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McQuillan MA, Verhulst S, Hansen MEB, Beggs W, Meskel DW, Belay G, Nyambo T, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Chanock SJ, Aviv A, Tishkoff SA. Association between telomere length and Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity in sub-Saharan Africans. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:927-938. [PMID: 38701745 PMCID: PMC11080607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) varies significantly across human populations, with individuals of African ancestry having longer LTL than non-Africans. However, the genetic and environmental drivers of LTL variation in Africans remain largely unknown. We report here on the relationship between LTL, genetics, and a variety of environmental and climatic factors in ethnically diverse African adults (n = 1,818) originating from Botswana, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Cameroon. We observe significant variation in LTL among populations, finding that the San hunter-gatherers from Botswana have the longest leukocyte telomeres and that the Fulani pastoralists from Cameroon have the shortest telomeres. Genetic factors explain ∼50% of LTL variation among individuals. Moreover, we observe a significant negative association between Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity and LTL while adjusting for age, sex, and genetics. Within Africa, adults from populations indigenous to areas with high malaria exposure have shorter LTL than those in populations indigenous to areas with low malaria exposure. Finally, we explore to what degree the genetic architecture underlying LTL in Africa covaries with malaria exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McQuillan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dawit Wolde Meskel
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University in Tanzania (KIUT), Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gaonyadiwe George Mokone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA; Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Aviv
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Global Genomics and Health Equity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Feng Y, Xie N, Inoue F, Fan S, Saskin J, Zhang C, Zhang F, Hansen MEB, Nyambo T, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Fokunang C, Belay G, Njamnshi AK, Marks MS, Oancea E, Ahituv N, Tishkoff SA. Integrative functional genomic analyses identify genetic variants influencing skin pigmentation in Africans. Nat Genet 2024; 56:258-272. [PMID: 38200130 PMCID: PMC11005318 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin color is highly variable in Africans, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here we applied massively parallel reporter assays to screen 1,157 candidate variants influencing skin pigmentation in Africans and identified 165 single-nucleotide polymorphisms showing differential regulatory activities between alleles. We combine Hi-C, genome editing and melanin assays to identify regulatory elements for MFSD12, HMG20B, OCA2, MITF, LEF1, TRPS1, BLOC1S6 and CYB561A3 that impact melanin levels in vitro and modulate human skin color. We found that independent mutations in an OCA2 enhancer contribute to the evolution of human skin color diversity and detect signals of local adaptation at enhancers of MITF, LEF1 and TRPS1, which may contribute to the light skin color of Khoesan-speaking populations from Southern Africa. Additionally, we identified CYB561A3 as a novel pigmentation regulator that impacts genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and melanogenesis. These results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying human skin color diversity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Feng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fumitaka Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joshua Saskin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN); Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Global Genomics and Health Equity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Harris DN, Platt A, Hansen MEB, Fan S, McQuillan MA, Nyambo T, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Belay G, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Tishkoff SA. Diverse African genomes reveal selection on ancient modern human introgressions in Neanderthals. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4905-4916.e5. [PMID: 37837965 PMCID: PMC10841429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Comparisons of Neanderthal genomes to anatomically modern human (AMH) genomes show a history of Neanderthal-to-AMH introgression stemming from interbreeding after the migration of AMHs from Africa to Eurasia. All non-sub-Saharan African AMHs have genomic regions genetically similar to Neanderthals that descend from this introgression. Regions of the genome with Neanderthal similarities have also been identified in sub-Saharan African populations, but their origins have been unclear. To better understand how these regions are distributed across sub-Saharan Africa, the source of their origin, and what their distribution within the genome tells us about early AMH and Neanderthal evolution, we analyzed a dataset of high-coverage, whole-genome sequences from 180 individuals from 12 diverse sub-Saharan African populations. In sub-Saharan African populations with non-sub-Saharan African ancestry, as much as 1% of their genomes can be attributed to Neanderthal sequence introduced by recent migration, and subsequent admixture, of AMH populations originating from the Levant and North Africa. However, most Neanderthal homologous regions in sub-Saharan African populations originate from migration of AMH populations from Africa to Eurasia ∼250 kya, and subsequent admixture with Neanderthals, resulting in ∼6% AMH ancestry in Neanderthals. These results indicate that there have been multiple migration events of AMHs out of Africa and that Neanderthal and AMH gene flow has been bi-directional. Observing that genomic regions where AMHs show a depletion of Neanderthal introgression are also regions where Neanderthal genomes show a depletion of AMH introgression points to deleterious interactions between introgressed variants and background genomes in both groups-a hallmark of incipient speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Harris
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Platt
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaohua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Michael A McQuillan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gaonyadiwe George Mokone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), P.O. Box 25625, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Pagkrati I, Duke JL, Mbunwe E, Mosbruger TL, Ferriola D, Wasserman J, Dinou A, Tairis N, Damianos G, Kotsopoulou I, Papaioannou J, Giannopoulos D, Beggs W, Nyambo T, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Njamnshi AK, Fokunang C, Woldemeskel D, Belay G, Maiers M, Tishkoff SA, Monos DS. Genomic characterization of HLA class I and class II genes in ethnically diverse sub-Saharan African populations: A report on novel HLA alleles. HLA 2023; 102:192-205. [PMID: 36999238 PMCID: PMC10524506 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
HLA allelic variation has been well studied and documented in many parts of the world. However, African populations have been relatively under-represented in studies of HLA variation. We have characterized HLA variation from 489 individuals belonging to 13 ethnically diverse populations from rural communities from the African countries of Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, known to practice traditional subsistence lifestyles using next generation sequencing (Illumina) and long-reads from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. We identified 342 distinct alleles among the 11 HLA targeted genes: HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, and -DPB1, with 140 of those alleles containing novel sequences that were submitted to the IPD-IMGT/HLA database. Sixteen of the 140 alleles contained novel content within the exonic regions of the genes, while 110 alleles contained novel intronic variants. Four alleles were found to be recombinants of already described HLA alleles and 10 alleles extended the sequence content of already described alleles. All 140 alleles include complete allelic sequence from the 5' UTR to the 3' UTR that are inclusive of all exons and introns. This report characterizes the HLA allelic variation from these individuals and describes the novel allelic variation present within these specific African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pagkrati
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie L. Duke
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Mbunwe
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy L. Mosbruger
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Ferriola
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna Wasserman
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amalia Dinou
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tairis
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgios Damianos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ioanna Kotsopoulou
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joanna Papaioannou
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diamantoula Giannopoulos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University in Tanzania (KIUT), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sununguko W. Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gaonyadiwe G. Mokone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dawit Woldemeskel
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martin Maiers
- National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah A. Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dimitri S. Monos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Fokam J, Chenwi CA, Tala V, Takou D, Santoro MM, Teto G, Dambaya B, Anubodem F, Semengue ENJ, Beloumou G, Djupsa S, Assomo E, Fokunang C, Alteri C, Billong S, Bouba NP, Ajeh R, Colizzi V, Mbanya D, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Perno CF, Ndjolo A. Pre-Treatment HIV Drug Resistance and Genetic Diversity in Cameroon: Implications for First-Line Regimens. Viruses 2023; 15:1458. [PMID: 37515146 PMCID: PMC10385257 DOI: 10.3390/v15071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be hampered by the presence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). We described HIV-1 pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) patterns, effect of viral clades on PDR, and programmatic implications on first-line regimens in Cameroon. A sentinel surveillance of PDR was conducted from 2014 to 2019. Sequencing of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase was performed, and HIVDR was interpreted using Stanford HIVdb.v.9.4. In total, 379 sequences were obtained from participants (62% female, mean age 36 ± 10 years). The overall PDR rate was 15.0% [95% CI: 11.8-19.0] nationwide, with significant disparity between regions (p = 0.03). NNRTI PDR was highest (12.4%), of which 7.9% had DRMs to EFV/NVP. Two regions had EFV/NVP PDR above the 10% critical threshold, namely the Far North (15%) and East (10.9%). Eighteen viral strains were identified, predominated by CRF02_AG (65.4%), with no influence of genetic diversity PDR occurrence. TDF-3TC-DTG predictive efficacy was superior (98.4%) to TDF-3TC-EFV (92%), p < 0.0001. The overall high rate of PDR in Cameroon, not substantially affected by the wide HIV-1 genetic diversity, underscores the poor efficacy of EFV/NVP-based first-line ART nationwide, with major implications in two regions of the country. This supports the need for a rapid transition to NNRTI-sparing regimens, with TDF-3TC-DTG having optimal efficacy at the programmatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Fokam
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 0063, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
- National HIV Drug Resistance Prevention and Surveillance Working Group, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon
| | - Collins Ambe Chenwi
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valère Tala
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Désiré Takou
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Maria Mercedes Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - George Teto
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Beatrice Dambaya
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Felix Anubodem
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Ezechiel Ngoufack Jagni Semengue
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon
| | - Grace Beloumou
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Sandrine Djupsa
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Edgar Assomo
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Serge Billong
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
- National HIV Drug Resistance Prevention and Surveillance Working Group, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon
| | - Nounouce Pamen Bouba
- Department of Disease, Epidemic and Pandemic Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon
| | - Rogers Ajeh
- Central Technical Group, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaoundé P.O. Box 2005, Cameroon
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
- National Blood Transfusion Service, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon
- Haematology and Transfusion Service, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU), Yaoundé P.O. Box 30335, Cameroon
| | - Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo-Federico Perno
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexis Ndjolo
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
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6
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Zhang C, Verma A, Feng Y, Melo MCR, McQuillan M, Hansen M, Lucas A, Park J, Ranciaro A, Thompson S, Rubel MA, Campbell MC, Beggs W, Hirbo J, Wata Mpoloka S, George Mokone G, Nyambo T, Wolde Meskel D, Belay G, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Omar SA, Williams SM, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Sirugo G, Tishkoff SA. Impact of natural selection on global patterns of genetic variation and association with clinical phenotypes at genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123000119. [PMID: 35580180 PMCID: PMC9173769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genomic diversity has been shaped by both ancient and ongoing challenges from viruses. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a devastating impact on population health. However, genetic diversity and evolutionary forces impacting host genes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well understood. We investigated global patterns of genetic variation and signatures of natural selection at host genes relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection (angiotensin converting enzyme 2 [ACE2], transmembrane protease serine 2 [TMPRSS2], dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [DPP4], and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E [LY6E]). We analyzed data from 2,012 ethnically diverse Africans and 15,977 individuals of European and African ancestry with electronic health records and integrated with global data from the 1000 Genomes Project. At ACE2, we identified 41 nonsynonymous variants that were rare in most populations, several of which impact protein function. However, three nonsynonymous variants (rs138390800, rs147311723, and rs145437639) were common among central African hunter-gatherers from Cameroon (minor allele frequency 0.083 to 0.164) and are on haplotypes that exhibit signatures of positive selection. We identify signatures of selection impacting variation at regulatory regions influencing ACE2 expression in multiple African populations. At TMPRSS2, we identified 13 amino acid changes that are adaptive and specific to the human lineage compared with the chimpanzee genome. Genetic variants that are targets of natural selection are associated with clinical phenotypes common in patients with COVID-19. Our study provides insights into global variation at host genes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which have been shaped by natural selection in some populations, possibly due to prior viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yuanqing Feng
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marcelo C. R. Melo
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael McQuillan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew Hansen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anastasia Lucas
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Simon Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Meagan A. Rubel
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael C. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jibril Hirbo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dawit Wolde Meskel
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative, Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sabah A. Omar
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sarah A. Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Center for Global Genomics and Health Equity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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7
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Zhang C, Verma A, Feng Y, Melo MCR, McQuillan M, Hansen M, Lucas A, Park J, Ranciaro A, Thompson S, Rubel MA, Campbell MC, Beggs W, Hirbo J, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Nyambo T, Meskel DW, Belay G, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Omar SA, Williams SM, Rader D, Ritchie MD, de la Fuente Nunez C, Sirugo G, Tishkoff S. Impact of natural selection on global patterns of genetic variation, and association with clinical phenotypes, at genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv 2021:2021.06.28.21259529. [PMID: 34230933 PMCID: PMC8259910 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.28.21259529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated global patterns of genetic variation and signatures of natural selection at host genes relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection (ACE2, TMPRSS2, DPP4, and LY6E). We analyzed novel data from 2,012 ethnically diverse Africans and 15,997 individuals of European and African ancestry with electronic health records, and integrated with global data from the 1000GP. At ACE2, we identified 41 non-synonymous variants that were rare in most populations, several of which impact protein function. However, three non-synonymous variants were common among Central African hunter-gatherers from Cameroon and are on haplotypes that exhibit signatures of positive selection. We identify strong signatures of selection impacting variation at regulatory regions influencing ACE2 expression in multiple African populations. At TMPRSS2, we identified 13 amino acid changes that are adaptive and specific to the human lineage. Genetic variants that are targets of natural selection are associated with clinical phenotypes common in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuanqing Feng
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcelo C. R. Melo
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael McQuillan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Hansen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anastasia Lucas
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meghan A. Rubel
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dawit Wolde Meskel
- Addis Ababa University Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurja Belay
- Addis Ababa University Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé; Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sabah A. Omar
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cesar de la Fuente Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang C, Verma A, Feng Y, Dos Reis Melo MC, McQuillan M, Hansen M, Lucas A, Park J, Ranciaro A, Thompson S, Rubel M, Campbell M, Beggs W, Hirbo J, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Jones M, Nyambo T, Meskel DW, Belay G, Fokunang C, Njamnshi A, Omar S, Williams S, Rader D, Ritchie M, de la Fuente C, Sirugo G, Tishkoff S. Impact of natural selection on global patterns of genetic variation, and association with clinical phenotypes, at genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-673011. [PMID: 34341784 PMCID: PMC8328070 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-673011/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated global patterns of genetic variation and signatures of natural selection at host genes relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection ( ACE2, TMPRSS2, DPP4 , and LY6E ). We analyzed novel data from 2,012 ethnically diverse Africans and 15,997 individuals of European and African ancestry with electronic health records, and integrated with global data from the 1000GP. At ACE2 , we identified 41 non-synonymous variants that were rare in most populations, several of which impact protein function. However, three non-synonymous variants were common among Central African hunter-gatherers from Cameroon and are on haplotypes that exhibit signatures of positive selection. We identify strong signatures of selection impacting variation at regulatory regions influencing ACE2 expression in multiple African populations. At TMPRSS2 , we identified 13 amino acid changes that are adaptive and specific to the human lineage. Genetic variants that are targets of natural selection are associated with clinical phenotypes common in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag Verma
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Park
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dawit Wolde Meskel
- Addis Ababa University Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology
| | - Guija Belay
- Addis Ababa University Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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Doh G, Mkong E, Ikomey GM, Obasa AE, Mesembe M, Fokunang C, Jacobs GB. Preinvasive cervical lesions and high prevalence of human papilloma virus among pregnant women in Cameroon. Germs 2021; 11:78-87. [PMID: 33898344 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2021.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction With the exception of breast cancer, gynecologic neoplasms constitute the most common cancers that complicate pregnancy. Pregnancy therefore presents a window of opportunity for all pregnant women who do not take part in routine free cervical cancer screening program to undergo a free voluntary cytological test and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. This study aimed to determine prevalent HPV genotypes among pregnant women using exfoliated cells from cervical swabs and determine risk factors responsible for the upsurge of cervical precancerous lesions. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted from October 2017 to March 2018, a total of 482 pregnant women were enrolled. Cervical swabs and samples for cytology were collected from each enrolled participant during their routine prenatal consultation. The Papanicolaou's (Pap) staining technique was performed and all cervical swab samples were amplified through conventional PCR. HPV genotypes were identified using the Roche Linear Array Genotyping Assay. SAS 9.2 software (SAS Institute Inc., USA) was used for statistical analysis and p values >0.05 were considered significant. Results Among the 482 participants, 354 (73.4%) had normal cytology and 128 (26.6%) had abnormal cytology. HPV DNA was identified in 62/464 (13.4%). The most prominent HPV types identified were HPV 16 (24%), HPV 18 (36.4%), HPV 45 (28%), HPV 53 (18.9%) and HPV 67 (24.3%). Early intercourse, number of sexual partners and age at first pregnancy were some of the risk factors that influenced the etiology of preinvasive cervical lesion. Conclusions Prevalent HPV types identified in our study were HPV 16, 18, 45, 53 and 67. Organizing effective screening programs in prenatal care facilities is crucial in order to detect prevalent HR-HPV types and precursors for cervical lesions. The addition of HPV vaccination in the national immunization program with focus on the different epidemiological HPV genotypes circulating in the country is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Doh
- MSc, Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box. 8445 Yaoundé, Cameroon, Division of Anatomical pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, P.O. Box 241 Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Edwin Mkong
- BSc, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241 Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - George Mondinde Ikomey
- MSc, PhD, Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box. 8445 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Adetayo Emmanuel Obasa
- MSc, PhD, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241 Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Martha Mesembe
- BDc, Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box. 8445 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- PhD, CBiol, MIBiol, Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box. 8445 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Graeme Brendon Jacobs
- MSc, PhD, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241 Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
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Rubel MA, Abbas A, Taylor LJ, Connell A, Tanes C, Bittinger K, Ndze VN, Fonsah JY, Ngwang E, Essiane A, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Bushman FD, Tishkoff SA. Lifestyle and the presence of helminths is associated with gut microbiome composition in Cameroonians. Genome Biol 2020; 21:122. [PMID: 32450885 PMCID: PMC7249393 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African populations provide a unique opportunity to interrogate host-microbe co-evolution and its impact on adaptive phenotypes due to their genomic, phenotypic, and cultural diversity. We integrate gut microbiome 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequence data with quantification of pathogen burden and measures of immune parameters for 575 ethnically diverse Africans from Cameroon. Subjects followed pastoralist, agropastoralist, and hunter-gatherer lifestyles and were compared to an urban US population from Philadelphia. RESULTS We observe significant differences in gut microbiome composition across populations that correlate with subsistence strategy and country. After these, the variable most strongly associated with gut microbiome structure in Cameroonians is the presence of gut parasites. Hunter-gatherers have high frequencies of parasites relative to agropastoralists and pastoralists. Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis soil-transmitted helminths ("ANTS" parasites) significantly co-occur, and increased frequency of gut parasites correlates with increased gut microbial diversity. Gut microbiome composition predicts ANTS positivity with 80% accuracy. Colonization with ANTS, in turn, is associated with elevated levels of TH1, TH2, and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating an association with multiple immune mechanisms. The unprecedented size of this dataset allowed interrogation of additional questions-for example, we find that Fulani pastoralists, who consume high levels of milk, possess an enrichment of gut bacteria that catabolize galactose, an end product of lactose metabolism, and of bacteria that metabolize lipids. CONCLUSIONS These data document associations of bacterial microbiota and eukaryotic parasites with each other and with host immune responses; each of these is further correlated with subsistence practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A. Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Arwa Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Louis J. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrew Connell
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Valantine N. Ndze
- Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julius Y. Fonsah
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric Ngwang
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sarah A. Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Fokam J, Nangmo A, Wandum C, Takou D, Santoro MM, Nlend AEN, Ateba FN, Ndombo PK, Kamgaing N, Kamta C, Essiane A, Lambo V, Fokunang C, Mbanya D, Colizzi V, Perno CF, Ndjolo A. Programme quality indicators of HIV drug resistance among adolescents in urban versus rural settings of the centre region of Cameroon. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:14. [PMID: 32398107 PMCID: PMC7216382 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high rate of mortality among HIV-vertically infected adolescents might be favoured by HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) emergence, which calls for timeous actions in this underserved population. We thus sought to evaluate program quality indicators (PQIs) of HIVDR among HIV-vertically infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS A study was conducted in the Centre region of Cameroon among adolescents (10-19 years) receiving ART in two urban (The Mother-Child Centre of the Chantal BIYA Foundation, the National Social Welfare Hospital) and three rural (Mfou District Hospital, Mbalmayo District Hospital and Nkomo Medical Center) health facilities. Following an exhaustive sampling from ART registers, patient medical files and pharmacy records, data was abstracted for seven PQIs: on-time drug pick-up; retention in care; pharmacy stock outs; dispensing practices; viral load coverage; viral suppression and adequate switch to second-line. Performance in PQIs was interpreted following the WHO-recommended thresholds (desirable, fair and/or poor); with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Among 967 adolescents (888 urban versus 79 rural) registered in the study sites, validated data was available for 633 (554 in urban and 79 in rural). Performance in the urban vs. rural settings was respectively: on-time drug pick-up was significantly poorer in rural (79% vs. 46%, p = 0.00000006); retention in care was fair in urban (80% vs. 72%, p = 0.17); pharmacy stock outs was significantly higher in urban settings (92% vs. 50%, p = 0.004); dispensing practices was desirable (100% vs. 100%, p = 1.000); viral load coverage was desirable only in urban sites (84% vs. 37%, p < 0.0001); viral suppression was poor (33% vs. 53%, p = 0.08); adequate switch to second-line varied (38.1% vs. 100%, p = 0.384). CONCLUSION Among adolescents on ART in Cameroon, dispensing practices are appropriate, while adherence to ART program and viral load coverage are better in urban settings. However, in both urban and rural settings, pharmacy stock outs, poor viral suppression and inadequate switch to second-line among adolescents require corrective public-health actions to limit HIVDR and to improve transition towards adult care in countries sharing similar programmatic features.
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Mbunwe E, Duke JL, Ferriola D, Mosbruger T, Damianos G, Dinou A, Kotsopoulou I, Ranciaro A, Thompson S, Beggs W, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Nyambo T, Meskel DW, Belay G, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Carrington M, Maiers M, Tishkoff S, Monos DS. P072 HLA types in ethnically diverse sub-saharan african populations. Hum Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Banin AN, Tuen M, Bimela JS, Tongo M, Zappile P, Khodadadi‐Jamayran A, Nanfack AJ, Okonko IO, Meli J, Wang X, Mbanya D, Ngogang J, Gorny MK, Heguy A, Fokunang C, Duerr R. Near full genome characterization of HIV-1 unique recombinant forms in Cameroon reveals dominant CRF02_AG and F2 recombination patterns. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25362. [PMID: 31353798 PMCID: PMC6661401 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Cameroon, a manifold diversity of HIV strains exists with CRF02_AG and unique recombinant forms (URFs) being the predominant strains. In recent years, a steady increase in URFs and clade F2 viruses has been monitored through partial genome sequencing. There is an information gap in the characterization of emerging URFs along the full genome, which is needed to address the challenges URFs pose towards diagnosis, treatment and HIV-1 vaccine design. METHOD Eighteen Cameroonian URFs from samples collected between the years 2000 and 2015 were studied using a newly developed near full genome sequencing (NFGS) protocol based on variable nested RT-PCRs with a versatile primer set. Near full genomes were characterized for recombination patterns and sequence signatures with possible impact on antiretroviral treatment or Env-directed immune responses. Third-generation sequencing (3GS) of near full or half genomes (HGs) gave insight into intra-patient URF diversity. RESULTS The characterized URFs were composed of a broad variety of subtypes and recombinants including A, F, G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG and CRF22_01A1. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled dominant CRF02_AG and F2 recombination patterns. 3GS indicated a high intra-patient URF diversity with up to four distinct viral sub-populations present in plasma at the same time. URF pol genomic analysis revealed a number of accessory drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in the ART-naïve participants. Genotypic env analysis suggests CCR5 usage in 14/18 samples and identified deviations at residues, critical for gp120/gp41 interphase and CD4 binding site broadly neutralizing antibodies in more than half of the studied URFs. V1V2 sites of immune pressure in the human RV144 vaccine study varied in more than a third of URFs. CONCLUSIONS This study identified novel mosaic patterns in URFs in Cameroon. In line with the regional predominance of CRF_02AG and the increased prevalence of clade F2, prominent CRF_02AG and F2 background patterns were observed underlying the URFs. In the context of the novel mosaic genomes, the impact of the identified accessory DRMs and Env epitope variations on treatment and immune control remains elusive. The evolving diversity of HIV-1 URFs in Cameroon requires continuous monitoring to respond to the increasing challenges for diagnosis, antiretroviral treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Banin
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jude S Bimela
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Center of Research for Emerging and Re‐Emerging Diseases (CREMER)Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal PlantsYaoundéCameroon
| | - Paul Zappile
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi‐Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories (ABL) and Genome Technology Center (GTC)Division of Advanced Research Technologies (DART)New York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Aubin J Nanfack
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Medical Diagnostic CenterYaoundéCameroon
- Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and ManagementYaoundéCameroon
| | - Iheanyi O Okonko
- Virus Research UnitDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
| | | | - Xiaohong Wang
- Manhattan Veterans Affairs Harbor Healthcare SystemsNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Jeanne Ngogang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Manhattan Veterans Affairs Harbor Healthcare SystemsNew YorkNYUSA
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Ngounoue MD, Ateudjieu J, Fokunang C, Chi PC, Ndje MN, Nolna SK, Magne G, Kaptue L. OC 8378 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ETHICAL CONDUCT OF CLINICAL RESEARCH IN CAMEROON, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE MONITORING. BMJ Glob Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious evaluation of the state of ethics regulation in Cameroon revealed: law regulating clinical research is lacking; existing committees lack infrastructure and financial support to sustainably review and effectively monitor approved protocols. The present Cameroon National Ethics Committee (CNEC)-EDCTP project aimed at implementing and evaluating active monitoring of clinical research in Cameroon.MethodsBetween 2011–2013, approved clinical trials and protocols involving transfer of biological materials abroad were consecutively monitored. The monitoring tool, a questionnaire on the conformity of key documents e.g. research protocols, ethical clearance, informed consent documents, investigator’s brochure, with a focus on GCP standards was sent to promoters/investigators ten days prior to the field visit. Teams of two-three monitors, made up of CNEC members and independent consultants, were mobilised per site (hospital/research institute/NGO). Reports with key recommendations were submitted to CNEC for review and approval, to different promoters/investigators, and the Regulatory Authority for action; the monitoring summary was submitted to EDCTP.ResultsUp to 22 site visits were done throughout the country, monitoring about 30 protocols within 11 hospitals, 9 research institutes, a National Programme and a non-governmental organisation. All sites had ethical clearance and administrative authorisation for research. From the registered number of research participants, less than half of the signed consent forms were available. Other issues were the lack of full involvement of local investigators, inexistence of material transfer and data sharing agreements with collaborative studies, non-implication of study communities/participants. As educators-consultants, monitors formulated recommendations to investigators, ethics committees and regulatory authority, insisting on the implication of local PI/collaborators with defined percentages of time to be devoted for research and good participatory practice among research communities/participants.ConclusionActive monitoring shows some formality in the application of ethical/administrative clearance in Cameroon. However, complex issues raised confirm the necessity of continuous monitoring to meet the high standards for clinical research ethics in Cameroon.
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Abongwa LE, Kibera AN, Fokunang C, Torimiro J, Nshom E, Domkam I, Okemo P. PO 8190 RISK FACTORS OF SEVERE HEPATOTOXICITY AMONG HIV-1 PATIENTS INITIATED ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN THE NORTHWEST REGION OF CAMEROON. BMJ Glob Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHepatotoxicity due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has gained prominent attention since it can be affected by many factors. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatotoxicity and related risk factors of severe hepatotoxicity following HAART initiation.MethodsA total of 100 newly diagnosed HIV drug-naive patients within the age range of 18–61 years were recruited and followed up for 24 weeks and were placed on either Tenofovir (TDF)+Lamivudine (3TC)+Efavirenz (EFV) or Zidovudine (AZT) +Lamivudine + Nevirapine (NVP) or Zidovudine +Lamivudine + Efavirenz regimen. Sociodemographic data was obtained using pretested questionnaires. Venous blood samples were collected to measure aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), using colometric enzymatic reaction. Hepatotoxicity was classified based on age and sex. Data was analysed using SPSS.ResultsThe level of significance was set at 5%. A total of 37 (38%) and 49 (49%) patients presented with hepatotoxicity; 15% and 28% of these patients had severe hepatotoxicity at 4 and 24 weeks, respectively. Serum levels of all enzymes increased significantly (p<0.05) with increased treatment duration. Univariate analysis revealed that the risk factor of developing severe hepatotoxicity was significantly (p<0.05) greater in patients<30 years, males, low BMI, low monthly income earners and patient on AZT+3TC +NVP regimen. While multivariate analysis at p<0.09 showed that age <30 years, Low BMI, low monthly income, or the use of AZT+3TC +NVP regimen were independent risk factors.ConclusionLow BMI,<30 years, low monthly income and the use of AZT+3TC+NVP regimen were identifiable risk factors for the development of severe hepatotoxicity. As such, these factors should be considered as important for strategy by clinicians to prevent hepatotoxicity.
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Banin AN, Tuen M, Bimela JS, Tongo M, Zappile P, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Nanfack AJ, Meli J, Wang X, Mbanya D, Ngogang J, Heguy A, Nyambi PN, Fokunang C, Duerr R. Development of a Versatile, Near Full Genome Amplification and Sequencing Approach for a Broad Variety of HIV-1 Group M Variants. Viruses 2019; 11:E317. [PMID: 30939815 PMCID: PMC6520859 DOI: 10.3390/v11040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Near full genome sequencing (NFGS) of HIV-1 is required to assess the genetic composition of HIV-1 strains comprehensively. Population-wide, it enables a determination of the heterogeneity of HIV-1 and the emergence of novel/recombinant strains, while for each individual it constitutes a diagnostic instrument to assist targeted therapeutic measures against viral components. There is still a lack of robust and adaptable techniques for efficient NFGS from miscellaneous HIV-1 subtypes. Using rational primer design, a broad primer set was developed for the amplification and sequencing of diverse HIV-1 group M variants from plasma. Using pure subtypes as well as diverse, unique recombinant forms (URF), variable amplicon approaches were developed for NFGS comprising all functional genes. Twenty-three different genomes composed of subtypes A (A1), B, F (F2), G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and CRF22_01A1 were successfully determined. The NFGS approach was robust irrespective of viral loads (≥306 copies/mL) and amplification method. Third-generation sequencing (TGS), single genome amplification (SGA), cloning, and bulk sequencing yielded similar outcomes concerning subtype composition and recombinant breakpoint patterns. The introduction of a simple and versatile near full genome amplification, sequencing, and cloning method enables broad application in phylogenetic studies of diverse HIV-1 subtypes and can contribute to personalized HIV therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Banin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, BP 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jude S Bimela
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, BP 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Center of Research for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants, BP 906 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Paul Zappile
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories (ABL) and Genome Technology Center (GTC), Division of Advanced Research Technologies (DART), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Aubin J Nanfack
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Medical Diagnostic Center, BP 15810 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, BP 3077 Messa Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | | - Xiaohong Wang
- Manhattan Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, University of Yaoundé 1, BP 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jeanne Ngogang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, BP 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Phillipe N Nyambi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Manhattan Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacotoxicology & Pharmacokinetics, University of Yaoundé 1, BP 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Manhattan Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Tala DS, Fodouop SPC, Tsafack DN, Kodjio N, Fokunang C, Gatsing D. Toxicological Investigations of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Dissothis thollonii (Melastomataceae). JPRI 2018. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2018/39412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mayoudom EVT, Nguidjoe E, Mballa RN, Tankoua OF, Fokunang C, Anyakora C, Blackett KN. Identification and quantification of 19 pharmaceutical active compounds and metabolites in hospital wastewater in Cameroon using LC/QQQ and LC/Q-TOF. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:723. [PMID: 30430263 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human pharmaceutical residues are a serious environmental concern. They have been reported to have eco, geno, and human toxic effects, and thus their importance as micropollutants cannot be ignored. These have been studied extensively in Europe and North America. However, African countries are still lagging behind in research on these micropollutants. In this study, the wastewaters of the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé (UTHY) were screened for the presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their metabolites. The screening was carried out using two methods: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole analyzer (LC/QQQ) and high-performance coupled to a mass spectrometer with a time of flight analyzer (LC/Q-TOF). A total of 19 active pharmaceutical ingredients and metabolites were identified and quantified. The compounds identified include paracetamol (211.93 μg/L), ibuprofen (141 μg/L), tramadol (76 μg/L), O-demethyltramadol (141 μg/L), erythromycinanhydrate (7 μg/L), ciprofloxacin (24 μg/L), clarinthromycine (0.088 μg/L), azitromycine (0.39 μg/L), sulfamethoxazole 0.16 μg/L), trimetoprime (0.27 μg/L), caffeine (5.8 μg/L), carnamaeepine (0.94 μg/L), atenolol (0.43 μg/L), propranolol (0.3 μg/L), cimetidine (34 μg/L), hydroxy omeprazole (5 μg/L), diphenhydramine (0.38 μg/L), metformine (154 μg/L), and sucralose (13.07 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Vanessa Tchadji Mayoudom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Evrard Nguidjoe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rose Ngono Mballa
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Legislation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory for the Control of Drug Quality and Expertise, LACOME, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Olivia Fossi Tankoua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Chimezie Anyakora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Centre for Applied Research on Separation Science, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Loy DE, Rubel MA, Avitto AN, Liu W, Li Y, Learn GH, Ranciaro A, Mbunwe E, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Sharp PM, Tishkoff SA, Hahn BH. Investigating zoonotic infection barriers to ape Plasmodium parasites using faecal DNA analysis. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:531-542. [PMID: 29476866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
African apes are endemically infected with numerous Plasmodium spp. including close relatives of human Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. Although these ape parasites are not believed to pose a zoonotic threat, their ability to colonise humans has not been fully explored. In particular, it remains unknown whether ape parasites are able to initiate exo-erythrocytic replication in human hepatocytes following the bite of an infective mosquito. Since animal studies have shown that liver stage infection can result in the excretion of parasite nucleic acids into the bile, we screened faecal samples from 504 rural Cameroonians for Plasmodium DNA. Using pan-Laverania as well as P. malariae- and P. vivax-specific primer sets, we amplified human P. falciparum (n = 14), P. malariae (n = 1), and P. ovale wallikeri (n = 1) mitochondrial sequences from faecal DNA of 15 individuals. However, despite using an intensified PCR screening approach we failed to detect ape Laverania, ape P. vivax or ape P. malariae parasites in these same subjects. One faecal sample from a hunter-gatherer contained a sequence closely related to the porcupine parasite Plasmodium atheruri. Since this same faecal sample also contained porcupine mitochondrial DNA, but a matching blood sample was Plasmodium-negative, it is likely that this hunter-gatherer consumed Plasmodium-infected bushmeat. Faecal Plasmodium detection was not secondary to intestinal bleeding and/or infection with gastrointestinal parasites, but indicative of blood parasitaemia. Quantitative PCR identified 26-fold more parasite DNA in the blood of faecal Plasmodium-positive than faecal Plasmodium-negative individuals (P = 0.01). However, among blood-positive individuals only 10% - 20% had detectable Plasmodium sequences in their stool. Thus, faecal screening of rural Cameroonians failed to uncover abortive ape Plasmodium infections, but detected infection with human parasites, albeit with reduced sensitivity compared with blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Loy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meagan A Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexa N Avitto
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Mbunwe
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Central Hospital Yaoundé, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Ndombo PK, Ndze VN, Fokunang C, Ashukem TN, Boula A, Kinkela MN, Ndode CE, Seheri ML, Bowen MD, Waku-Kouomou D, Esona MD. Pre-vaccine circulating group a rotavirus strains in under 5 years children with acute diarrhea during 1999-2013 in Cameroon. Virology 2017; 1. [PMID: 29051924 PMCID: PMC5645035 DOI: 10.15761/vrr.1000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess all the studies on rotavirus G and P characterization during the pre-vaccine period (1999-2013) in Cameroon to have a better basis for post-vaccine introduction evaluations. A retrospective study was done through a comprehensive review of published (PubMed, Google Scholar) and accessible unpublished data on rotavirus G and P genotypes circulating in five regions of Cameroon. Descriptive data were expressed as frequencies tables and proportions. A total of 1844 rotavirus positive cases were analyzed. In all, 1534 strains were characterized for the P (VP4) specificity. Six different VP4 genotypes were observed, including P [4], P [6], P [8], P [9], P [10] and P [14]. The most predominant P genotypes were P [8] at 42.6%, and P [6] at 37.9%. Mixed infections were observed at 5.3%, whereas 4.1% of the strains were P non-typeable. A total of 1518 rotavirus strains were characterized for the G (VP7) specificity. VP7 genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G8, G9, G10 and G12 were observed. G1 (35.3%), G3 (19.5%), G2 (14.9%) and G12 (10.1%) were the predominant G genotypes while G5 and G10 were least prevalent at 0.06% each. Approximately 5.1% of all strains were G non-typeable whereas 5.3% were mixed G genotypes. A total of 1472 strains were characterized for both G and P genes, from which 38 different G-P combinations were observed. Overall, G1P [8] (22%) was identified as the predominant rotavirus strain circulating in Cameroon followed by G3P [6] (15%). In conclusion, we observed that the genotypes identified in Cameroon during 1999-2013 were partially covered by the two WHO recommended rotavirus vaccines. This review provides comprehensive up-to-date information on rotavirus strain surveillance in Cameroon during the pre-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Koki Ndombo
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon, South Africa.,Rotavirus National Reference Laboratory, Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Valantine N Ndze
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon, South Africa.,Rotavirus National Reference Laboratory, Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Taku Nadesh Ashukem
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Angeline Boula
- Rotavirus National Reference Laboratory, Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Mina N Kinkela
- Rotavirus National Reference Laboratory, Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Corlins E Ndode
- Rotavirus National Reference Laboratory, Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka L Seheri
- South Africa Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogen Research Unit, Department of Virology, Faculty of health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Djimeli MN, Fodouop SPC, Njateng GSS, Fokunang C, Tala DS, Kengni F, Gatsing D. Antibacterial activities and toxicological study of the aqueous extract from leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae). BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:349. [PMID: 28676114 PMCID: PMC5496605 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A. cordifolia is a plant widely used in Africa to solve many health problems. In Cameroon, it is used in the treatment of urogenital infections. As a continuation of our search for pharmacologically active agents from natural sources, the antimicrobial activity of A. cordifolia leaf extracts against E. coli and the toxicity of this extract were investigated. METHODS The antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract from leaves of Alchornea cordifolia was carried out in vitro on Escherichia coli, as well as in vivo on E. coli-infected rat model. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods. The acute toxicity was investigated in mice, while at the end of treatment of infected rats, some biochemical, hematological and histological markers of toxicity were evaluated. RESULTS The extract exhibited a bacteriostatic activity with MIC value of 1500 μg/ml. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, triterpens, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthocyanins, saponins and coumarins in the extract. The acute toxicity study showed LD50 values of 8.6 g/kg and 3.8 g/kg in male and female mice respectively. In vivo, the oral administration of the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease of the bacterial load as the extract at 232, 112 and 58 g/kg were able to eradicate the infection after 9, 11 and 13 days of treatment. The infected rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum creatinine, ALAT, white blood cells, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of food and water intake, the relative weight of lungs, heart and spleen. In the treated rats, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in food and water intake and ALAT was observed at the doses of 116 and 232 mg/kg. A decrease in the red blood cells count and serum protein levels was also observed. These observations corroborate liver damages as revealed by the histopathological examination of the cross sections of this organ. CONCLUSION The results of this assay thus showed that the extract of A. cordifolia is bacteriostatic, therapeutic at 58 g/kg bw and may be considered as slightly and almost non-toxic on females and males mice respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merline Namekong Djimeli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Guy Sedar Singor Njateng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of pharmacotoxicology and pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Donald Sedric Tala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Kengni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Donatien Gatsing
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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Djuikoue IC, Woerther PL, Toukam M, Burdet C, Ruppé E, Gonsu KH, Fokunang C, El Mniai A, Larissa K, Pieme AC, Mboupaing MG, Kakam CM, Fogang HK, Andremont A, Ngogang J. Intestinal carriage of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing E. coli in women with urinary tract infections, Cameroon. J Infect Dev Ctries 2016; 10:1135-1139. [PMID: 27801378 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last decade, the prevalence of the intestinal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamases - producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) has continued to increase worldwide in the community, especially in developing countries. Hence, we undertook a study to determine the ESBL-E. coli fecal carriage rate and the associated risk factors in Cameroonian women. METHODOLOGY A total of 86 women suspected of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) were included in 10 health structures from May 2011 to April 2012. After filling a questionnaire, they provided a stool sample that was plated on selective media for ESBL producing bacteria. The identification of strains was obtained with mass spectrometry and the antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion in agar media. The ESBL type was determined by PCR. The relative abundance of ESBL-E. coli was measured for positive samples. Eventually, the presence of antibiotics in stool was assessed. RESULTS The carriage rate of ESBL-E. coli was 57/86 (66.3%). Phenotypic and molecular characterization showed that all ESBL-E. coli strains contained group 1 CTX-M enzymes. Multivariate analysis showed that ESBL-E. coli fecal carriage was associated with the presence of antibiotics in stools (p < 0.05). Although not significant, mean ESBL relative abundance tended to be higher in patients with antibiotic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the carriage of ESBL-E. coli fecal carriage in women with UTI suspicion from the Cameroonian community is extremely high and associated with recent antibiotic intake.
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Kengni F, Fodouop SPC, Tala DS, Djimeli MN, Fokunang C, Gatsing D. Antityphoid properties and toxicity evaluation of Harungana madagascariensis Lam (Hypericaceae) aqueous leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 179:137-145. [PMID: 26721224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Harungana madagascariensis Lam is commonly used in Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever. OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic potentials of H. madagascariensis aqueous leaf extract for the treatment of salmonellosis (e.g. typhoid fever, gastroenteritis). MATERIALS AND METHODS A Salmonella Typhimurium-infected rat model was used. The faeces of these rats were analysed for viable Salmonella Typhimurium before and after infection, and during the treatment period. The physiological, biochemical and histopathological markers of possible side effects of the extract were also studied using standard methods and kits. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The in vivo antisalmonellal study revealed that this extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the number of viable Salmonella Typhimurium recovered from faeces, and could stop salmonellosis after 10 days of treatment for male and female rats, with non-toxic doses. However, the biochemical and histological analyses revealed that at relatively high-doses (≥100mg/kg for females and 200mg/kg for males) the extract could induce liver damage, as illustrated by a rise of serum transaminases (ALT and AST), significant inflammation of the parenchyma and portal vein, as well as cell necrosis. There were also increases in cholesterol levels in both sexes. No significant unwanted side effect of the extract was observed on the kidney, as shown by both serum and urinary creatinine, and urinary protein levels. CONCLUSION The results obtained showed that H. madagascariensis has a promising antisalmonellal effect and, therefore, the potential to provide an effective treatment against salmonellosis, including typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Kengni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Siméon P C Fodouop
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Donald S Tala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Merline N Djimeli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Donatien Gatsing
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Dongmo Nguepi MS, Fokunang C, Fekam Boyom F, Tazoacha A. Anticonvulsant activity of extracts from six Cameroonian plants traditionally used to treat epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4314/ijbcs.v8i6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tala DS, Gatsing D, Fodouop SPC, Fokunang C, Kengni F, Djimeli MN. In vivo anti-salmonella activity of aqueous extract of Euphorbia prostrata Aiton (Euphorbiaceae) and its toxicological evaluation. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zintchem R, Njinkio B, Kamgang R, Fokunang C, Tsala DE, Biwole Sida M. Antioxidative properties of Mallotus oppositifolium decoction leaves extract using in vitro models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/ijbcs.v7i6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Eyoh AB, Toukam M, Atashili J, Fokunang C, Gonsu H, Lyonga EE, Mandi H, Ikomey G, Mukwele B, Mesembe M, Assoumou MCO. Relationship between multiple drug resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from medical and non-medical personnel in Yaounde, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 17:186. [PMID: 25396012 PMCID: PMC4228992 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.186.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monitoring the prevalence of nasal carriage of multiple drug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains in hospital personnel is essential. These strains when transmitted from hospital personnel to patients with already weakened immune states or in-built medical devices, may limit the latter's treatment options. This study aimed at assessing the potential exposure of patients to these MDR SA in a resource-limited hospital setting by assessing the prevalence and relationship between antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm forming capacity of SA isolates from hospital personnel. Methods A total of 59 bacteria isolates phenotypically identified as Staphylococcus aureus obtained from medical (39) and non-medical personnel (20) in Yaounde were used in the study. Multiple drug resistance defined as resistance to four or more of twelve locally used antibiotics were determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique whereas quantification of biofilm production was by the microtitre plate method. Results Among the 59 SA isolates, the prevalence of MDR was 50.9%. Among medical personnel 48.7% had MDR as against 55.9% for non-medical personnel (p-value=0.648). The overall percentage of weak biofilm producers was 35.6%. Although the prevalence of weak biofilm formers was higher in isolates from non-medical personnel (40%) than medical personnel (33.3%) the difference was not statistically significant (p-value= 0.246). Slightly less than half (42.9%) of the weak biofilm producers were MDR. Conclusion Considering the high rates of MDR and that slightly less than half of biofilm formers were MDR, these trends need to be monitored regularly among hospital personnel in Yaounde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bedie Eyoh
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon ; Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
| | - Michel Toukam
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
| | - Hortense Gonsu
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
| | - Emilia Enjema Lyonga
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon ; Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
| | | | - George Ikomey
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon ; Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
| | - Bertha Mukwele
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
| | - Martha Mesembe
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
| | - Marie Claire Okomo Assoumou
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon ; Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases, Cameroon
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