1
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Jaeger-Ruckstuhl CA, Lo Y, Fulton E, Waltner OG, Shabaneh TB, Simon S, Muthuraman PV, Correnti CE, Newsom OJ, Engstrom IA, Kanaan SB, Bhise SS, Peralta JMC, Ruff R, Price JP, Stull SM, Stevens AR, Bugos G, Kluesner MG, Voillet V, Muhunthan V, Morrish F, Olson JM, Gottardo R, Sarthy JF, Henikoff S, Sullivan LB, Furlan SN, Riddell SR. Signaling via a CD27-TRAF2-SHP-1 axis during naive T cell activation promotes memory-associated gene regulatory networks. Immunity 2024; 57:287-302.e12. [PMID: 38354704 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member CD27 on naive CD8+ T (Tn) cells with homotrimeric CD70 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is necessary for T cell memory fate determination. Here, we examined CD27 signaling during Tn cell activation and differentiation. In conjunction with T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, ligation of CD27 by a synthetic trimeric CD70 ligand triggered CD27 internalization and degradation, suggesting active regulation of this signaling axis. Internalized CD27 recruited the signaling adaptor TRAF2 and the phosphatase SHP-1, thereby modulating TCR and CD28 signals. CD27-mediated modulation of TCR signals promoted transcription factor circuits that induced memory rather than effector associated gene programs, which are induced by CD28 costimulation. CD27-costimulated chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells exhibited improved tumor control compared with CD28-costimulated CAR-T cells. Thus, CD27 signaling during Tn cell activation promotes memory properties with relevance to T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Jaeger-Ruckstuhl
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Yun Lo
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elena Fulton
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia G Waltner
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sylvain Simon
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pranav V Muthuraman
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oliver J Newsom
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian A Engstrom
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sami B Kanaan
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shruti S Bhise
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jobelle M C Peralta
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raymond Ruff
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jason P Price
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sylvia M Stull
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew R Stevens
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Grace Bugos
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mitchell G Kluesner
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vishaka Muhunthan
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fionnuala Morrish
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Raphaël Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Jay F Sarthy
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Malhi H, Homad LJ, Wan YH, Poudel B, Fiala B, Borst AJ, Wang JY, Walkey C, Price J, Wall A, Singh S, Moodie Z, Carter L, Handa S, Correnti CE, Stoddard BL, Veesler D, Pancera M, Olson J, King NP, McGuire AT. Immunization with a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine displaying EBV gH/gL protects humanized mice against lethal viral challenge. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100658. [PMID: 35705092 PMCID: PMC9245003 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen responsible for 165,000 deaths annually. EBV is also the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis and is linked to multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, an EBV vaccine would have a significant global health impact. EBV is orally transmitted and has tropism for epithelial and B cells. Therefore, a vaccine would need to prevent infection of both in the oral cavity. Passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies against the gH/gL glycoprotein complex prevent experimental EBV infection in humanized mice and rhesus macaques, suggesting that gH/gL is an attractive vaccine candidate. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity of several gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines. All display superior immunogenicity relative to monomeric gH/gL. A nanoparticle displaying 60 copies of gH/gL elicits antibodies that protect against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice, whereas antibodies elicited by monomeric gH/gL do not. These data motivate further development of gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Bibhav Poudel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carl Walkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jason Price
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Simran Handa
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - James Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98115, USA.
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3
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Crook ZR, Girard EJ, Sevilla GP, Brusniak MY, Rupert PB, Friend DJ, Gewe MM, Clarke M, Lin I, Ruff R, Phi D, Bandaranayake A, Correnti CE, Mhyre AJ, Nairn NW, Strong RK, Olson JM. Abstract 1043: Advances in cystine-dense peptide (CDP) screening and therapeutic applications. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) are a class of drug-like miniproteins that marry many of the advantages of biologics (high affinity and specificity) and small molecule therapeutics (high tissue permeability and low immunogenicity). The beneficial properties of CDPs, and miniproteins in general, have driven interest in therapeutic applications. However, CDP diversity is vast from every clade of life, and properly interrogating “CDP space” requires specialized screening and modeling tools.
With this in mind, we have created an optimized mammalian surface display platform to screen for CDPs of clinical interest using libraries of structurally-diverse native scaffolds optimized for stability. These native CDPs can be structurally modeled, which we did in determining the structures of over 4200 native CDPs. This modeling permits further selection in silico as well as targeted mutagenesis for favorable target-binding capabilities. Hits from these screens are routinely matured to sub-nM affinity. These CDPs can play numerous roles in a drug design pipeline, from an independent drug candidate to a delivery agent for tissue-targeting to a module in a polyspecific biologic. Recent novel CDP candidates have shown promise in immune-oncology space as part of a bispecific T-cell engager targeting PD-L1, where a single 2-week treatment was capable of eliminating subcutaneous PC3 prostate cancer xenograft tumors in 27/30 mice.
Besides bispecifics, future directions for the platform include exploring targeted protein degradation. Additionally, we are expanding upon our previous work on CDPs to explore CNS or tumor delivery of therapeutic cargo. The versatility of CDPs and novel screening tools to rapidly identify and mature candidates of interest can facilitate rapid advancement of CDP therapeutics to address difficult targets in oncology.
Citation Format: Zachary R. Crook, Emily J. Girard, Gregory P. Sevilla, Mi-Youn Brusniak, Peter B. Rupert, Della J. Friend, Mesfin M. Gewe, Midori Clarke, Ida Lin, Raymond Ruff, Doan Phi, Ashok Bandaranayake, Colin E. Correnti, Andrew J. Mhyre, Natalie W. Nairn, Roland K. Strong, James M. Olson. Advances in cystine-dense peptide (CDP) screening and therapeutic applications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1043.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Midori Clarke
- 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ida Lin
- 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Raymond Ruff
- 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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4
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Crook ZR, Girard EJ, Sevilla GP, Brusniak MY, Rupert PB, Friend DJ, Gewe MM, Clarke M, Lin I, Ruff R, Pakiam F, Phi TD, Bandaranayake A, Correnti CE, Mhyre AJ, Nairn NW, Strong RK, Olson JM. Ex silico engineering of cystine-dense peptides yielding a potent bispecific T cell engager. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn0402. [PMID: 35584229 PMCID: PMC10118748 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) are a miniprotein class that can drug difficult targets with high affinity and low immunogenicity. Tools for their design, however, are not as developed as those for small-molecule and antibody drugs. CDPs have diverse taxonomic origins, but structural characterization is lacking. Here, we adapted Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) and Rosetta protein modeling software for structural prediction of 4298 CDP scaffolds and performed in silico prescreening for CDP binders to targets of interest. Mammalian display screening of a library of docking-enriched, methionine and tyrosine scanned (DEMYS) CDPs against PD-L1 yielded binders from four distinct CDP scaffolds. One was affinity-matured, and cocrystallography yielded a high-affinity (KD = 202 pM) PD-L1-binding CDP that competes with PD-1 for PD-L1 binding. Its subsequent incorporation into a CD3-binding bispecific T cell engager produced a molecule with pM-range in vitro T cell killing potency and which substantially extends survival in two different xenograft tumor-bearing mouse models. Both in vitro and in vivo, the CDP-incorporating bispecific molecule outperformed a comparator antibody-based molecule. This CDP modeling and DEMYS technique can accelerate CDP therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Crook
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gregory P Sevilla
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mi-Youn Brusniak
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Della J Friend
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mesfin M Gewe
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Midori Clarke
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ida Lin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raymond Ruff
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fiona Pakiam
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ashok Bandaranayake
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Roland K Strong
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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5
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Gopalakrishnapillai A, Correnti CE, Pilat K, Lin I, Chan MK, Bandaranayake AD, Mehlin C, Kisielewski A, Hamill D, Kaeding AJ, Meshinchi S, Olson JM, Kolb EA, Barwe SP. Immunotherapeutic Targeting of Mesothelin Positive Pediatric AML Using Bispecific T Cell Engaging Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235964. [PMID: 34885074 PMCID: PMC8657033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy development in pediatric AML has been slow due to the paucity of validated AML-specific targets. We recently identified mesothelin (MSLN) as a therapeutic target in pediatric AML. Mice receiving T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) targeting MSLN and CD3 achieved complete remission and durable responses in two MSLN-positive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. This is a first report showing MSLN-targeting BsAbs are a viable immunotherapy for MSLN-positive pediatric AML. Abstract Advances in the treatment of pediatric AML have been modest over the past four decades. Despite maximally intensive therapy, approximately 40% of patients will relapse. Novel targeted therapies are needed to improve outcomes. We identified mesothelin (MSLN), a well-validated target overexpressed in some adult malignancies, to be highly expressed on the leukemic cell surface in a subset of pediatric AML patients. The lack of expression on normal bone marrow cells makes MSLN a viable target for immunotherapies such as T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that combine two distinct antibody-variable regions into a single molecule targeting a cancer-specific antigen and the T-cell co-receptor CD3. Using antibody single-chain variable region (scFv) sequences derived from amatuximab-recognizing MSLN, and from either blinatumomab or AMG330 targeting CD3, we engineered and expressed two MSLN/CD3-targeting BsAbs: MSLNAMA-CD3L2K and MSLNAMA-CD3AMG, respectively. Both BsAbs promoted T-cell activation and reduced leukemic burden in MV4;11:MSLN xenografted mice, but not in those transplanted with MSLN-negative parental MV4;11 cells. MSLNAMA-CD3AMG induced complete remission in NTPL-146 and DF-5 patient-derived xenograft models. These data validate the in vivo efficacy and specificity of MSLN-targeting BsAbs. Because prior MSLN-directed therapies appeared safe in humans, MSLN-targeting BsAbs could be ideal immunotherapies for MSLN-positive pediatric AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research & Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (A.G.); (A.K.); (D.H.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Colin E. Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Kristina Pilat
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Ida Lin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Man Kid Chan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Ashok D. Bandaranayake
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Christopher Mehlin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Anne Kisielewski
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research & Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (A.G.); (A.K.); (D.H.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Darcy Hamill
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research & Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (A.G.); (A.K.); (D.H.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Allison J. Kaeding
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (C.E.C.); (K.P.); (I.L.); (M.K.C.); (A.D.B.); (C.M.); (A.J.K.); (S.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Edward Anders Kolb
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research & Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (A.G.); (A.K.); (D.H.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research & Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (A.G.); (A.K.); (D.H.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-651-6542
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6
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Cook Sangar ML, Girard EJ, Hopping G, Yin C, Pakiam F, Brusniak MY, Nguyen E, Ruff R, Gewe MM, Byrnes-Blake K, Nairn NW, Miller DM, Mehlin C, Strand AD, Mhyre AJ, Correnti CE, Strong RK, Simon JA, Olson JM. A potent peptide-steroid conjugate accumulates in cartilage and reverses arthritis without evidence of systemic corticosteroid exposure. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/533/eaay1041. [PMID: 32132215 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
On-target, off-tissue toxicity limits the systemic use of drugs that would otherwise reduce symptoms or reverse the damage of arthritic diseases, leaving millions of patients in pain and with limited physical mobility. We identified cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) that rapidly accumulate in cartilage of the knees, ankles, hips, shoulders, and intervertebral discs after systemic administration. These CDPs could be used to concentrate arthritis drugs in joints. A cartilage-accumulating peptide, CDP-11R, reached peak concentration in cartilage within 30 min after administration and remained detectable for more than 4 days. Structural analysis of the peptides by crystallography revealed that the distribution of positive charge may be a distinguishing feature of joint-accumulating CDPs. In addition, quantitative whole-body autoradiography showed that the disulfide-bonded tertiary structure is critical for cartilage accumulation and retention. CDP-11R distributed to joints while carrying a fluorophore imaging agent or one of two different steroid payloads, dexamethasone (dex) and triamcinolone acetonide (TAA). Of the two payloads, the dex conjugate did not advance because the free drug released into circulation was sufficient to cause on-target toxicity. In contrast, the CDP-11R-TAA conjugate alleviated joint inflammation in the rat collagen-induced model of rheumatoid arthritis while avoiding toxicities that occurred with nontargeted steroid treatment at the same molar dose. This conjugate shows promise for clinical development and establishes proof of concept for multijoint targeting of disease-modifying therapeutic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Cook Sangar
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gene Hopping
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chunfeng Yin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fiona Pakiam
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mi-Youn Brusniak
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nguyen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raymond Ruff
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mesfin M Gewe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Mehlin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew D Strand
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roland K Strong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julian A Simon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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7
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Godwin CD, Laszlo GS, Fiorenza S, Garling EE, Phi TD, Bates OM, Correnti CE, Hoffstrom BG, Lunn MC, Humbert O, Kiem HP, Turtle CJ, Walter RB. Targeting the membrane-proximal C2-set domain of CD33 for improved CD33-directed immunotherapy. Leukemia 2021; 35:2496-2507. [PMID: 33589747 PMCID: PMC8364569 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in targeting CD33 in malignant and non-malignant disorders. In acute myeloid leukemia, longer survival with the CD33 antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) validates this strategy. Still, GO benefits only some patients, prompting efforts to develop more potent CD33-directed therapeutics. As one limitation, CD33 antibodies typically recognize the membrane-distal V-set domain. Using various artificial CD33 proteins, in which this domain was differentially positioned within the extracellular portion of the molecule, we tested whether targeting membrane-proximal targeting epitopes enhances the effector functions of CD33 antibody-based therapeutics. Consistent with this idea, a CD33V-set/CD3 bispecific antibody (BsAb) and CD33V-set-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells elicited substantially greater cytotoxicity against cells expressing a CD33 variant lacking the entire C2-set domain than cells expressing full-length CD33, whereas cytotoxic effects induced by GO were independent of the position of the V-set domain. We therefore raised murine and human antibodies against the C2-set domain of human CD33 and identified antibodies that bound CD33 regardless of the presence/absence of the V-set domain (“CD33PAN antibodies”). These antibodies internalized when bound to CD33 and, as CD33PAN/CD3 BsAb, had potent cytolytic effects against CD33+ cells. Together, our data provide rationale for further development of CD33PAN antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Godwin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George S Laszlo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Salvatore Fiorenza
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eliotte E Garling
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tinh-Doan Phi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivia M Bates
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Hoffstrom
- Antibody Technology Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret C Lunn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron J Turtle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Lajoie MJ, Boyken SE, Salter AI, Bruffey J, Rajan A, Langan RA, Olshefsky A, Muhunthan V, Bick MJ, Gewe M, Quijano-Rubio A, Johnson J, Lenz G, Nguyen A, Pun S, Correnti CE, Riddell SR, Baker D. Designed protein logic to target cells with precise combinations of surface antigens. Science 2020; 369:1637-1643. [PMID: 32820060 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise cell targeting is challenging because most mammalian cell types lack a single surface marker that distinguishes them from other cells. A solution would be to target cells using specific combinations of proteins present on their surfaces. In this study, we design colocalization-dependent protein switches (Co-LOCKR) that perform AND, OR, and NOT Boolean logic operations. These switches activate through a conformational change only when all conditions are met, generating rapid, transcription-independent responses at single-cell resolution within complex cell populations. We implement AND gates to redirect T cell specificity against tumor cells expressing two surface antigens while avoiding off-target recognition of single-antigen cells, and three-input switches that add NOT or OR logic to avoid or include cells expressing a third antigen. Thus, de novo designed proteins can perform computations on the surface of cells, integrating multiple distinct binding interactions into a single output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Lajoie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott E Boyken
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander I Salter
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jilliane Bruffey
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anusha Rajan
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert A Langan
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Audrey Olshefsky
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vishaka Muhunthan
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Bick
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mesfin Gewe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alfredo Quijano-Rubio
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - JayLee Johnson
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garreck Lenz
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alisha Nguyen
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzie Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Pattwell SS, Arora S, Cimino PJ, Ozawa T, Szulzewsky F, Hoellerbauer P, Bonifert T, Hoffstrom BG, Boiani NE, Bolouri H, Correnti CE, Oldrini B, Silber JR, Squatrito M, Paddison PJ, Holland EC. A kinase-deficient NTRK2 splice variant predominates in glioma and amplifies several oncogenic signaling pathways. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2977. [PMID: 32532995 PMCID: PMC7293284 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent scientific achievements have led to the discovery of aberrant splicing patterns in oncogenesis, while more recent advances have uncovered novel gene fusions involving neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinases (NTRKs) in gliomas. The exploration of NTRK splice variants in normal and neoplastic brain provides an intersection of these two rapidly evolving fields. Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), encoded NTRK2, is known for critical roles in neuronal survival, differentiation, molecular properties associated with memory, and exhibits intricate splicing patterns and post-translational modifications. Here, we show a role for a truncated NTRK2 splice variant, TrkB.T1, in human glioma. TrkB.T1 enhances PDGF-driven gliomas in vivo, augments PDGF-induced Akt and STAT3 signaling in vitro, while next generation sequencing broadly implicates TrkB.T1 in the PI3K signaling cascades in a ligand-independent fashion. These TrkB.T1 findings highlight the importance of expanding upon whole gene and gene fusion analyses to include splice variants in basic and translational neuro-oncology research. Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), encoded by the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 2 (NTRK2) gene, exhibits intricate splicing patterns and post-translational modifications. Here, the authors perform whole gene and transcript-level analyses and report the TrkB.T1 splice variant enhances PDGF-driven gliomas in vivo and augments PI3K signaling cascades in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan S Pattwell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359791, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ozawa
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tobias Bonifert
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin G Hoffstrom
- Antibody Technology Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Norman E Boiani
- Antibody Technology Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Barbara Oldrini
- Seve Ballesteros Foundation Brain Tumor Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28209, Madrid, Spain
| | - John R Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Massimo Squatrito
- Seve Ballesteros Foundation Brain Tumor Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28209, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA. .,Seattle Tumor Translational Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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10
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Jaeger-Ruckstuhl CA, Hinterbrandner M, Höpner S, Correnti CE, Lüthi U, Friedli O, Freigang S, Al Sayed MF, Bührer ED, Amrein MA, Schürch CM, Radpour R, Riether C, Ochsenbein AF. TNIK signaling imprints CD8 + T cell memory formation early after priming. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1632. [PMID: 32242021 PMCID: PMC7118140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory signals, cytokines and transcription factors regulate the balance between effector and memory cell differentiation during T cell activation. Here, we analyse the role of the TRAF2-/NCK-interacting kinase (TNIK), a signaling molecule downstream of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors such as CD27, in the regulation of CD8+ T cell fate during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Priming of CD8+ T cells induces a TNIK-dependent nuclear translocation of β-catenin with consecutive Wnt pathway activation. TNIK-deficiency during T cell activation results in enhanced differentiation towards effector cells, glycolysis and apoptosis. TNIK signaling enriches for memory precursors by favouring symmetric over asymmetric cell division. This enlarges the pool of memory CD8+ T cells and increases their capacity to expand after re-infection in serial re-transplantation experiments. These findings reveal that TNIK is an important regulator of effector and memory T cell differentiation and induces a population of stem cell-like memory T cells. Coordinate expression of multiple factors play critical roles in the regulation between effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. Here the authors show upon acute viral infection TNIK is critically required as a regulator of effector and memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Jaeger-Ruckstuhl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.,Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Magdalena Hinterbrandner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Höpner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ursina Lüthi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Friedli
- Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad F Al Sayed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Elias D Bührer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Amrein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. .,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
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11
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Godwin CD, Laszlo GS, Wood BL, Correnti CE, Bates OM, Garling EE, Mao ZJ, Beddoe ME, Lunn MC, Humbert O, Kiem HP, Walter RB. The CD33 splice isoform lacking exon 2 as therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2479-2483. [PMID: 32071429 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Godwin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George S Laszlo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent L Wood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivia M Bates
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eliotte E Garling
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhengwei J Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Beddoe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret C Lunn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Marcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, Perotti M, de van der Schueren W, Snijder J, Hodge E, Benhaim M, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Sheffler W, Brunner L, Lawrenz M, Dubois P, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Lee KK, Veesler D, Correnti CE, Stewart LJ, Baker D, Loré K, Perez L, King NP. Induction of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by a Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cell 2019; 176:1420-1431.e17. [PMID: 30849373 PMCID: PMC6424820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a worldwide public health concern for which no vaccine is available. Elucidation of the prefusion structure of the RSV F glycoprotein and its identification as the main target of neutralizing antibodies have provided new opportunities for development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the structure-based design of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle presenting a prefusion-stabilized variant of the F glycoprotein trimer (DS-Cav1) in a repetitive array on the nanoparticle exterior. The two-component nature of the nanoparticle scaffold enabled the production of highly ordered, monodisperse immunogens that display DS-Cav1 at controllable density. In mice and nonhuman primates, the full-valency nanoparticle immunogen displaying 20 DS-Cav1 trimers induced neutralizing antibody responses ∼10-fold higher than trimeric DS-Cav1. These results motivate continued development of this promising nanoparticle RSV vaccine candidate and establish computationally designed two-component nanoparticles as a robust and customizable platform for structure-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Perotti
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edgar Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Livia Brunner
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Perez
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany.
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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13
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Correnti CE, Gewe MM, Mehlin C, Bandaranayake AD, Johnsen WA, Rupert PB, Brusniak MY, Clarke M, Burke SE, De Van Der Schueren W, Pilat K, Turnbaugh SM, May D, Watson A, Chan MK, Bahl CD, Olson JM, Strong RK. Screening, large-scale production and structure-based classification of cystine-dense peptides. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:270-278. [PMID: 29483648 PMCID: PMC5840021 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Peptides folded through interwoven disulfides display extreme biochemical properties and unique medicinal potential. However, their exploitation has been hampered by the limited amounts isolatable from natural sources and the expense of chemical synthesis. We developed reliable biological methods for high-throughput expression, screening and large-scale production of these peptides: 46 were successfully produced in multimilligram quantities, and >600 more were deemed expressible through stringent screening criteria. Many showed extreme resistance to temperature, proteolysis and/or reduction, and all displayed inhibitory activity against at least 1 of 20 ion channels tested, thus confirming their biological functionality. Crystal structures of 12 confirmed proper cystine topology and the utility of crystallography to study these molecules but also highlighted the need for rational classification. Previous categorization attempts have focused on limited subsets featuring distinct motifs. Here we present a global definition, classification and analysis of >700 structures of cystine-dense peptides, providing a unifying framework for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mesfin M Gewe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Mehlin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashok D Bandaranayake
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Johnsen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mi-Youn Brusniak
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Midori Clarke
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Skyler E Burke
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kristina Pilat
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanon M Turnbaugh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Damon May
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Watson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Man Kid Chan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Roland K Strong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Peng T, Chanthaphavong RS, Sun S, Trigilio JA, Phasouk K, Jin L, Layton ED, Li AZ, Correnti CE, De van der Schueren W, Vazquez J, O'Day DR, Glass IA, Knipe DM, Wald A, Corey L, Zhu J. Keratinocytes produce IL-17c to protect peripheral nervous systems during human HSV-2 reactivation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2315-2329. [PMID: 28663436 PMCID: PMC5551564 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, peripheral nerve destruction and sensory anesthesia are rare. We discovered that skin biopsies obtained during asymptomatic human HSV-2 reactivation exhibit a higher density of nerve fibers relative to biopsies during virological and clinical quiescence. We evaluated the effects of HSV infection on keratinocytes, the initial target of HSV replication, to better understand this observation. Keratinocytes produced IL-17c during HSV-2 reactivation, and IL-17RE, an IL-17c-specific receptor, was expressed on nerve fibers in human skin and sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia. In ex vivo experiments, exogenous human IL-17c provided directional guidance and promoted neurite growth and branching in microfluidic devices. Exogenous murine IL-17c pretreatment reduced apoptosis in HSV-2-infected primary neurons. These results suggest that IL-17c is a neurotrophic cytokine that protects peripheral nerve systems during HSV reactivation. This mechanism could explain the lack of nerve damage from recurrent HSV infection and may provide insight to understanding and treating sensory peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James A Trigilio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvason Z Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Julio Vazquez
- Shared Resources Scientific Imaging, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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15
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Bhardwaj G, Mulligan VK, Bahl CD, Gilmore JM, Harvey PJ, Cheneval O, Buchko GW, Pulavarti SV, Kaas Q, Eletsky A, Huang PS, Johnsen WA, Greisen P, Rocklin GJ, Song Y, Linsky TW, Watkins A, Rettie SA, Xu X, Carter LP, Bonneau R, Olson JM, Coutsias E, Correnti CE, Szyperski T, Craik DJ, Baker D. Accurate de novo design of hyperstable constrained peptides. Nature 2016; 538:329-335. [PMID: 27626386 PMCID: PMC5161715 DOI: 10.1038/nature19791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring, pharmacologically active peptides constrained with covalent crosslinks generally have shapes that have evolved to fit precisely into binding pockets on their targets. Such peptides can have excellent pharmaceutical properties, combining the stability and tissue penetration of small-molecule drugs with the specificity of much larger protein therapeutics. The ability to design constrained peptides with precisely specified tertiary structures would enable the design of shape-complementary inhibitors of arbitrary targets. Here we describe the development of computational methods for accurate de novo design of conformationally restricted peptides, and the use of these methods to design 18-47 residue, disulfide-crosslinked peptides, a subset of which are heterochiral and/or N-C backbone-cyclized. Both genetically encodable and non-canonical peptides are exceptionally stable to thermal and chemical denaturation, and 12 experimentally determined X-ray and NMR structures are nearly identical to the computational design models. The computational design methods and stable scaffolds presented here provide the basis for development of a new generation of peptide-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Vikram Khipple Mulligan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Christopher D. Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jason M. Gilmore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Peta J. Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Earth, and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Eletsky
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Po-Ssu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - William A. Johnsen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Per Greisen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gabriel J. Rocklin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yifan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cyrus Biotechnology, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Thomas W. Linsky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Stephen A. Rettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xianzhong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Lauren P. Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Simons Foundation, NY, NY 10010
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Evangelos Coutsias
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics and Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Colin E. Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Szyperski
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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