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Mead D, Ogden R, Meredith A, Peniche G, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Doulcan J, Holmes N, Wright V, Loose M, Quail MA, McCarthy SA, Howe K, Chow W, Torrance J, Collins J, Challis R, Durbin R, Blaxter M. The genome sequence of the European golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos Linnaeus 1758. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:112. [PMID: 34671705 PMCID: PMC8499043 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16631.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female
Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos (the European golden eagle; Chordata; Aves; Accipitridae). The genome sequence is 1.23 gigabases in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 28 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the W and Z sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mead
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Owlstone Medical, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anna Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriela Peniche
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michelle Smith
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jason Skelton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Jale Doulcan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Achilles Therapeutics plc, London, W6 8PW, UK
| | - Nadine Holmes
- Deep Seq, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Matt Loose
- Deep Seq, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Shane A McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - William Chow
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Torrance
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Joanna Collins
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Mead D, Saccheri I, Yung CJ, Lohse K, Lohse C, Ashmole P, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Quail MA, Dolucan J, McCarthy SA, Howe K, Wood J, Torrance J, Tracey A, Whiteford S, Challis R, Durbin R, Blaxter M. The genome sequence of the ringlet, Aphantopus hyperantus Linnaeus 1758. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16983.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly based on an individual female Aphantopus hyperantus, also known as Maniola hyperantus (the ringlet butterfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), scaffolded using data from a second, unrelated specimen. The genome sequence is 411 megabases in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 29 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome.
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3
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Mead D, Fingland K, Cripps R, Portela Miguez R, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Doulcan J, Quail MA, McCarthy SA, Howe K, Sims Y, Torrance J, Tracey A, Challis R, Durbin R, Blaxter M. The genome sequence of the eastern grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:27. [PMID: 33215047 PMCID: PMC7653645 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15721.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male
Sciurus carolinensis (the eastern grey squirrel; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Eutheria; Rodentia; Sciuridae). The genome sequence is 2.82 gigabases in span. The majority of the assembly (92.3%) is scaffolded into 21 chromosomal-level scaffolds, with both X and Y sex chromosomes assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mead
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kathryn Fingland
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Rachel Cripps
- Red Squirrel Officer, The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside, The Barn, Berkeley Drive, Bamber Bridge, Preston, PR5 6BY, UK
| | | | - Michelle Smith
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Craig Corton
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jason Skelton
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Betteridge
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jale Doulcan
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael A Quail
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shane A McCarthy
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ying Sims
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Torrance
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Challis
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute,Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
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4
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Kenny NJ, McCarthy SA, Dudchenko O, James K, Betteridge E, Corton C, Dolucan J, Mead D, Oliver K, Omer AD, Pelan S, Ryan Y, Sims Y, Skelton J, Smith M, Torrance J, Weisz D, Wipat A, Aiden EL, Howe K, Williams ST. The gene-rich genome of the scallop Pecten maximus. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa037. [PMID: 32352532 PMCID: PMC7191990 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The king scallop, Pecten maximus, is distributed in shallow waters along the Atlantic coast of Europe. It forms the basis of a valuable commercial fishery and plays a key role in coastal ecosystems and food webs. Like other filter feeding bivalves it can accumulate potent phytotoxins, to which it has evolved some immunity. The molecular origins of this immunity are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmaceutical companies, and fisheries management. FINDINGS Here we report the genome assembly of this species, conducted as part of the Wellcome Sanger 25 Genomes Project. This genome was assembled from PacBio reads and scaffolded with 10X Chromium and Hi-C data. Its 3,983 scaffolds have an N50 of 44.8 Mb (longest scaffold 60.1 Mb), with 92% of the assembly sequence contained in 19 scaffolds, corresponding to the 19 chromosomes found in this species. The total assembly spans 918.3 Mb and is the best-scaffolded marine bivalve genome published to date, exhibiting 95.5% recovery of the metazoan BUSCO set. Gene annotation resulted in 67,741 gene models. Analysis of gene content revealed large numbers of gene duplicates, as previously seen in bivalves, with little gene loss, in comparison with the sequenced genomes of other marine bivalve species. CONCLUSIONS The genome assembly of P. maximus and its annotated gene set provide a high-quality platform for studies on such disparate topics as shell biomineralization, pigmentation, vision, and resistance to algal toxins. As a result of our findings we highlight the sodium channel gene Nav1, known to confer resistance to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, as a candidate for further studies investigating immunity to domoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kenny
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Shane A McCarthy
- University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics,Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Katherine James
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jale Dolucan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dan Mead
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Arina D Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Pelan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yan Ryan
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool University, iC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Ying Sims
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erez L Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Suzanne T Williams
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences,Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Mead D, Hailer F, Chadwick E, Portela Miguez R, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Doulcan JD, Dudchenko O, Omer A, Weisz D, Lieberman Aiden E, McCarthy S, Howe K, Sims Y, Torrance J, Tracey A, Challis R, Durbin R, Blaxter M. The genome sequence of the Eurasian river otter, Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:33. [PMID: 32258427 PMCID: PMC7097881 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15722.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Lutra lutra (the Eurasian river otter; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Eutheria; Carnivora; Mustelidae). The genome sequence is 2.44 gigabases in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 20 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with both X and Y sex chromosomes assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mead
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Frank Hailer
- Cardiff Otter Project, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Elisabeth Chadwick
- Cardiff Otter Project, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | - Michelle Smith
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jason Skelton
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Betteridge
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Olga Dudchenko
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, TX 77030 USA, USA
| | - Arina Omer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, TX 77030 USA, USA
| | - David Weisz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, TX 77030 USA, USA
| | | | - Shane McCarthy
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ying Sims
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Torrance
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Challis
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute,, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
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Abstract
The bulk of this paper will deal with the results of a survey which we have undertaken among clinicians. However, for the lessons of that survey to be learned, we have to understand the reasons why computerized decision support systems are desirable in the first place. There is no space in this paper to discuss those reasons, but we wish to set the scene by asserting that the three major factors are: 1. The huge knowledge explosion in healthcare (the half-life of a paper is about 8 years); 2. The complexity of the decisions facing clinicians and policy-makers (simple decisions typically involve choosing one course of action from a menu of millions of courses of actions); 3. The limitations of unaided human information processing (Miller’s Magical Number 7 ± 2-)[1]. There is a large literature on sub-optimal decision-making (and even serious errors) by clinicians that shows that what one would predict in theory actually occurs in practice [2] [3]. We do not assert that using computers with their large memories, powerful inferencing mechanisms, consistency and general reliability is the only way to improve health decision-making. We do, however, assert that this is currently the most likely candidate for doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mead
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK,
| | - L. Moseley
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK,
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Campbell HA, Dwyer RG, Sullivan S, Mead D, Lauridsen G. Chemical immobilisation and satellite tagging of free-living southern cassowaries. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:240-5. [PMID: 24964832 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) attains 1.8 m in height and over 80 kg in weight. These large birds are equipped with large claws and, although not a direct threat to humans, they have caused serious injury to handlers and members of the public. METHODS AND RESULTS This study describes chemical immobilisation, restraint, transport and post-monitoring (satellite tracking) methodologies for adult and juvenile southern cassowaries, captured and released from their natural environment. CONCLUSIONS The described methods have improved the management and research opportunities for the southern cassowary and may be transferable to other species of large ratite.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Campbell
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Thornton M, Parry M, Gill P, Mead D, Macbeth F. Hard choices: a qualitative study of influences on the treatment decisions made by advanced lung cancer patients. Int J Palliat Nurs 2011; 17:68-74. [PMID: 21378690 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2011.17.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with an incurable, advanced disease, and treatment decisions may be hard. This study explored the factors that influence patients' choice of treatment during the oncologist-patient consultation. DESIGN Semi-structured interviews conducted within 1 month of a consultation with an oncologist. PARTICIPANTS Five patients newly diagnosed with incurable NSCLC and facing a treatment decision following a consultation with an oncologist. SETTING A regional oncology unit in the UK. RESULTS Some of the participants who opted for chemotherapy had made a decision before seeing the oncologist, presented with fewer symptoms, had been more active in seeking information before the consultation, and were willing to accept the risk of side effects. Participants opting for radiotherapy were not willing to accept the risk of side effects for the possibility of a small survival gain and instead focused on symptom relief. CONCLUSION Some participants sought information before the consultation from various formal and informal sources. This may undermine the oncologist-patient consultation as the information may be incomplete or inaccurate. Patients vary in their willingness to accept risks for small potential gains. More research is required into methods to communicate the extent of the risks of treatment. The Clinical Nurse Specialist performed a valuable role for the patients and was seen as a trusted source of information.
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9
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Mead D. Need for a continuum in prison health care. Br J Nurs 2001; 10:1318. [PMID: 11942285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Wolf K, Fischer E, Mead D, Zhong G, Peeling R, Whitmire B, Caldwell HD. Chlamydia pneumoniae major outer membrane protein is a surface-exposed antigen that elicits antibodies primarily directed against conformation-dependent determinants. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3082-91. [PMID: 11292727 PMCID: PMC98263 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3082-3091.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants is known to be an immunodominant surface antigen. Moreover, it is known that the C. trachomatis MOMP elicits antibodies that recognize both linear and conformational antigenic determinants. In contrast, it has been reported that the MOMP of Chlamydia pneumoniae is not surface exposed and is immunorecessive. We hypothesized that the discrepancies between C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae MOMP exposure on intact chlamydiae and immunogenic properties might be because the focus of the host's immune response is directed to conformational epitopes of the C. pneumoniae MOMP. We therefore conducted studies aimed at defining the surface exposure of MOMP and the conformational dominance of MOMP antibodies. We present here a description of C. pneumoniae species-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), GZD1E8, which recognizes a conformational epitope on the surface of C. pneumoniae. This MAb is potent in the neutralization of C. pneumoniae infectivity in vitro. Another previously described C. pneumoniae species-specific monoclonal antibody, RR-402, displayed very similar characteristics. However, the antigenic determinant recognized by RR-402 has yet to be identified. We show by immunoprecipitation of C. pneumoniae with GZD1E8 and RR-402 MAbs and by mass spectrometry analysis of immunoprecipitated proteins that both antibodies GZD1E8 and RR-402 recognize the MOMP of C. pneumoniae and that this protein is localized on the surface of the organism. We also show that human sera from C. pneumoniae-positive donors consistently recognize the MOMP by immunoprecipitation, indicating that the MOMP of C. pneumoniae is an immunogenic protein. These findings have potential implications for both C. pneumoniae vaccine and diagnostic assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wolf
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Despite the need for nursing to become more evidence-based, there are a number of problems regarding developing nursing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mead
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan
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12
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Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast H. polymorpha is a popular system for the expression of recombinant proteins using the strong and regulatable methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter. Here we show that the constitutive PMA1 promoter can programme the expression of two heterologous proteins, glucose oxidase and human serum albumin. A constitutive promoter provides a useful additional facility to the H. polymorpha expression system because it allows a simplified fermentation regime, avoids the use of methanol, which is both toxic and an explosive hazard, and allows more flexibility for ectopic gene expression during the course of academic studies. A fragment previously isolated in a promoter screen, using glucose oxidase (GOD) as a reporter gene, was shown to consist of the promoter region and the first 659 bp of the H. polymorpha PMA1 gene, encoding the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. When the PMA1 promoter was optimally aligned with the GOD coding region, it produced 185 mg/l glucose oxidase in high cell density fed batch fermentations, whereas in previous experiments using the MOX promoter, a yield of 500 mg/l was recovered. The PMA1 promoter was also used to express recombinant human serum albumin (rHA) in H. polymorpha. In high cell density fermentations the PMA1 promoter produced 460 mg/l rHA, whereas 280 mg/l rHA was obtained using the MOX promoter. Taken together, these experiments show that the HpPMA1 programmes the constitutive expression of recombinant proteins and provides a yield comparable to that from the MOX promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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13
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Abstract
Research articles often incorporate data in the form of graphs. This article acts as a study guide to enable readers to understand and interpret the data produced in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moseley
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan
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14
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Yuan Y, Mead D, Schroeder BG, Zhu Y, Barry CE. The biosynthesis of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Enzymatic methyl(ene) transfer to acyl carrier protein bound meromycolic acid in vitro. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:21282-90. [PMID: 9694888 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.33.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A closely related family of enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown by heterologous expression to catalyze the modification of mycolic acids through the addition of a methyl (or methylene) group derived from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). Overproduction of all six of these enzymes in Escherichia coli and subsequent in vitro reactions with heat-inactivated acceptor fractions derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis in the presence of [methyl-3H]SAM demonstrated that the immediate substrate to which methyl group addition occurs was a family of very long-chain fatty acids. Inhibitors of methyl transfer, such as S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and sinefungin, were shown to inhibit this reaction but had no effect on whole cells of either M. smegmatis or M. tuberculosis. Purified mycolic acids from M. tuberculosis were pyrolyzed, and the resulting meroaldehyde was oxidized and methylated to produce full-length methyl meromycolates. These esters were shown to comigrate with a fraction of the acceptor from the in vitro reactions, suggesting that methyl group addition occurs up to the level of the meromycolate. Protease and other treatments destroyed the activity of the acceptor fraction, which was also found to be extremely sensitive to basic pH. Antibody to the acyl carrier protein AcpM, which has recently been shown to be the carrier of full-length meromycolate produced by a unique type II fatty acid synthase system, inhibited the cell-free methyl(en)ation of these acids. These results suggest that mycolate modification reactions occur parallel with the synthesis of the AcpM-bound meromycolate chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuan
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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15
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Mdluli K, Slayden RA, Zhu Y, Ramaswamy S, Pan X, Mead D, Crane DD, Musser JM, Barry CE. Inhibition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl ACP synthase by isoniazid. Science 1998; 280:1607-10. [PMID: 9616124 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5369.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) is widely used for the treatment of tuberculosis, its molecular target has remained elusive. In response to INH treatment, saturated hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) accumulated on a 12-kilodalton acyl carrier protein (AcpM) that normally carried mycolic acid precursors as long as C50. A protein species purified from INH-treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis was shown to consist of a covalent complex of INH, AcpM, and a beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase, KasA. Amino acid-altering mutations in the KasA protein were identified in INH-resistant patient isolates that lacked other mutations associated with resistance to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mdluli
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Mead D, Moseley L, Cook R. Positive thinking. Nurs Times 1997; 93:30-32. [PMID: 9370708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Mead
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- L. U. Colmenares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - D. Mead
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - W. Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - M. Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - R. S. H. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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18
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Abstract
The National Health Service is in a period of extensive reform. Value for money is now a key objective. As a consequence, audit has become a widely used concept and activity. There has been some discussion in the literature of the use of tools for measurement in audit. These tools have mainly been used to measure outcomes. When they are used in isolation from other measures, an incomplete picture can result. Closs and Tierney ( 1 ) have noted that the current vogue for outcomes in NHS research has resulted in a less than complete evaluation of the phenomena under study, largely because the structures and processes are not being measured in parallel with the outcomes. Thomas and Bond ( 2 ) also noted that research has tended to concentrate on the outcomes of care, and that structures and processes are left assumed and undefined, thus making it impossible to link outcomes (favourable or unfavourable) to specific features of nursing input in particular. This has meant that the actual processes have tended to remain somewhat obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mead
- Head of Department of Nursing and Midwifery. University of Glamorgan
| | - L G Moseley
- Computer Science, University of Wales, Swansea
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Abstract
This year the International Council of Nurses has decided to make nursing research the theme for its Nurses' Day. To coincide with the launch of the ICN's pack to help nurses get involved with the theme, this article outlines the development of nursing research and discusses what progress has been made. The author also discusses the difficulties involved in getting research into practice and what can be done to rectify the problem.
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20
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Villnow MM, Slatkine M, Ströbele B, Mead D. Megasession hair transplantation with a CO2 laser flashscanner technology. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1995; 13:259-62. [PMID: 10155060 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1995.13.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Villnow
- Transhair Institute of Hair Transplantation, Dusseldorf, Germany
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21
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Abstract
We describe layer-by-layer char-free facial skin resurfacing at very low CO2 laser power levels with a miniature "SilkTouch" microprocessor-controlled optomechanical flashscanner. This device provides excellent ablation depth control with minimal thermal damage to the dermis. Indications for the laser in aesthetic surgery include perioral, lips, and periorbital wrinkles, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chernoff
- Midwest Center for Cosmetic Surgery, Indianapolis, Indiana 46227, USA
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22
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Ramachandran C, Mead D, Wellham LL, Sauerteig A, Krishan A. Expression of drug resistance-associated mdr-1, GST pi, and topoisomerase II genes during cell cycle traverse. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49:545-52. [PMID: 7872960 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00443-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of drug resistance-associated mdr-1, GST pi, and topoisomerase II genes was analyzed in cell cycle phase enriched populations of doxorubicin-resistant murine leukemic P388/R-84 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and staining with anti-BrdU antibodies was used to confirm the purity of cell cycle phase enriched populations obtained by centrifugal elutriation. Doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation was significantly lower in S-phase cells, and coincubation with verapamil (VPL) or chlorpromazine (CPZ) enhanced DOX and DNR accumulation more in S-phase than in G1- and G2/M-phase cells. While the cellular content of mdr-1 and topoisomerase II mRNAs changed, GST pi mRNA content remained constant during the cell cycle. S-phase cells had about 3-fold higher mdr-1 mRNA content than G1- and G2/M-phase cells. In G1 cells, P-glycoprotein expression, as determined by C219 monoclonal antibody, was 12% less than that of S and G2/M cells. Topoisomerase II mRNA content increased with the progression of cell cycle and peaked in G2/M cells. These observations suggest that cell cycle stage related changes in expression of drug resistance markers may have a major bearing on chemosensitivity of drug-resistant cells.
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23
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Liu RS, Krogh E, Li XY, Mead D, Colmenares LU, Thiel JR, Ellis J, Wong D, Asato AE. Analyzing the red-shift characteristics of azulenic, naphthyl, other ring-fused and retinyl pigment analogs of bacteriorhodopsin. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:701-5. [PMID: 8284326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prompted by the near infrared-absorbing properties of some of the azulenic bacteriorhodopsin (bR) analogs, we have analyzed their absorption characteristics along with 11 new related ring-fused analogs and the corresponding Schiff bases (SB) and protonated Schiff bases (PSB). The following three factors are believed to contribute to the total red shift of each of the pigment analogs (sigma RS): perturbation of the basic chromophore (SB shift, delta SB), protonation of the SB (PSB shift, PSBS) and protein perturbation (the opsin shift, OS). For each factor, effects of structural modifications were examined. For the red-shifted pigments, percent OS has been suggested as an alternate way of measuring protein perturbation. Computer-simulated chromophores provided evidence against any explanation involving altered shapes of the binding pocket as a major cause for absorption differences. Implications of the current bR results on preparation of further red-shifted bR and possible application to visual pigment analogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822
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24
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Johnson DE, Slatkine M, Cromeens DC, Mead D, Konwitz E. A neodymium:YAG fiber delivery system for interstitial photothermal therapy. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1993; 11:243-5. [PMID: 10146515 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1993.11.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a highly durable 600-mu optical fiber with a 20-mm frosted distal tip protected by a smooth transparent cover that is capable of remaining in contact with tissue for prolonged periods. When used with a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser, the active fiber surface diffuses optical radiation in a radial pattern, delivering up to 40 W power, and thus providing consistent and uniform interstitial photothermal therapy. Preliminary animal studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using these fibers to treat a variety of soft-tissue tumors, including benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Johnson
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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25
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Hodgkins M, Mead D, Ballance DJ, Goodey A, Sudbery P. Expression of the glucose oxidase gene from Aspergillus niger in Hansenula polymorpha and its use as a reporter gene to isolate regulatory mutations. Yeast 1993; 9:625-35. [PMID: 8346679 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucose oxidase gene (god) from Aspergillus niger was expressed in Hansenula polymorpha using the methanol oxidase promoter and transcription termination region and the MF-alpha leader sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to direct secretion. The expression cassette was cloned into the S. cerevisiae vector YEp13 and used to transform H. polymorpha strain A16. In the initial transformants plasmid replication was unstable, but was stabilized by a growth regime consisting of alternating cycles of selective and non-selective growth. The stabilized strain was grown to high cell density by fed-batch fermentation. Upon induction of the MOX promoter, glucose oxidase synthesis was initiated. At the end of the fermentation, the culture density was 76 g dry weight/1 and 108 IU/ml (0.5 g/1 or 0.65% dry weight) glucose oxidase was found in the culture medium; a further 86 IU/ml (0.43 g/1 or 0.56% dry weight) was recovered from the cell lysate. A plate assay was used to monitor glucose oxidase levels in individual colonies. This was then used to isolate mutants which showed abnormal regulation of god expression or which showed an altered pattern of secretion. One mutant, which showed increased production of glucose oxidase, was grown to high cell density by fed-batch fermentation (100.6 g/l) and produced 445 IU/ml(2.25 g/l or 2.2% dry weight) extracellularly and 76 IU/ml (0.38 g/l or 0.4% dry weight) intracellularly. The mutant thus not only increased total production but exported 83% of the total enzyme made compared to 55% in the parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hodgkins
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, U.K
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Abstract
In the second of two articles on the value of story-telling, the authors show how writing down her story helped one nurse come to terms with a traumatic incident that had occurred some 16 years earlier, and how her story acted as a catalyst for the creative imaginings of a group of nurses at a workshop.
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Abstract
Story-telling may have been overlooked as an educational and therapeutic technique in nursing's drive for scientific excellence. In the first of two articles, the authors explain how their interest in storytelling as a tool for nurses was kindled, and how they have developed the method of encouraging nurses to write and tell stories of their own experience in an attempt to come to terms with some of the ethical and moral issues they face. Next week, an example of a story written by a nurse is given.
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Abstract
The 19F-nmr chemical shift data of isomeric pigments (11-cis and 9-cis) of four vinyl fluororhodopsins and two trifluororhodopsins have been recorded. When compared with model protonated Schiff bases, a set of F-nmr opsin shift parameter (FOS) was obtained. The data revealed regiospecific protein perturbations on the F-resonances. They can be interpreted in terms of specific protein interactions such as the postulated second point charge and other polar interactions as well as the common hydrophobic protein perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L U Colmenares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822
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Mead D. Research report: defining primary nursing as a basis for comparison. Nurs Times 1991; 87:71. [PMID: 2023829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Tierno ME, Mead D, Asato AE, Liu RS, Sekiya N, Yoshihara K, Chang CW, Nakanishi K, Govindjee R, Ebrey TG. 14-Fluorobacteriorhodopsin and other fluorinated and 14-substituted analogues. An extra, unusually red-shifted pigment formed during dark adaptation. Biochemistry 1990; 29:5948-53. [PMID: 2383566 DOI: 10.1021/bi00477a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Five vinyl-substituted fluororetinal analogues (8-F, 10-F, 12-F, 14-F, and 13,14-F2) were found to give bacteriorhodopsin analogues with properties similar to those of the parent system. Of these, only 14-fluororetinal was found to give an extra red-shifted BR analogue (lambda max less than or equal to 680 nm) in equilibrium with the normal 587-nm pigment. The 680-nm pigment was enriched upon irradiation. It rearranged to the 587-nm pigment at room temperature (delta E [symbol: see text] = 20.8 kcal/mol). Chromophore extraction experiments revealed the all-trans geometry for the 680-nm pigment. 14-Chlororetinal gave a similarly red-shifted pigment while 14-methylretinal did not. A scheme for dark adaptation of the 14-halogenated bacteriorhodopsins has been proposed in which the new red-shifted pigment was assigned the all-trans, 15-syn geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Tierno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822
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Mead D. Research report: primary nursing and quality assurance. Nurs Times 1990; 86:71-2. [PMID: 2342945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fukada Y, Okano T, Shichida Y, Yoshizawa T, Trehan A, Mead D, Denny M, Asato AE, Liu RS. Comparative study on the chromophore binding sites of rod and red-sensitive cone visual pigments by use of synthetic retinal isomers and analogues. Biochemistry 1990; 29:3133-40. [PMID: 2140051 DOI: 10.1021/bi00464a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the chromophore (retinal) binding sites of the opsin (R-photopsin) from chicken red-sensitive cone visual pigment (iodopsin) and that scotopsin) from bovine rod pigment (rhodopsin) was made by the aid of geometric isomers of retinal (all-trans, 13-cis, 11-cis, 9-cis, and 7-cis) and retinal analogues including fluorinated (14-F, 12-F, 10-F, and 8-F) and methylated (12-methyl) 11-cis-retinals. The stereoselectivity of R-photopsin for the retinal isomers and analogues was almost identical with that of scotopsin, indicating that the shapes of the chromophore binding sites of both opsins are similar, although the former appears to be somewhat more restricted than the latter. The rates of pigment formation from R-photopsin were considerably greater than those from scotopsin. In addition, all the iodopsin isomers and analogues were more susceptible to hydroxylamine than were the rhodopsin ones. These observations suggest that the retinal binding site of iodopsin is located near the protein surface. On the basis of the spectral properties of fluorinated analogues, a polar group in the chromophore binding site of iodopsin as well as rhodopsin was estimated to be located near the hydrogen atom at the C10 position of the retinylidene chromophore. A large difference in wavelength between the absorption maxima of iodopsin and rhodopsin was significantly reduced in the 9-cis and 7-cis pigments. On the assumption that the retinylidene chromophore is anchored rigidly at the alpha-carbon of the lysine residue and loosely at the cyclohexenyl ring, each of the two isomers would have the Schiff-base nitrogen at a position altered from that of the 11-cis pigments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukada
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Mead D. The injured child. Nurs Times 1989; 85:28-32. [PMID: 2798168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Szczesna-Skorupa E, Browne N, Mead D, Kemper B. Positive charges at the NH2 terminus convert the membrane-anchor signal peptide of cytochrome P-450 to a secretory signal peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:738-42. [PMID: 3422456 PMCID: PMC279630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.3.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NH2-terminal sequences of cytochromes P-450 resemble signal peptides, but these sequences are not cleaved during the insertion of these integral membrane proteins into the microsomes. To examine whether these putative signal peptides are functionally equivalent to signal peptides of secretory proteins, cDNA coding for a fusion protein was produced, in which the signal peptide for preproparathyroid hormone was replaced with the putative signal peptide of cytochrome P450IIC2. The translational product of RNA synthesized in vitro from the cDNA was neither processed nor translocated by chicken oviduct microsomal membranes in a reticulocyte cell-free system but was resistant to extraction from the membranes by alkaline solutions. In addition, the translation of the hybrid RNA was arrested by signal recognition particle. Unlike most signal peptides, the cytochrome P450IIC2 NH2-terminal sequence does not contain basic amino acids preceding the hydrophobic core. Introduction by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of lysine and arginine at the NH2 terminus resulted in a fusion protein that was partially processed by the microsomal membranes, with translocation across the membrane of both the processed and unprocessed proteins. The positive charges convert the cytochrome P450IIC2 NH2 terminus from a combination membrane insertion-halt transfer signal to a more classical secretory membrane-insertion signal, possibly by altering the orientation of the signal peptide in the membrane.
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Mead D, Asato A, Denny M, Liu R, Hanzawa Y, Taguchi T, Yamada A, Kobayashi N, Hosoda A, Kobayashi Y. 9-Cis 11-cis isomers of 18,18,18-, 19,19,19- and 20,20,20-trifluororetinal. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mead D. Chronic constipation and soiling. Nurs Mirror 1983; 157:25-6. [PMID: 6554734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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39
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Liu R, Asato A, Mead D, Zingoni J. Fluorinated retinals and their visual pigment analogues. J Fluor Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)85441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mead D. Education of asthmatics: learning to live with asthma. Nurs Mirror 1982; 155:51-2. [PMID: 6922545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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