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McReynolds CB, Yang J, Guedes A, Morisseau C, Garcia R, Knych H, Tearney C, Hamamoto B, Hwang SH, Wagner K, Hammock BD. Species Differences in Metabolism of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor, EC1728, Highlight the Importance of Clinically Relevant Screening Mechanisms in Drug Development. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165034. [PMID: 34443621 PMCID: PMC8399023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few novel therapeutic options available for companion animals, and medications rely heavily on repurposed drugs developed for other species. Considering the diversity of species and breeds in companion animal medicine, comprehensive PK exposures in the companion animal patient is often lacking. The purpose of this paper was to assess the pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous dosing in domesticated animal species (dogs, cats, and horses) of a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, EC1728, being developed for the treatment of pain in animals. Results: Intravenous and oral administration revealed that bioavailability was similar for dogs, and horses (42 and 50% F) but lower in mice and cats (34 and 8%, respectively). Additionally, clearance was similar between cats and mice, but >2× faster in cats vs. dogs and horses. Efficacy with EC1728 has been demonstrated in mice, dogs, and horses, and despite the rapid clearance of EC1728 in cats, analgesic efficacy was demonstrated in an acute pain model after intravenous but not oral dosing. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that exposures across species can vary, and investigation of therapeutic exposures in target species is needed to provide adequate care that addresses efficacy and avoids toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy B. McReynolds
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
- EicOsis, 1930 5th Street, Suite A, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
- EicOsis, 1930 5th Street, Suite A, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alonso Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (A.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Roberto Garcia
- Dechra Development LLC, 1 Monument Sq, Portland, ME 04101, USA;
| | - Heather Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.K.); (B.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Caitlin Tearney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (A.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Briana Hamamoto
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.K.); (B.H.)
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
- EicOsis, 1930 5th Street, Suite A, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Wagner
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
- EicOsis, 1930 5th Street, Suite A, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.B.M.); (J.Y.); (C.M.); (S.H.H.); (K.W.)
- EicOsis, 1930 5th Street, Suite A, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-8465
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Grubb T, Sager J, Gaynor JS, Montgomery E, Parker JA, Shafford H, Tearney C. 2020 AAHA Anesthesia and Monitoring Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:59-82. [PMID: 32078360 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Risk for complications and even death is inherent to anesthesia. However, the use of guidelines, checklists, and training can decrease the risk of anesthesia-related adverse events. These tools should be used not only during the time the patient is unconscious but also before and after this phase. The framework for safe anesthesia delivered as a continuum of care from home to hospital and back to home is presented in these guidelines. The critical importance of client communication and staff training have been highlighted. The role of perioperative analgesia, anxiolytics, and proper handling of fractious/fearful/aggressive patients as components of anesthetic safety are stressed. Anesthesia equipment selection and care is detailed. The objective of these guidelines is to make the anesthesia period as safe as possible for dogs and cats while providing a practical framework for delivering anesthesia care. To meet this goal, tables, algorithms, figures, and "tip" boxes with critical information are included in the manuscript and an in-depth online resource center is available at aaha.org/anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Grubb
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - Jennifer Sager
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - James S Gaynor
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Montgomery
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - Judith A Parker
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - Heidi Shafford
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
| | - Caitlin Tearney
- From Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington (T.G.); University of Florida Veterinary Hospitals, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.); Peak Performance Veterinary Group, Breckenridge, Colorado (J.S.G.); University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (E.M.); Pima Pet Clinic, Tucson, Arizona (J.A.P.); Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, Clackamas, Oregon (H.S.); and Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, Colorado (C.T.)
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Guedes A, Aleman M, Davis E, Tearney C. Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to apnea induced by atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine injection in anesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:590-598. [PMID: 26849108 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine physiologic responses to apnea-induced severe hypoxemia in anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Six university-owned horses with a median (range) body weight of 500 (220-510) kg and aged 13.5 (0.8-24.0) years scheduled for euthanasia. METHODS Xylazine-midazolam-ketamine-anesthetized horses breathing room air spontaneously were instrumented with a facial artery catheter for pressure measurement and blood sampling, and were made apneic with atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine (4 mg kg-1 ). Cardiopulmonary, biochemical and hematologic variables were recorded before (baseline) and every minute for 10 minutes after lidocaine injection. RESULTS PaO2 values were: baseline, 55 mmHg (7.3 kPa); 1 minute, 28 mmHg (3.8 kPa); 2 minutes, 18 mmHg (2.4 kPa); 3 minutes, 15 mmHg (2.0 kPa), and 4-10 minutes, (8-11 mmHg (1.1-1.5 kPa). PaCO2 values were: baseline, 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa); 1 minute, 61 mmHg (8.1 kPa), and 2-10 minutes, 64-66 mmHg (8.5-8.8 kPa). Base excess values at baseline, 1 minute and 2-10 minutes were 5.3 mmol L-1 , 6.5 mmol L-1 and 7.0-8.1 mmol L-1 , respectively. Pulse rates at baseline, 1 minute and 2-7 minutes were 36, 53 and 54-85 beats minute-1 , respectively. Asystole occurred at 8 minutes. Pulse pressures were 50 mmHg at baseline and 1 minute, and 39 mmHg, 31 mmHg, 22 mmHg, 17 mmHg and 1-9 mmHg at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6-10 minutes, respectively. Lactate was 0.9 mmol L-1 at baseline, progressively increasing to 1.7-2.4 mmol L-1 at 7-10 minutes. Packed cell volume increased after 7 minutes of apnea. There were no other major changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Apnea immediately exacerbated hypoxemia and hypercapnia and rapidly caused hemodynamic instability. Apnea in hypoxemic anesthetized horses is associated with a serious risk for progress to cardiovascular collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Davis
- International Animal Welfare Training Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Tearney
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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