex differences in long-term facilitation in response to episodic hypoxia were found in anesthetized rats. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of sex and age [young, 3-4 mo; middle age, 12-13 mo; and old, >20 mo] on the HVR and the HCVR of awake rats relative to systemic hormone levels. Based on findings from long-term facilitation studies, we hypothesized that the HVR would be influenced by both sex and age. We found no age-related changes in the HVR or HCVR. However, female rats have a greater HVR than male rats at old age, and at middle age female rats have a greater HCVR than male rats. Additionally, we found no correlation between the minute ventilation/oxygen consumption and the progesterone-to-estrogen ratio during hypoxia or hypercapnia. However, changes in ventilatory responses with age were not similar between the sexes. Thus it is critical to take sex, age, estrous cycle stage, and systemic hormone levels into consideration when conducting and reporting studies on respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wenninger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Wenninger JM, Cotter CJ, Olson EB, Thomas CF, Behan M. Ventilatory Responses to Hypoxia and Hypercapnea in Young, Middle Aged and Old Male and Female Rats. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a1293-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Wenninger
- Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine2015 Linden DrMadisonWI53706
| | - Caitlin J Cotter
- Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine2015 Linden DrMadisonWI53706
| | - E. Burt Olson
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin2015 Linden DrMadisonWI53706
| | - Cathy F Thomas
- Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine2015 Linden DrMadisonWI53706
| | - Mary Behan
- Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine2015 Linden DrMadisonWI53706
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Cotter CJ, Devine JC. Replacement of nasogastric tubes in patients with cancer of the head and neck. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 44:411. [PMID: 15908067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cotter CJ, Ogunbowale A, Beirne C. Etiology of zygomatic fractures. Ir Med J 2005; 98:249. [PMID: 16445148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the etiology of zygomatic fractures in an Irish population. More than half of these injuries are related to interpersonal assault. Treatment of these injuries places a considerable burden on the health service.
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Cotter CJ, Renny N. Re: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma—a rare and aggressive entity in adolescence. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 43:354. [PMID: 15993291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2004.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cotter
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Southern General Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK.
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Cotter CJ, Lowe T. Re: King PM, Suttie SA, Jansen JO, Watson AJ. Perforation of the terminal ileum: a possible complication of nicorandil therapy. Surg J R Coll Surg Edinb Irel 2004; 1: 56-57. Surgeon 2005; 3:119. [PMID: 15861951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Cotter CJ, Maher A, Gallagher C, Sleeman D. Mandibular lower border: donor site of choice for alveolar grafting. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40:429-32. [PMID: 12379191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a technique for harvesting bone from the mandibular lower border, for the rehabilitation of partially dentate patients. We have used the technique in 15 patients, age range 21-52, with minimal short-term morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cotter
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dental Surgery, University Dental Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cotter
- Department of Dental Surgery, University Dental School and Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
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