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Weeland CJ, Kasprzak S, de Joode NT, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Balachander S, Banaj N, Bargallo N, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Brecke V, Brem S, Cappi C, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Costa DLC, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Eng GK, Ferreira S, Feusner JD, Fontaine M, Fouche JP, Grazioplene RG, Gruner P, He M, Hirano Y, Hoexter MQ, Huyser C, Hu H, Jaspers-Fayer F, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Kim M, Koch K, Bin Kwak Y, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Li CSR, Lochner C, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minnuzi L, Moreira PS, Morgado P, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nurmi EL, Ortiz AE, Pariente JC, Piacentini J, Picó-Pérez M, Piras F, Piras F, Pittenger C, Reddy YCJ, Rodriguez-Manrique D, Sakai Y, Shimizu E, Shivakumar V, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Sousa N, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Szeszko PR, Takahashi J, Tanamatis T, Tang J, Thorsen AL, Tolin D, van der Werf YD, van Marle H, van Wingen GA, Vecchio D, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang J, Wang Z, Watanabe A, Wolters LH, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao Q, White T, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA, Vriend C. The thalamus and its subnuclei-a gateway to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:70. [PMID: 35190533 PMCID: PMC8861046 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Larger thalamic volume has been found in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and children with clinical-level symptoms within the general population. Particular thalamic subregions may drive these differences. The ENIGMA-OCD working group conducted mega- and meta-analyses to study thalamic subregional volume in OCD across the lifespan. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2649 OCD patients and 2774 healthy controls across 29 sites (50 datasets) were processed using the FreeSurfer built-in ThalamicNuclei pipeline to extract five thalamic subregions. Volume measures were harmonized for site effects using ComBat before running separate multiple linear regression models for children, adolescents, and adults to estimate volumetric group differences. All analyses were pre-registered ( https://osf.io/73dvy ) and adjusted for age, sex and intracranial volume. Unmedicated pediatric OCD patients (<12 years) had larger lateral (d = 0.46), pulvinar (d = 0.33), ventral (d = 0.35) and whole thalamus (d = 0.40) volumes at unadjusted p-values <0.05. Adolescent patients showed no volumetric differences. Adult OCD patients compared with controls had smaller volumes across all subregions (anterior, lateral, pulvinar, medial, and ventral) and smaller whole thalamic volume (d = -0.15 to -0.07) after multiple comparisons correction, mostly driven by medicated patients and associated with symptom severity. The anterior thalamus was also significantly smaller in patients after adjusting for thalamus size. Our results suggest that OCD-related thalamic volume differences are global and not driven by particular subregions and that the direction of effects are driven by both age and medication status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees J. Weeland
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selina Kasprzak
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels T. de Joode
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinari Abe
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pino Alonso
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780Bellvitge Biomedical Research Insitute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephanie H. Ameis
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Alan Anticevic
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Calgary, Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Srinivas Balachander
- grid.416861.c0000 0001 1516 2246OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo C. Batistuzzo
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology, Pontificial Catholic University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan C. Beucke
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.461732.5Department of Medical Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.461732.5Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irene Bollettini
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Vilde Brecke
- grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silvia Brem
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Cappi
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kang Ik K. Cho
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPsychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel L. C. Costa
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Sara Dallaspezia
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano Italy Psychiatry, Milano, Italy
| | - Damiaan Denys
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Goi Khia Eng
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.250263.00000 0001 2189 4777Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY USA
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.512329.eClinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jamie D. Feusner
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Martine Fontaine
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Columbia University Medical College, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rachael G. Grazioplene
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Patricia Gruner
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Mengxin He
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Marcelo Q. Hoexter
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Chaim Huyser
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fern Jaspers-Fayer
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.414137.40000 0001 0684 7788British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kaufmann
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Minah Kim
- grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XSeoul National University Hospital, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kathrin Koch
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC) of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Yoo Bin Kwak
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luisa Lazaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Christine Lochner
- grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XStellenbosch University, SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rachel Marsh
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Columbia University Medical College, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780Bellvitge Biomedical Research Insitute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.467087.a0000 0004 0442 1056Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose M. Menchón
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780Bellvitge Biomedical Research Insitute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Minnuzi
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,Offord Centre for Child Studies, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XPsychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.512329.eClinical Academic Center-Braga (2CA), Braga, Portugal ,grid.436922.80000 0004 4655 1975Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Akiko Nakagawa
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamae
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy
- grid.416861.c0000 0001 1516 2246OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Erika L. Nurmi
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ana E. Ortiz
- grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C. Pariente
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Piacentini
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718UCLA Semel Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Picó-Pérez
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.512329.eClinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry and Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Y. C. Janardhan Reddy
- grid.416861.c0000 0001 1516 2246OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Daniela Rodriguez-Manrique
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC) of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XGraduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuki Sakai
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.418163.90000 0001 2291 1583Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- grid.416861.c0000 0001 1516 2246Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Helen Blair Simpson
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Columbia University Irving Medical College, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Noam Soreni
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,Pediatric OCD Consultation Team, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780Bellvitge Biomedical Research Insitute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno Sousa
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.512329.eClinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Rome, Italy ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XBaylor College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Emily R. Stern
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.250263.00000 0001 2189 4777Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY USA
| | - Michael C. Stevens
- grid.277313.30000 0001 0626 2712Institute of Living, Hartford, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.414137.40000 0001 0684 7788British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.498716.50000 0000 8794 2105BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Philip R. Szeszko
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,grid.274295.f0000 0004 0420 1184James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jumpei Takahashi
- grid.411321.40000 0004 0632 2959Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tais Tanamatis
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Jinsong Tang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Psychiatry, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anders Lillevik Thorsen
- grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Centre for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David Tolin
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.277313.30000 0001 0626 2712Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT USA
| | - Ysbrand D. van der Werf
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein van Marle
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido A. van Wingen
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Venkatasubramanian
- grid.416861.c0000 0001 1516 2246National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, India
| | - Susanne Walitza
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jicai Wang
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anri Watanabe
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lidewij H. Wolters
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Post Box 303, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XSeoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tonya White
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XErasmus Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Wytemaweg 8, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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