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Cox CJ, Cooper CL. Developing Organizational Development Skills in Japan and the United Kingdom: An Experiential Approach. International Studies of Management & Organization 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00208825.1976.11656197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cunningham MW, Cox CJ. Autoimmunity against dopamine receptors in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders: a review of Sydenham chorea and beyond. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:90-100. [PMID: 26454143 PMCID: PMC5812018 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antineuronal autoantibodies are associated with the involuntary movement disorder Sydenham chorea (SC) and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) which are characterized by the acute onset of tics and/or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In SC and PANDAS, autoantibodies signal human neuronal cells and activate calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Animal models immunized with group A streptococcal antigens demonstrate autoantibodies against dopamine receptors and concomitantly altered behaviours. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from SC target and signal the dopamine D2L (long) receptor (D2R). Antibodies against D2R were elevated over normal levels in SC and acute-onset PANDAS with small choreiform movements, but were not elevated over normal levels in PANDAS-like chronic tics and OCD. The expression of human SC-derived anti-D2R autoantibody V gene in B cells and serum of transgenic mice demonstrated that the human autoantibody targets dopaminergic neurones in the basal ganglia and other types of neurones in the cortex. Here, we review current evidence supporting the hypothesis that antineuronal antibodies, specifically against dopamine receptors, follow streptococcal exposures and may target dopamine receptors and alter central dopamine pathways leading to movement and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - C J Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Parham LR, Briley LP, Li L, Shen J, Newcombe PJ, King KS, Slater AJ, Dilthey A, Iqbal Z, McVean G, Cox CJ, Nelson MR, Spraggs CF. Comprehensive genome-wide evaluation of lapatinib-induced liver injury yields a single genetic signal centered on known risk allele HLA-DRB1*07:01. Pharmacogenomics J 2015; 16:180-5. [PMID: 25987243 PMCID: PMC4819766 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lapatinib is associated with a low incidence of serious liver injury. Previous investigations have identified and confirmed the Class II allele HLA-DRB1*07:01 to be strongly associated with lapatinib-induced liver injury; however, the moderate positive predictive value limits its clinical utility. To assess whether additional genetic variants located within the major histocompatibility complex locus or elsewhere in the genome may influence lapatinib-induced liver injury risk, and potentially lead to a genetic association with improved predictive qualities, we have taken two approaches: a genome-wide association study and a whole-genome sequencing study. This evaluation did not reveal additional associations other than the previously identified association for HLA-DRB1*07:01. The present study represents the most comprehensive genetic evaluation of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) or hypersensitivity, and suggests that investigation of possible human leukocyte antigen associations with DILI and other hypersensitivities represents an important first step in understanding the mechanism of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Parham
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L P Briley
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Li
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J Shen
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P J Newcombe
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - K S King
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A J Slater
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Dilthey
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Z Iqbal
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G McVean
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C J Cox
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - M R Nelson
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C F Spraggs
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Stevenage, UK
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Silva IAL, Cox CJ, Leite RB, Cancela ML, Conceição N. Evolutionary conservation of TFIIH subunits: implications for the use of zebrafish as a model to study TFIIH function and regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 172-173:9-20. [PMID: 24731924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional factor IIH (TFIIH) is involved in cell cycle regulation, nucleotide excision repair, and gene transcription. Mutations in three of its subunits, XPB, XPD, and TTDA, lead to human recessive genetic disorders such as trichothiodystrophy and xeroderma pigmentosum, the latter of which is sometimes associated with Cockayne's syndrome. In the present study, we investigate the sequence conservation of TFIIH subunits among several teleost fish species and compare their characteristics and putative regulation by transcription factors to those of human and zebrafish. We report the following findings: (i) comparisons among protein sequences revealed a high sequence identity for each TFIIH subunit analysed; (ii) among transcription factors identified as putative regulators, OCT1 and AP1 have the highest binding-site frequencies in the promoters of TFIIH genes, and (iii) TFIIH genes have alternatively spliced isoforms. Finally, we compared the protein primary structure in human and zebrafish of XPD and XPB - two important ATP-dependent helicases that catalyse the unwinding of the DNA duplex at promoters during transcription - highlighting the conservation of domain regions such as the helicase domains. Our study suggests that zebrafish, a widely used model for many human diseases, could also act as an important model to study the function of TFIIH complex in repair and transcription regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A L Silva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - C J Cox
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - R B Leite
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M L Cancela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - N Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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Schaid DJ, Spraggs CF, McDonnell SK, Parham LR, Cox CJ, Ejlertsen B, Finkelstein DM, Rappold E, Curran J, Cardon LR, Goss PE. Prospective validation of HLA-DRB1*07:01 allele carriage as a predictive risk factor for lapatinib-induced liver injury. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2296-303. [PMID: 24687830 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.52.9867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver injury is a serious adverse event leading to permanent discontinuation of lapatinib in affected patients. This study aimed to validate previously associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) variants as predictors of risk of liver injury by using a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lapatinib in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, early-stage breast cancer (Tykerb Evaluation After Chemotherapy [TEACH]: Lapatinib Versus Placebo In Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer). PATIENTS AND METHODS The frequency of ALT elevation cases was compared among four MHC variants in 1,194 patients randomly assigned to lapatinib. Cumulative ALT elevation time courses during treatment were also compared between carriers and noncarriers of specified MHC variants. RESULTS In lapatinib-treated patients, there was a significant difference in ALT case incidence between HLA carriers and noncarriers. The highly correlated alleles HLA-DRB1*07:01 and HLA-DQA1*02:01 (study frequency, 22.4%) were associated with ALT elevation (odds ratio, 14) between cases (n = 37) and controls (n = 1,071). These associations strengthened at higher ALT elevation thresholds and in Hy's Law cases. In lapatinib-treated patients, the overall risk for National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 ALT elevation (> 5× upper limit of normal) was 2.1%; HLA allele carriers had an increased risk of 7.7%; in noncarriers, risk was reduced to 0.5%, comparable to ALT elevation for all patients receiving placebo. The increase in ALT case incidence in the lapatinib arm showed no evidence of plateau during 1 year of lapatinib treatment. CONCLUSION These results validate HLA-DRB1*07:01 allele carriage as a predictor of increased risk of lapatinib-induced liver injury and implicate an immune pathology. The HLA association could support clinical management of patients experiencing hepatotoxicity during lapatinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schaid
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colin F Spraggs
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura R Parham
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles J Cox
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dianne M Finkelstein
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erica Rappold
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joan Curran
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lon R Cardon
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul E Goss
- Daniel J. Schaid and Shannon K. McDonnell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Colin F. Spraggs and Charles J. Cox, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Joan Curran, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, London, United Kingdom; Laura R. Parham, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; Bent Ejlertsen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dianne M. Finkelstein and Paul E. Goss, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Erica Rappold and Lon R. Cardon, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, PA
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Hardoim CCP, Cox CJ, Peixoto RS, Rosado AS, Costa R, van Elsas JD. Diversity of the candidate phylum Poribacteria in the marine sponge Aplysina fulva. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:329-34. [PMID: 24159324 PMCID: PMC3804218 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poribacterial clone libraries constructed for Aplysina fulva sponge specimens were analysed with respect to diversity and phylogeny. Results imply the coexistence of several, prevalently “intra-specific” poribacterial genotypes in a single sponge host, and suggest quantitative analysis as a desirable approach in studies of the diversity and distribution of poribacterial cohorts in marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C P Hardoim
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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McHugh SM, Roman S, Davis B, Koch A, Pickett AM, Richardson JC, Miller SR, Wetten S, Cox CJ, Karpe F, Todd JA, Bullmore ET. Effects of genetic variation in the P2RX7 gene on pharmacodynamics of a P2X(7) receptor antagonist: a prospective genotyping approach. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:376-80. [PMID: 22295949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human P2X₇ receptor gene (P2RX7)--1068G>A (A348T) and 1513A>C (E496A)--on P2X₇ receptor function, using a specific receptor antagonist (GSK1370319A) and prospective genetic stratification. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide- and ATP-stimulated interleukin-1β production was determined in the presence or absence of GSK1370319A in blood culture from 32 prospectively genotyped subjects. RESULTS There was approximately 6.7-fold difference (P < 0.0001) in IC₅₀ for inhibition of ATP-stimulated interleukin-1β release by GSK1370319A between individuals with the homozygous gain--(1068A) and loss-of-function (1513C) genotypes (expressing the 348T, 496E and 348A, 496A alleles, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Leukocyte P2X₇ receptors had significantly altered pharmacodynamic responses to a specific antagonist (GSK1370319A), directly related to SNP genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M McHugh
- GSK Clinical Unit Cambridge-CUC, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 128, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0GG, UK.
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Spraggs CF, Budde LR, Briley LP, Bing N, Cox CJ, King KS, Whittaker JC, Mooser VE, Preston AJ, Stein SH, Cardon LR. HLA-DQA1*02:01 is a major risk factor for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in women with advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:667-73. [PMID: 21245432 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatobiliary adverse events (AEs) have been observed in a small proportion of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with lapatinib. This study sought to identify gene variants associated with lapatinib-induced ALT elevation and hepatobiliary AEs. PATIENTS AND METHODS A two-stage pharmacogenetic investigation of ALT elevation was conducted in lapatinib-treated patients with MBC. Exploratory marker identification evaluated classical HLA alleles, candidate genes, and genome-wide screening in 37 cases with ALT greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and 286 controls with ALT ≤ 1× ULN, selected from 901 lapatinib-treated patients in 12 trials. Markers achieving prespecified association thresholds were progressed to an independent confirmatory data set of 24 ALT cases and 155 controls selected from a subsequent trial of 374 lapatinib-treated patients. RESULTS Of 58 variants associated with ALT elevation in the exploratory data set, four exceeded the prespecified significance threshold in the confirmatory analysis. These variants reside in the same MHC genomic locus and include HLA-DQA1*02:01. In the confirmatory study, DQA1*02:01 allele carriage was present in 71% of ALT cases and in 21% of controls (P < .001; odds ratio, 9.0; 95% CI, 3.2 to 27.4). As a predictor of liver safety risk in ALT cases versus noncases, DQA1*02:01 had negative and positive predictive values of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 to 0.99) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.26), respectively. CONCLUSION These results support a role for immune mechanisms in lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Further work is required to determine whether testing for DQA1*02:01 allele carriage is clinically useful in managing liver safety risk during lapatinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Spraggs
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Genetics Division, Medicines Development Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NF, United Kingdom.
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Stankovich J, Cox CJ, Tan RB, Montgomery DS, Huxtable SJ, Rubio JP, Ehm MG, Johnson L, Butzkueven H, Kilpatrick TJ, Speed TP, Roses AD, Bahlo M, Foote SJ. On the utility of data from the International HapMap Project for Australian association studies. Hum Genet 2006; 119:220-2. [PMID: 16404587 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compare patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) for 633 SNPs in two regions between samples collected in two Australian states and HapMap samples collected from Utah residents of Northern and Western (NW) European ancestry (CEU). Patterns of LD in the Australian and HapMap samples are similar, and tag SNPs chosen using HapMap genotypes perform almost as well on Australian samples as tags chosen using Australian genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Stankovich
- Division of Genetics and Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, 3050 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Pleurocarpous mosses, characterized by lateral female gametangia and highly branched, interwoven stems, comprise three orders and some 5000 species, or almost half of all moss diversity. Recent phylogenetic analyses resolve the Ptychomniales as sister to the Hypnales plus Hookeriales. Species richness is highly asymmetric with approximately 100 Ptychomniales, 750 Hookeriales, and 4400 Hypnales. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences were obtained to compare partitioning of molecular diversity among the orders with estimates of species richness, and to test the hypothesis that either the Hookeriales or Hypnales underwent a period (or periods) of exceptionally rapid diversification. Levels of biodiversity were quantified using explicitly historical "phylogenetic diversity" and non-historical estimates of standing sequence diversity. Diversification rates were visualized using lineage-through-time (LTT) plots, and statistical tests of alternative diversification models were performed using the methods of Paradis (1997). The effects of incomplete sampling on the shape of LTT plots and performance of statistical tests were investigated using simulated phylogenies with incomplete sampling. Despite a much larger number of accepted species, the Hypnales contain lower levels of (cpDNA) biodiversity than their sister group, the Hookeriales, based on all molecular measures. Simulations confirm previous results that incomplete sampling yields diversification patterns that appear to reflect a decreasing rate through time, even when the true phylogenies were simulated with constant rates. Comparisons between simulated results and empirical data indicate that a constant rate of diversification cannot be rejected for the Hookeriales. The Hypnales, however, appear to have undergone a period of exceptionally rapid diversification for the earliest 20% of their history.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Cox CJ, Kempsell KE, Gaston JSH. Investigation of infectious agents associated with arthritis by reverse transcription PCR of bacterial rRNA. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:R1-8. [PMID: 12716447 PMCID: PMC154423 DOI: 10.1186/ar602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2002] [Revised: 09/11/2002] [Accepted: 09/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In reactive and postinfectious arthritis the joints are generally sterile but the presence of bacterial antigens and nucleic acids has been reported. To investigate whether organisms traffic to affected joints in these conditions, we performed reverse transcription PCR using universal primers to amplify any bacterial 16S rRNA sequences present in synovial fluid. Bacterial sequences were detected in most cases, even after treatment of the synovial fluid with DNase, implying the presence of bacterial RNA and therefore of transcriptionally active bacteria. Analysis of a large number of sequences revealed that, as reported in rheumatoid arthritis, most were derived from gut and skin commensals. Organisms known to have triggered arthritis in each case were not found by sequencing the products obtained using universal primers, but could in some cases be shown to be present by amplifying with species specific primers. This was the case for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Chlamydia trachomatis. However, in arthritis thought to be related to Campylobacter infection the sequences obtained were not from Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, but from other Campylobacter spp. that are not known to be associated with reactive arthritis and are probably present as commensals in the gut. We conclude that although rRNA from reactive arthritis associated organisms can be detected in affected joints, bacterial RNA from many other bacteria is also present, as was previously noted in studies of other forms of inflammatory arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Cox
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
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Cox CJ. Acute care testing. Blood gases and electrolytes at the point of care. Clin Lab Med 2001; 21:321-35. [PMID: 11396086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The standard turnaround time for acute care laboratory testing in tertiary care institutions is typically less than 15 minutes for blood gas or electrolyte values. From a clinical perspective, however, the desirable turnaround time is more on the order of 5 minutes, and this is technically achievable. The 15-minute standard can be met with strategically located STAT laboratories. To achieve a turnaround time of 5 minutes, it is necessary to move the "laboratory" closer to the patient and to have more than one instrument available. This latter configuration is called near or bedside patient testing. Why the 5-minute standard is not used universally throughout the nation is probably related to differing perspectives on "cost" and "quality." As manufacturers, hospitals and laboratories address the issue of rapid turnaround time in acute care settings, the 5-minute standard may become more widespread. Direct costs have been decreasing as more manufacturers enter the market for acute care testing. The overall quality is also improving, not only in the engineering features built into the instruments, but also as nonlaboratory staff gain skill in performing the testing. As more sites implement POCT, standards and guidelines for managing testing outside of the laboratory are being established. Solutions to preanalytic problems are being developed and implemented. POCT testing for blood gases and electrolytes was once considered to lie in the future but is now commonplace and may one day become the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cox
- Thermo BioStar, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Kempsell KE, Cox CJ, McColm AA, Bagshaw JA, Reece R, Veale DJ, Emery P, Isaacs JD, Gaston JS, Crowe JS. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis group organisms in human and mouse joint tissue by reverse transcriptase PCR: prevalence in diseased synovial tissue suggests lack of specific association with rheumatoid arthritis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1821-31. [PMID: 11179360 PMCID: PMC98089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.3.1821-1831.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2000] [Accepted: 12/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has long been implicated in the etiopathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the basis of clinical and pathological similarities between tuberculosis and RA. Despite evidence of immune responses to mycobacterial antigens in RA patient synovial fluid, cross-reactivity between these and host joint antigens, and the presence of M. tuberculosis protein antigen in RA synovial fluid, a definite causal association with RA has not been shown. Previous studies from our laboratory using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of bacterial rRNAs have shown RA synovium to be colonized by a diverse range of bacteria, most of commensal origin. However, M. tuberculosis group organism (MTG) RNA sequences were found in one RA patient tissue. Since this was considered of sufficient interest to warrant further investigation, we devised a M. tuberculosis-specific nested RT-PCR test which could be used for detection of MTG in a mixed pool of bacterial crDNAs. This test was used to investigate the distribution of MTG in RA synovial tissue and also non-RA arthritis and healthy control tissues and was also used to examine the tissue distribution of MTG in an acute and chronic model of M. tuberculosis infection in the BALB/c mouse. MTG sequences were found in a high proportion of RA patient synovial tissues but also in non-RA arthritis control tissues at lower frequency. This likely reflects trafficking of persistent M. bovis BCG to inflamed joint tissue, irrespective of cause. MTG were not found in healthy synovial tissue or the tissue of patients with undifferentiated arthritis. In both the acute and chronic models of infection in BALB/c mice, M. tuberculosis was also found to have trafficked to joint tissues, however, no signs of inflammation, arthritis, or pathology associated with M. tuberculosis infection was seen. These combined results would argue against a specific causal role of MTG in RA-like arthritis; however, their role as adjuvant in immune dysfunction in an innately susceptible host cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kempsell
- Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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Kempsell KE, Cox CJ, Hurle M, Wong A, Wilkie S, Zanders ED, Gaston JS, Crowe JS. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of bacterial rRNA for detection and characterization of bacterial species in arthritis synovial tissue. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6012-26. [PMID: 10992514 PMCID: PMC101566 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.6012-6026.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is widely believed to be preceded by exposure to some environmental trigger such as bacterial infectious agents. The influence of bacteria on RA disease onset or pathology has to date been controversial, due to inconsistencies between groups in the report of bacterial species isolated from RA disease tissue. Using a modified technique of reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification, we have detected bacterial rRNA in the synovial tissue of late-stage RA and non-RA arthritis controls. This may be suggestive of the presence of live bacteria. Sequencing of cloned complementary rDNA (crDNA) products revealed a number of bacterial sequences in joint tissue from each patient, and from these analyses a comprehensive profile of the organisms present was compiled. This revealed a number of different organisms in each patient, some of which are common to both RA and non-RA controls and are probably opportunistic colonizers of previously diseased tissue and others which are unique species. These latter organisms may be candidates for a specific role in disease pathology and require further investigation to exclude them as causative agents in the complex bacterial millieu. In addition, many of the detected bacterial species have not been identified previously from synovial tissue or fluid from arthritis patients. These may not be easily cultivable, since they were not revealed in previous studies using conventional in vitro bacterial culture methods. In situ hybridization analyses have revealed the joint-associated bacterial rRNA to be both intra- and extracellular. The role of viable bacteria or their nucleic acids as triggers in disease onset or pathology in either RA or non-RA arthritis controls is unclear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kempsell
- Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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Labarrere CA, Nelson DR, Cox CJ, Pitts D, Kirlin P, Halbrook H. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels and risk of coronary artery disease and graft failure following heart transplantation. JAMA 2000; 284:457-64. [PMID: 10904509 DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have yielded conflicting data regarding whether a relationship exists between elevated cardiac troponin levels and acute allograft rejection in patients who have received heart transplants. OBJECTIVE To determine whether cardiac troponin I levels after heart transplantation were associated with a procoagulant microvasculature and long-term allograft outcome. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with a mean (SE) follow-up of 45.1 (2.5) months. Serum troponin I levels were measured 9.9 (0.2) times per patient during the first 12 months after heart transplantation. SETTING Heart transplant center in the United States. PATIENTS A total of 110 consecutive patients who received a heart transplant between 1989 and 1997 and survived at least 1 year after transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Histological and immunohistochemical biopsy findings, development of coronary artery disease (CAD), and graft failure in patients with vs without elevated serum cardiac troponin I levels. RESULTS All recipients had elevated troponin I levels during the first month after transplantation. Troponin I levels remained persistently elevated during the first 12 months in 56 patients (51%) and became undetectable in 54 patients (49%). Persistently elevated troponin I levels were associated with increasing fibrin deposits in microvasculature and cardiomyocytes (P<.001). Patients with persistently elevated levels of troponin I had significantly increased risk for subsequent development of CAD (odds ratio [OR], 4. 3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-10.1; P<.001) and graft failure (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.2-9.7; P =.02), and also developed more severe CAD (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.9-9.3; P<.001) and showed more disease progression (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.3-10.4; P =.009). CONCLUSION In this study, elevated cardiac troponin I levels, which are considered to be a noninvasive surrogate marker of a procoagulant microvasculature, identified a subgroup of patients with high risk for developing CAD and graft failure after cardiac transplantation. JAMA. 2000;284:457-464
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health, 1812 N Capitol Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Rugg MD, Schloerscheidt AM, Doyle MC, Cox CJ, Patching GR. Event-related potentials and the recollection of associative information. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1996; 4:297-304. [PMID: 8957571 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 13 scalp sites during the performance of an associative recall task. At study, subjects were presented with a series of word pairs and were required to incorporate the two members of each pair into a sentence. At test, the first members of each pair were presented intermixed with an equal number of unstudied items. Subjects were required to discriminate between new and studied (old) words and, for each word judged old, to attempt to recall the word with which it had been associated at study. Compared to the ERPs elicited by new words, the ERPs elicited by words correctly judged to be old and for which the associate was correctly recalled showed a sustained, positive-going shift (the "parietal old/new effect"). This effect was strongly lateralised to the left hemisphere and was maximal at temporo-parietal electrodes. The effect was absent in ERPs elicited by words that were correctly judged to be old, but for which the studied associate could not be recalled. The findings are taken as support for the idea that the parietal old/new effect reflects neural activity associated with the recollection of specific past episodes, and hence that the effect may index retrieval operations supported by the medial temporal lobe memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rugg
- Wellcome Brain Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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Abstract
A recognition memory test was conducted in which low and high frequency words were initially presented in one of two different study tasks. A word was defined as recollected if, at test, it was both confidently judged 'old', and confidently assigned to its correct study context. Low frequency words were more accurately recognised than high frequency items, and were also more likely to be assigned to their correct study context. The results are consistent with the view that low frequency words are better recognised because they are more likely to be recollected, rather than because they engender higher levels of relative familiarity. Event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked at test by correctly classified new words were contrasted with those evoked by old, recollected words. The ERPs to low frequency words exhibited large and reliable 'old/new' effects, in that from approx. 300 msec post-stimulus, waveforms were more positive-going for old than for new items. These effects were markedly smaller, and indeed non-significant, in the ERPs evoked by high frequency items. The results show that the interaction between word frequency and old/new differences in ERPs does not arise because of a confound between frequency and the probability of recollection. Together with other findings, they suggest that recollection is better conceived of as a graded, rather than as an all-or-none phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rugg
- Wellcome Brain Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife, U.K
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Abstract
Data available on the effects of pulsed near IR laser energy on dental hard tissue are limited. This study investigates the changes in dental hard tissue when exposed to short duration, pulsed IR wavelength laser light emitted from a Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet laser (Nd:YAG laser, wavelength 1.06 microns). The results showed that, after treatment with an initiator, there was superficial melting of the enamel. Dentine was altered substantially. The lesions produced in dentine were larger than the cross-section of the delivery fibre optic wand. Considerable inter-sample variation was observed. The temperature rises producing these effects were large and affected the tissue at a distance from the tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cox
- Biomaterials Department, Institute of Dental Surgery, London, UK
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Cox CJ, Patel BC, Pearson GJ. An experimental evaluation of precision laser cutting of dental hard tissues and materials. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent 1993; 1:179-84. [PMID: 8268843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the use of excimer laser radiation in the controlled removal of tooth tissue and three plastic restorative materials. Freshly extracted human third molar teeth were filled with three restorative materials and sectioned longitudinally through the restoratives. The cut surfaces of the materials and surrounding enamel and dentine were exposed to three laser energy densities and the dimensions and topographical details of the irradiated sites assessed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the radiation produced lesions of uniformly reproducible size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cox
- Biomaterials Department, Institute of Dental Surgery, London, UK
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Abstract
A case of adenocarcinoma of the colon is reported. It presented in a family with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Colonoscopic screening at a young age is recommended in such families. It also suggests a genetic basis for colorectal carcinogenesis in this family. Three of the members of this family also have peptic ulceration and an association between this syndrome and HNPCC is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Faragher
- Moorabbin Campus, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
A 44-year-old man was admitted with acute abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea and dry retching, with tenderness and rigidity of the abdominal wall. Exploratory laparotomy revealed generalized peritonitis. He developed delerium tremens soon after operation and dehiscence of the abdominal wound 36 hours postoperatively. When the wound was closed and reinforced his recovery was uneventful. This case was unusual because he did not have ascites or cirrhosis, which are commonly associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gribbin
- Monash Medical Centre, Moorabbin Hospital Campus, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Bilirubin fractions Bc and DELTA, not routinely available prior to the EKTACHEM Chemistry Analyzer and its slide methodology, were studied in an outpatient population of liver transplant recipients. A preliminary evaluation by the authors has shown that direct bilirubin (DBILI) levels in the normal range consist almost exclusively of DELTA (protein-bound conjugated bilirubin), while at elevated DBILI levels, an increasing amount of Bc (non-protein-bound conjugated bilirubin) is measured as well. The present study evaluated the clinical significance of Bc in the serum of 80 liver transplant recipients as a means of identifying episodes of rejection. Each patient was classified into rejection or nonrejection categories based on clinical status, liver biopsy results, and/or response to therapy. Eighteen patients were classified as experiencing an episode of rejection during the period of this study. Fourteen of these (77.8%) had Bc levels that ranged from 0.1 to 6.8 mg/dl. Sixty two patients were classified in the nonrejection category. Fourteen (22.6%) of these patients had Bc levels that ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 mg/dl. In our outpatient liver transplant recipients with Bc greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/dl, the relative risk of rejection (% of rejection patients with Bc/% of nonrejection patients with Bc) was 3.44. This value indicates that Bc determination may be a helpful adjunct in the assessment of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cox
- Division of Ambulatory Laboratory Medicine, University Health Center of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cox CJ, Freedman RG, Fritsche HA. Lacto-N-fucopentaose III activity in the serum of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1986; 21:164-8. [PMID: 3710289 DOI: 10.1159/000298948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNF III) epitope by tumor cells of the gastrointestinal tract and ovary has been observed in tissue sections with the use of the murine monoclonal antibody GA 29-1. The presence of the LNF III epitope in the circulation of patients with colorectal cancer has also been reported. In this preliminary study, we describe the presence of LNF III activity in the serum of patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Twelve of 18 (66%) patients with stage I-IV disease demonstrated high reactivity to the GA 29-1 monoclonal antibody. This serum reactivity was independent of disease stage and histologic cell type. In contrast, only 1 of 6 control patients demonstrated a false-positive level of reactivity to GA 29-1. These preliminary results suggest that LNF III warrants further study of its potential application as a serum tumor marker test in patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary.
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Abstract
Evaluation of linearity, carry-over, precision, and accuracy of a Coulter Counter model S-Plus IV prototype showed that they meet the manufacturer's specifications. The instrument also was compared with an earlier model. Correlations of the lymphocyte and granulocyte values in the three-part differential count with manual eye-count and a Technicon Hemalog D90 results were very close to the correlation of eye-count to Hemalog D90 results. The percentage of mononuclear cells showed acceptable correlation to the manual eye-count when monocytes were combined with blasts, eosinophils, and basophils. The medical effectiveness of the three-part differential was determined by comparison with manual eye-counts in 1,084 samples. The false positive and false negative values were 7.38% and 7.84%, respectively. The instrument has acceptable limits of operation. When combined with analysis of histograms by trained personnel, the three-part differential count is capable of screening for abnormalities that require further analysis.
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Abstract
Since April 8, 1974, Victorian legislation has required that blood samples be taken from all persons aged 15 years or over after a road traffic crash. A survey was carried out of 474 such persons from June 10 until September 12, 1974. Of these, blood was taken from 350, and estimates of blood alcohol concentration were obtained from 271 samples. Sixty-five samples of the 271 (24%) gave positive results for alcohol and in about two-thirds of these the levels were higher than the legal limit of 0-05 g/100 ml. Over half of the subjects with positive results for blood alcohol concentration were under 30 years of age, 80% were males, and half were car drivers. This contrasted with the "alcohol-negative" subjects, who were older, and about half of whom were males. About 60% of both groups received minor injuries, and about 20% were admitted to hsopital. Research is continuing to define drinking habits and other social characteristics of these groups.
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