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Kuppers DA, Linton J, Ortiz Espinosa S, McKenna KM, Rongvaux A, Paddison PJ. Gene knock-outs in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and in the human immune system of mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287052. [PMID: 37379309 PMCID: PMC10306193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are a standard source of cells for clinical HSC transplantations as well as experimental xenotransplantation to generate "humanized mice". To further extend the range of applications of these humanized mice, we developed a protocol to efficiently edit the genomes of human CD34+ HSPCs before transplantation. In the past, manipulating HSPCs has been complicated by the fact that they are inherently difficult to transduce with lentivectors, and rapidly lose their stemness and engraftment potential during in vitro culture. However, with optimized nucleofection of sgRNA:Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, we are now able to edit a candidate gene in CD34+ HSPCs with almost 100% efficiency, and transplant these modified cells in immunodeficient mice with high engraftment levels and multilineage hematopoietic differentiation. The result is a humanized mouse from which we knocked out a gene of interest from their human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Kuppers
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Linton
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sergio Ortiz Espinosa
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. McKenna
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Hoellerbauer P, Biery MC, Arora S, Rao Y, Girard EJ, Mitchell K, Dighe P, Kufeld M, Kuppers DA, Herman JA, Holland EC, Soroceanu L, Vitanza NA, Olson JM, Pritchard JR, Paddison PJ. Functional genomic analysis of adult and pediatric brain tumor isolates. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.05.522885. [PMID: 36711964 PMCID: PMC9881972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Adult and pediatric tumors display stark differences in their mutation spectra and chromosome alterations. Here, we attempted to identify common and unique gene dependencies and their associated biomarkers among adult and pediatric tumor isolates using functional genetic lethal screens and computational modeling. Methods We performed CRISRP-Cas9 lethality screens in two adult glioblastoma (GBM) tumor isolates and five pediatric brain tumor isolates representing atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT), diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, GBM, and medulloblastoma. We then integrated the screen results with machine learning-based gene-dependency models generated from data from >900 cancer cell lines. Results We found that >50% of candidate dependencies of 280 identified were shared between adult GBM tumors and individual pediatric tumor isolates. 68% of screen hits were found as nodes in our network models, along with shared and tumor-specific predictors of gene dependencies. We investigated network predictors associated with ADAR, EFR3A, FGFR1 (pediatric-specific), and SMARCC2 (ATRT-specific) gene dependency among our tumor isolates. Conclusions The results suggest that, despite harboring disparate genomic signatures, adult and pediatric tumor isolates share a preponderance of genetic dependences. Further, combining data from primary brain tumor lethality screens with large cancer cell line datasets produced valuable insights into biomarkers of gene dependency, even for rare cancers. Importance of the Study Our results demonstrate that large cancer cell lines data sets can be computationally mined to identify known and novel gene dependency relationships in adult and pediatric human brain tumor isolates. Gene dependency networks and lethality screen results represent a key resource for neuro-oncology and cancer research communities. We also highlight some of the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Matt C Biery
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yiyun Rao
- Huck Institute for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Pratiksha Dighe
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Megan Kufeld
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel A Kuppers
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jacob A Herman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Liliana Soroceanu
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Nicholas A Vitanza
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin R Pritchard
- Huck Institute for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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3
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Kuppers DA, Arora S, Lim Y, Lim AR, Carter LM, Corrin PD, Plaisier CL, Basom R, Delrow JJ, Wang S, Hansen He H, Torok-Storb B, Hsieh AC, Paddison PJ. N 6-methyladenosine mRNA marking promotes selective translation of regulons required for human erythropoiesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4596. [PMID: 31601799 PMCID: PMC6787028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the regulatory features governing erythrocyte specification, maturation, and associated disorders remain enigmatic. To identify new regulators of erythropoiesis, we utilize a functional genomic screen for genes affecting expression of the erythroid marker CD235a/GYPA. Among validating hits are genes coding for the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methyltransferase (MTase) complex, including, METTL14, METTL3, and WTAP. We demonstrate that m6A MTase activity promotes erythroid gene expression programs through selective translation of ~300 m6A marked mRNAs, including those coding for SETD histone methyltransferases, ribosomal components, and polyA RNA binding proteins. Remarkably, loss of m6A marks results in dramatic loss of H3K4me3 marks across key erythroid-specific KLF1 transcriptional targets (e.g., Heme biosynthesis genes). Further, each m6A MTase subunit and a subset of their mRNAs targets are required for human erythroid specification in primary bone-marrow derived progenitors. Thus, m6A mRNA marks promote the translation of a network of genes required for human erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kuppers
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yiting Lim
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrea R Lim
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lucas M Carter
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Philip D Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Christopher L Plaisier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Delrow
- Genomics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shiyan Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beverly Torok-Storb
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Nyquist MD, Corella A, Mohamad O, Coleman I, Kaipainen A, Kuppers DA, Lucas JM, Paddison PJ, Plymate SR, Nelson PS, Mostaghel EA. Molecular determinants of response to high-dose androgen therapy in prostate cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129715. [PMID: 31503550 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of high-dose androgen (HDA) therapy for prostate cancer (PC) have shown promising efficacy but are limited by lack of criteria to identify likely responders. To elucidate factors that govern the growth-repressive effects of HDAs, we applied an unbiased integrative approach using genetic screens and transcriptional profiling of PC cells with or without demonstrated phenotypic sensitivity to androgen-mediated growth repression. Through this comprehensive analysis, we identified genetic events and related signaling networks that determine the response to both HDA and androgen withdrawal. We applied these findings to develop a gene signature that may serve as an early indicator of treatment response and identify men with tumors that are amenable to HDA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel A Kuppers
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jared M Lucas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kuppers DA, Schmitt TM, Hwang HC, Samraj L, Clurman BE, Fero ML. The miR-106a~363 Xpcl1 miRNA cluster induces murine T cell lymphoma despite transcriptional activation of the p27 Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50680-50691. [PMID: 28881594 PMCID: PMC5584189 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-106a~363 cluster encodes 6 miRNAs on the X-chromosome which are abundant in blood cells and overexpressed in a variety of malignancies. The constituent miRNA of miR-106a~363 have functional activities in vitro that are predicted to be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive, yet little is known about their physiological functions in vivo. Mature miR-106a~363 (Mirc2) miRNAs are processed from an intragenic, non-protein encoding gene referred to as Xpcl1 (or Kis2), situated at an X-chromosomal locus frequently targeted by retroviruses in murine lymphomas. The oncogenic potential of miR-106a~363 Xpcl1 has not been proven, nor its potential role in T cell development. We show that miR106a~363 levels normally drop at the CD4+/CD8+ double positive (DP) stage of thymocyte development. Forced expression of Xpcl1 at this stage impairs thymocyte maturation and induces T-cell lymphomas. Surprisingly, miR-106a~363 Xpcl1 also induces p27 transcription via Foxo3/4 transcription factors. As a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, elevated p27 is expected to inhibit lymphomagenesis. Consistent with this, concurrent p27 Kip1 deletion dramatically accelerated lymphomagenesis, indicating that p27 is rate limiting for tumor development by Xpcl1. Whereas down-regulation of miR-106a~363 is important for normal T cell differentiation and for the prevention of lymphomas, eliminating p27 reveals Xpcl1's full oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruce E. Clurman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Kuppers DA, Hwang HC, Jackson AL, Linsley PS, Clurman BE, Fero ML. Effect of Xpcl1 activation and p27(Kip1) loss on gene expression in murine lymphoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14758. [PMID: 21412408 PMCID: PMC3055866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the p27(Kip1) Cdk inhibitor (Cdkn1b) exhibit increased susceptibility to lymphomas from the Maloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), and exhibit a high frequency of viral integrations at Xpcl1 (Kis2), a locus on the X-chromosome. Xpcl1 encodes miR-106a~363, a cluster of microRNAs that are expressed in response to adjacent retroviral integrations. We report the first large-scale profile of microRNA expression in MuLV-induced lymphomas, in combination with microarray gene expression analysis. The source material was T-cell lymphomas induced by M-MuLV in p27(Kip1) knockout mice and normal thymus. Surprisingly, the overall levels of miRNA expression were equivalent in lymphomas and normal thymus. Nonetheless, the expression of specific microRNAs was altered in tumors. The miR-106a~363 miRNA were over-expressed in lymphomas, particularly those with viral integrations at the Xpcl1 locus. In contrast, p27(Kip1) deletion itself was associated with a different pattern of microRNA expression. Gene expression was dramatically altered in lymphomas, yet paralleled data from T-cell lymphomas induced by other mechanisms. Genes with altered expression in association with the p27(Kip1) null genotype were of similar functional classes to those associated with Xpcl1 integration, but with the opposite pattern of expression. Thus, the effect of p27(Kip1) deletion may be to oppose an anti-oncogenic effect of Xpcl1 rather than enhancing its oncogenic functions. A subset of miR-106a~363 target genes was consistently reduced in lymphomas with Xpcl1 integrations, particularly genes with cell cycle and immune functions. We identify four predicted target genes of miR-106a~363 miRNA, including N-Myc (Mycn), and the TGF-beta receptor (Tgfbr2) using 3'UTR reporter assays. Still, bioinformatic miRNA target predictions were poor predictors of altered gene expression in lymphomas with Xpcl1 integration. Confirmation of miR-106a~363 gene targeting relevant to the tumor phenotype requires in vivo validation, because only a subset of predicted targets are consistently reduced in tumors that overexpress miR-106a~363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Kuppers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Harry C. Hwang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Jackson
- Rosetta Inpharmatics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Linsley
- Rosetta Inpharmatics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce E. Clurman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Fero
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lan K, Choudhuri T, Murakami M, Kuppers DA, Robertson ES. Intracellular activated Notch1 is critical for proliferation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-associated B-lymphoma cell lines in vitro. J Virol 2006; 80:6411-9. [PMID: 16775329 PMCID: PMC1488935 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00239-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human tumor virus expressing latent antigens critical for pathogenesis. The mechanism by which KSHV mediates oncogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway controlling diverse events related to development, proliferation, and tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of Notch signaling has also been shown to be highly correlated with oncogenesis. Here we show that the activated intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN) is aberrantly accumulated in latently KSHV-infected pleural effusion lymphoma cells and results in increased proliferation. Specifically, growth of the infected cells was dramatically inhibited at the G(1) phase by treatment with a gamma-secretase inhibitor which specifically blocks the production of ICN. Increased ICN also up-regulated the cyclin D1 cell cycle regulator. Taken together, these studies define an important mechanism directly linking latent KSHV infection to induction of oncogenesis through dysregulation of the conserved Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Lan K, Murakami M, Choudhuri T, Kuppers DA, Robertson ES. Intracellular-activated Notch1 can reactivate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency. Virology 2006; 351:393-403. [PMID: 16701788 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes a predominantly latent infection in the infected host. Importantly, during latency, only a small number of viral encoded genes are expressed. This viral gene expression pattern contributes to the establishment of long-term infection as well as the ability of the virus to evade the immune system. Previous studies have been shown that the replication and transcription activator (RTA) encoded by ORF50 activates it downstream genes and initiates viral lytic reactivation through functional interaction with RBP-Jkappa, the major downstream effector of the Notch signaling pathway. This indicates that RTA can usurp the conserved Notch signaling pathway and mimic the activities of intracellular Notch1 to modulate gene expression. In this report, we show that the activated intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN) is aberrantly accumulated in KSHV latently infected pleural effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. ICN activated the RTA promoter in a dose-dependent manner, and forced expression of ICN in latently infected KSHV-positive cells initiated full blown lytic replication with the production of infectious viral progeny. However, latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) which is predominantly expressed during latency can specifically down-modulate ICN-mediated transactivation of RTA and so control KSHV for lytic reactivation. These results demonstrate that LANA can inhibit viral lytic replication by antagonizing ICN function and suggest that LANA is a critical component of the regulatory control mechanism for switching between viral latent and lytic replication by directly interacting with effectors of the conserved cellular Notch1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kuppers DA, Lan K, Knight JS, Robertson ES. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C and the suppressor of metastasis Nm23-H1. J Virol 2005; 79:9714-24. [PMID: 16014933 PMCID: PMC1181582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9714-9724.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus latent protein EBNA3C has been shown to bind Nm23-H1, a known suppresser of cell migration and metastasis and a regulator of the guanine exchange factor Tiam-1. This interaction results in cellular translocation of Nm23-H1 to the nucleus and suppression of the antimigratory effect in vitro. Furthermore, these proteins can synergistically increase transcription of a basal promoter when targeted to DNA by fusion to a Gal4 DNA binding domain. In this report, we show that EBNA3C and Nm23-H1 can cooperate to upregulate expression of MMP-9, known to be expressed in aggressive forms of lymphomas. This upregulation resulted in increased levels of MMP-9 mRNA, as well as a detectable increase in MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity. Specific mutations in the MMP-9 promoter showed that the Ap1 and NFkappaB binding sites are important for upregulation by the proteins. Additionally, it was shown for the first time that EBNA3C and Nm23-H1 can bind subunits of these transcription factors. This suggests that the ability of EBNA3C to reverse the antimigratory effects of Nm23-H1 is likely to be in part through the synergistic upregulation of MMP-9, mediated through interactions with the AP1 and NFkappaB transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kuppers
- Department of Microbiology, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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10
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Lan K, Kuppers DA, Verma SC, Sharma N, Murakami M, Robertson ES. Induction of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen by the lytic transactivator RTA: a novel mechanism for establishment of latency. J Virol 2005; 79:7453-65. [PMID: 15919901 PMCID: PMC1143691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7453-7465.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent contributing to development of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman desease. Following primary infection, latency is typically established. However, the mechanism by which KSHV establishes latency is not understood. We have reported that the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) can repress RTA (for replication and transcription activator) expression by down-regulating its promoter. In this study, we show that RTA is associated with the virion particle. We also show that RTA can activate the LANA promoter and induce LANA expression in transient reporter assays. Additionally, the transcription of RTA correlates with LANA expression in the early stages of de novo infection of KSHV, and induction of LANA transcription is responsive to induction of RTA with an inducible system. This induction in LANA transcription was dependent on recombination signal sequence binding protein Jkappa (RBP-Jkappa), as a RBP-Jkappa-deficient cell line was significantly delayed and inefficient in LANA transcription with expression of RTA. These studies suggest that RTA contributes to establishment of KSHV latency by activating LANA expression in the early stages of infection by utilizing the major effector of the Notch signaling pathway RBP-Jkappa. This describes a feedback mechanism by which LANA and RTA can regulate each other and is likely to be a key event in the establishment of KSHV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Lan K, Kuppers DA, Robertson ES. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reactivation is regulated by interaction of latency-associated nuclear antigen with recombination signal sequence-binding protein Jkappa, the major downstream effector of the Notch signaling pathway. J Virol 2005; 79:3468-78. [PMID: 15731241 PMCID: PMC1075732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3468-3478.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the major biological cofactor contributing to development of Kaposi's sarcoma. KSHV establishes a latent infection in human B cells expressing the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), a critical factor in the regulation of viral latency. LANA controls KSHV latent infection through repression of RTA, an activator of many lytic promoters. RTA activates the expression of several lytic viral genes by interacting with recombination signal sequence-binding protein Jkappa (RBP-Jkappa), a transcriptional repressor and the target of the Notch signaling pathway. The recognition that a number of KSHV lytic gene promoters, including RTA, contain RBP-Jkappa binding sites raised the possibility that RBP-Jkappa-mediated repression may be central to the establishment of latency. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining the regulation of RTA by LANA through binding to RBP-Jkappa. This study demonstrates that LANA physically associates with RBP-Jkappa in vitro and in KSHV-infected cells, with the complex formed capable of binding to RBP-Jkappa cognate sequences. RBP-Jkappa binding sites within the RTA promoter have been found to be critical for LANA-mediated repression. Our study describes a novel mechanism through which LANA maintains KSHV latency by targeting a major downstream effector of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Department of Microbiology and the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Lan K, Kuppers DA, Verma SC, Robertson ES. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen inhibits lytic replication by targeting Rta: a potential mechanism for virus-mediated control of latency. J Virol 2004; 78:6585-94. [PMID: 15163750 PMCID: PMC416549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.12.6585-6594.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other herpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also designated human herpesvirus 8) can establish a latent infection in the infected host. During latency a small number of genes are expressed. One of those genes encodes latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which is constitutively expressed in cells during latent as well as lytic infection. LANA has previously been shown to be important for the establishment of latent episome maintenance through tethering of the viral genome to the host chromosomes. Under specific conditions, KSHV can undergo lytic replication, with the production of viral progeny. The immediate-early Rta, encoded by open reading frame 50 of KSHV, has been shown to play a critical role in switching from viral latent replication to lytic replication. Overexpression of Rta from a heterologous promoter is sufficient for driving KSHV lytic replication and the production of viral progeny. In the present study, we show that LANA down-modulates Rta's promoter activity in transient reporter assays, thus repressing Rta-mediated transactivation. This results in a decrease in the production of KSHV progeny virions. We also found that LANA interacts physically with Rta both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LANA can inhibit viral lytic replication by inhibiting expression as well as antagonizing the function of Rta. This suggests that LANA may play a critical role in maintaining latency by controlling the switch between viral latency and lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Department of Microbiology and the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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