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Roberts LE, Mehranbod CA, Bushover B, Gobaud AN, Eschliman EL, Fish C, Zadey S, Gao X, Morrison CN. Trends in police complaints and arrests on New York City subways, 2018 to 2023: an interrupted time-series analysis. Inj Epidemiol 2024; 11:16. [PMID: 38671521 PMCID: PMC11055262 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-024-00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public transportation use is influenced by perceptions of safety. Concerns related to crime on New York City (NYC) transit have risen following NYC's COVID-19 pandemic state of emergency declaration in 2020, leading to declines in subway ridership. In response, the most recent mayoral administration implemented a Subway Safety Plan in 2022. This study aimed to quantify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Subway Safety Plan on rates of complaints to and arrests by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) Transit Bureau. METHODS Using publicly available data on complaints and arrests, we conducted interrupted time-series analyses using autoregressive integrated moving average models applied to monthly data for the period from September 2018 to August 2023. We estimated changes in the rates of complaints to and arrests by the NYPD Transit Bureau before and after: (1) the COVID-19 pandemic state of emergency declaration (i.e., March 2020), and (2) the announcement of the Subway Safety Plan (i.e., February 2022). We also examined trends by complaint and arrest type as well as changes in proportion of arrests by demographic and geographic groups. RESULTS After the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, there was an 84% increase (i.e., an absolute increase of 6.07 per 1,000,000 riders, CI 1.42, 10.71) in complaints to the NYPD Transit Bureau, including a 99% increase (0.91 per 1,000,000 riders, CI 0.42, 1.41) in complaints for assault and a 125% increase in complaints for harassment (0.94 per 1,000,000 riders, CI 0.29, 1.60). Following the Subway Safety Plan there was an increase in the rate of arrests for harassment (0.004 per 1,000,000 riders, CI 0.001, 0.007), as well as decreases in the proportion of arrests for individuals racialized as White (- 0.02, CI - 0.04, - 0.01) and proportion of arrests in the borough of Manhattan (- 0.13, CI - 0.17, - 0.09). CONCLUSIONS The increased rates of complaints to the NYPD Transit Bureau following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic remained elevated following the enactment of the Subway Safety Plan. Further evaluation efforts can help identify effective means of promoting safety on public transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brady Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Evan L Eschliman
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Carolyn Fish
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Siddhesh Zadey
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Rm 505, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Roberts L, Hoofnagle MH, Bushover B, Gobaud AN, Mehranbod CA, Fish C, Morrison CN. Interstate Highway Connections and Traced Gun Transfers Between the 48 Contiguous United States. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e245662. [PMID: 38592720 PMCID: PMC11004838 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Interstate gun flow has critical implications for gun violence prevention, as gun transfers across state lines can undermine local gun control policies. Objective To identify possible gun trafficking routes along interstate highways in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants This repeated-measures, ecological, cross-sectional study used data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, to examine associations between interstate connections via 13 highways that each spanned at least 1000 miles and interstate traced gun transfer counts for the 48 contiguous United States. Analyses were completed in November 2023. Exposures Characteristics of the origin states and the transportation connections between the destination state and the origin states. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was the total count of guns used in crimes in each destination state per year that were originally purchased in the origin state. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models were used to examine associations between the count of guns used in crime traced to interstate purchases and interstate highway connections between origin and destination states. Results Between 2010 and 2019, 526 801 guns used in crimes in the contiguous 48 states were traced to interstate purchases. Northbound gun transfers along the Interstate 95 corridor were greater than expected to New Jersey (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.80; 95% credible interval [CrI], 1.01-7.68) and Maryland (IRR, 3.07; 95% CrI, 1.09-8.61); transfers were similarly greater along Interstate 15 southbound, Interstate 25 southbound, Interstate 35 southbound, Interstate 75 northbound and southbound, Interstate 10 westbound, and Interstate 20 eastbound and westbound. Conclusions and Relevance This repeated-measures, ecological, cross-sectional study identified that guns used in crimes traced to interstate purchases moved routinely between states along multiple major transportation routes. Interstate gun transfers are a major contributor to gun crime, injury, and death in the US. National policies and interstate cooperation are needed to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mark H. Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brady Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ariana N. Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Christina A. Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Carolyn Fish
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Christopher N. Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Singleton R, Salkoski AJ, Bulkow L, Fish C, Dobson J, Albertson L, Skarada J, Kovesi T, McDonald C, Hennessy TW, Ritter T. Housing characteristics and indoor air quality in households of Alaska Native children with chronic lung conditions. Indoor Air 2017; 27:478-486. [PMID: 27317363 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alaska Native children experience high rates of respiratory infections and conditions. Household crowding, indoor smoke, lack of piped water, and poverty have been associated with respiratory infections. We describe the baseline household characteristics of children with severe or chronic lung disease participating in a 2012-2015 indoor air study. We monitored indoor PM2.5, CO2 , relative humidity %, temperature, and VOCs and interviewed caregivers about children's respiratory symptoms. We evaluated the association between reported children's respiratory symptoms and indoor air quality indicators using multiple logistic regression analysis. Compared with general US households, study households were more likely overcrowded 73% (62%-82%) vs 3.2% (3.1%-3.3%); had higher woodstove use as primary heat source 16% (9%-25%) vs 2.1% (2.0%-2.2%); and higher proportion of children in a household with a smoker 49% (38%-60%) vs 26.2% (25.5%-26.8%). Median PM2.5 was 33 μg/m3 . Median CO2 was 1401 ppm. VOCs were detectable in all homes. VOCs, smoker, primary wood heat, and PM2.5>25 μg/m3 were associated with higher risk for cough between colds; VOCs were associated with higher risk for wheeze between colds and asthma diagnosis. High indoor air pollutant levels were associated with respiratory symptoms in household children, likely related to overcrowding, poor ventilation, woodstove use, and tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singleton
- Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Anchorage, AK, USA
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - A J Salkoski
- Community Environment and Health, ANTHC, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - L Bulkow
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - C Fish
- Division of Environmental Health and Engineering, ANTHC, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - J Dobson
- Office of Environmental Health, Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - L Albertson
- School of Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - J Skarada
- Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation, Dillingham, AK, USA
| | - T Kovesi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C McDonald
- Community Environment and Health, ANTHC, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - T W Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - T Ritter
- Division of Environmental Health and Engineering, ANTHC, Anchorage, AK, USA
- CDC/ONDIEh/NCEH, Environmental Health Services Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Fanelli L, Noel S, Earle GD, Fish C, Davidson RL, Robertson RV, Marquis P, Garg V, Somasundaram N, Kordella L, Kennedy P. A versatile retarding potential analyzer for nano-satellite platforms. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:124501. [PMID: 26724049 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The design of the first retarding potential analyzer (RPA) built specifically for use on resource-limited cubesat platforms is described. The size, mass, and power consumption are consistent with the limitations of a nano-satellite, but the performance specifications are commensurate with those of RPAs flown on much larger platforms. The instrument is capable of measuring the ion density, temperature, and the ram component of the ion velocity in the spacecraft reference frame, while also providing estimates of the ion composition. The mechanical and electrical designs are described, as are the operating modes, command and data structure, and timing scheme. Test data obtained using an ion source inside a laboratory vacuum chamber are presented to validate the performance of the new design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fanelli
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - S Noel
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - G D Earle
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - C Fish
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | | - P Marquis
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - V Garg
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | - L Kordella
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - P Kennedy
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Tsang TM, Griffin JL, Haselden J, Fish C, Holmes E. Metabolic characterization of distinct neuroanatomical regions in rats by magic angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:1018-24. [PMID: 15844164 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) (1)H NMR spectroscopy has been applied to the biochemical characterization of specific brain regions in rats in order to establish baseline levels of tissue metabolite profiles with which to compare models of neuropathology or toxic lesion. Cores of tissue (20 mg) from the brain stem, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus were obtained from histologically defined coronal slices of brain from 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats. HRMAS (1)H NMR spectra were acquired for each of the regions sampled and the degree of intersample variability, as assessed by principal components analysis and discriminant analysis by projection to latent structure was found to be low. Clear region-specific differences in the biochemical profiles were observed using both comparison of metabolite ratios and/or pattern recognition methods. Relatively low concentrations of GABA in the cerebellum, high concentrations of taurine and N-acetylaspartate in the cortex, and high levels of choline, glycerophosphocholine, and phosphocholine in the hippocampus predominantly influenced the classification of the different brain regions. Additionally, N-acetylaspartylglutamate was detected in the brain stem, but was largely absent from the other regions examined. Such analyses provide a baseline reference for further HRMAS NMR spectroscopic studies to monitor disease and pharmacological insults in specific regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tsang
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, UK
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Abstract
A significant amount of the mortality and morbidity experienced by Americans of all ages today is preventable. Research directed toward the identification of health promotion needs of traditional students in college environments may contribute to the development and implementation of programs and activities that assist students to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors throughout their life spans. The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to identify the health promotion needs of traditional students in a college environment. More specifically, the research question was: What are the health promotion needs of traditional students in a college environment? Subjects were male and female students, 18-21 years of age, and enrolled in a full-time (minimum of 12 hours) program of study at one of two college campuses in a metropolitan southern city. One of these was a 2-year state-affiliated community college and the other was a private 4-year coeducation university. A randomized sample of 148 subjects was computed. Results of this study emphasize the distinctive individual and group health promotion needs of traditional students in a college environment. Identification of the health promotion needs of this population will enable health care providers to develop interventions to assist students in developing healthy lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fish
- Union University School of Nursing, Jackson, TN
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McLaughlin EK, Fish C. Keller arthroplasty: is distraction a useful technique? A retrospective study. J Foot Surg 1990; 29:223-5. [PMID: 2380494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study comparing advantages of single or crossed intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation versus straight Keller arthroplasty is reported. The results suggest that the use of distractors weakly correlates with increase in both range of motion and overall patient satisfaction. It appears this correlation is related to temporary increase in joint space, which accordingly leads to increased fibrosis in the early postoperative stages, allowing for a better joint space and functional result.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K McLaughlin
- Department of Podiatric Surgery, Cranston General Hospital, Rhode Island
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Hebert R, Dubois JY, Fish C, Frenette L, Doiron O, Bernier R. [Not Available]. Can Fam Physician 1981; 27:431-439. [PMID: 21289687 PMCID: PMC2305879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Following the Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, the authors review the chief preventable pathology and outline norms for the nature and frequency of preventive procedures. They propose a systematic program of prevention and screening of the adult. In order to accomplish this, the initial evaluation of the patient must include the search for risk factors and these are included in the problem list. Finally, tables provide simple and efficient modes of applying this program, which also constitutes a useful research tool.
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Fish C. [Not Available]. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 113:821. [PMID: 20312693 PMCID: PMC1956693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Reed WB, Dexter R, Corley C, Fish C. Congenital lipodystrophic diabetes with acanthosis nigricans. The Seip-Lawrence syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1965; 91:326-34. [PMID: 9626079 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.91.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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