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Tran V, Poole DS, Jeffery JJ, Sheahan TP, Creech D, Yevtodiyenko A, Peat AJ, Francis KP, You S, Mehle A. Multi-Modal Imaging with a Toolbox of Influenza A Reporter Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:5319-27. [PMID: 26473913 PMCID: PMC4632381 DOI: 10.3390/v7102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter viruses are useful probes for studying multiple stages of the viral life cycle. Here we describe an expanded toolbox of fluorescent and bioluminescent influenza A reporter viruses. The enhanced utility of these tools enabled kinetic studies of viral attachment, infection, and co-infection. Multi-modal bioluminescence and positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of infected animals revealed that antiviral treatment reduced viral load, dissemination, and inflammation. These new technologies and applications will dramatically accelerate in vitro and in vivo influenza virus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Tran
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Daniel S Poole
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Antiviral Discovery Performance Unit, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Donald Creech
- GlaxoSmithKline, Antiviral Discovery Performance Unit, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Andrew J Peat
- GlaxoSmithKline, Antiviral Discovery Performance Unit, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Shihyun You
- GlaxoSmithKline, Antiviral Discovery Performance Unit, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
Mitosis is a fundamental process in the development of all organisms. The mitotic spindle guides the cell through mitosis as it mediates the segregation of chromosomes, the orientation of the cleavage furrow, and the progression of cell division. Birth defects and tissue-specific cancers often result from abnormalities in mitotic events. Here, we report a proteomic study of the mitotic spindle from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Four different isolations of metaphase spindles were subjected to Multi-dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1155 proteins and used Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to categorize proteins into cellular component groups. We then compared our data to the previously published CHO midbody proteome and identified proteins that are unique to the CHO spindle. Our data represent the first mitotic spindle proteome in CHO cells, which augments the list of mitotic spindle components from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Bonner
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Poole
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ali Sarkeshik
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ahna R. Skop
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ai E, Poole DS, Skop AR. Long astral microtubules and RACK-1 stabilize polarity domains during maintenance phase in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19020. [PMID: 21533050 PMCID: PMC3080402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a very well conserved process important for cell differentiation, cell migration, and embryonic development. After the establishment of distinct cortical domains, polarity cues have to be stabilized and maintained within a fluid and dynamic membrane to achieve proper cell asymmetry. Microtubules have long been thought to deliver the signals required to polarize a cell. While previous studies suggest that microtubules play a key role in the establishment of polarity, the requirement of microtubules during maintenance phase remains unclear. In this study, we show that depletion of Caenorhabditis elegans RACK-1, which leads to short astral microtubules during prometaphase, specifically affects maintenance of cortical PAR domains and Dynamin localization. We then investigated the consequence of knocking down other factors that also abolish astral microtubule elongation during polarity maintenance phase. We found a correlation between short astral microtubules and the instability of PAR-6 and PAR-2 domains during maintenance phase. Our data support a necessary role for astral microtubules in the maintenance phase of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkang Ai
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Poole
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ahna R. Skop
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nakayama Y, Shivas JM, Poole DS, Squirrell JM, Kulkoski JM, Schleede JB, Skop AR. Dynamin participates in the maintenance of anterior polarity in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Dev Cell 2009; 16:889-900. [PMID: 19531359 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is crucial for the generation of cell diversity. Recent evidence suggests that the actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in establishment of embryonic polarity, yet the mechanisms that maintain polarity cues in particular membrane domains during development remain unclear. Dynamin, a large GTPase, functions in both endocytosis and actin dynamics. Here, the Caenorhabditis elegans dynamin ortholog, DYN-1, maintains anterior polarity cues. DYN-1-GFP foci are enriched in the anterior cortex in a manner dependent on the anterior polarity proteins, PAR-6 and PKC-3. Membrane internalization and actin comet formation are enriched in the anterior, and are dependent on DYN-1. PAR-6-labeled puncta are also internalized from cortical accumulations of DYN-1-GFP. Our results demonstrate a mechanism for the spatial and temporal regulation of endocytosis in the anterior of the embryo, contributing to the precise localization and maintenance of polarity factors within a dynamic plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways are necessary for the addition and removal of membrane during cytokinesis. In animal cells, recycling endosomes act as a major source of the additional membranes during furrow progression and abscission. However, the mechanisms and factors that regulate recycling endosomes during the cell cycle remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans Receptor of Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK-1) is required for cytokinesis, germline membrane organization, and the recruitment of RAB-11-labeled recycling endosomes to the pericentrosomal region and spindle. RACK-1 is also required for proper chromosome separation and astral microtubule length. RACK-1 localizes to the centrosomes, kinetochores, the midbody, and nuclear envelopes during the cell cycle. We found that RACK-1 directly binds to DNC-2, the C. elegans p50/dynamitin subunit of the dynactin complex. Last, RACK-1 may facilitate the sequestration of recycling endosomes by targeting DNC-2 to centrosomes and the spindle. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which RACK-1 directs the dynactin-dependent redistribution of recycling endosomes during the cell cycle, thus ensuring proper membrane trafficking events during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkang Ai
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Fernandes F, Poole DS, Hoover S, Middleton R, Andrei AC, Gerstner J, Striker R. Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to cyclosporine A depends on nonstructural proteins NS5A and NS5B. Hepatology 2007; 46:1026-33. [PMID: 17600342 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HCV re-occurs after liver transplantation and increases mortality. Cyclosporine, but not tacrolimus, has potent antiviral effects against HCV replication in cell culture. To determine the conditions, if any, under which HCV is susceptible to cyclosporine in vivo, we selected for cyclosporine-resistant mutant HCV in vitro. The resulting mutations were mapped to x-ray crystallographic structures and sequence databases. Mutations selected by cyclosporine were clustered in the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS5A and NS5B. Different sets of mutations in NS5A, paired with the same 2 NS5B mutations, conferred different levels of cyclosporine resistance when engineered back into the HCV replicon. Mutations in NS5B are structurally consistent with a proposed model of regulation of RNA binding by cyclophilin B (CyPB). These mutations also highlight a natural polymorphism between different HCV genotypes that correlates with the variation in response to cyclosporine A (CsA) noted in some clinical trials. Replicons engineered to have mutations in only NS5A (P < or = 0.0001) or only NS5B (P = 0.002) suggest that while both NS5A or NS5B variants alter cyclosporine susceptibility, NS5A has the largest effect. CONCLUSION Preexisting sequence variation could alter the effect of cyclosporine on HCV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Maxwell BB, Andersson CR, Poole DS, Kay SA, Chory J. HY5, Circadian Clock-Associated 1, and a cis-element, DET1 dark response element, mediate DET1 regulation of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein 2 expression. Plant Physiol 2003; 133:1565-77. [PMID: 14563928 PMCID: PMC300714 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Revised: 05/23/2003] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DET1 is a pleiotropic regulator of Arabidopsis development and controls the expression of many light-regulated genes. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which DET1 controls transcription from light-regulated promoters, we identified elements in the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein 2 (CAB2) promoter that are required for DET1-mediated expression. Using a series of reporter constructs in which the luciferase gene is controlled by CAB2 promoter fragments, we defined two DET1-responsive elements in the CAB2 promoter that are essential for proper CAB2 transcription. A 40-bp DET1 dark-response element (DtRE) is required for both dark and root-specific repression of CAB2, whereas the known CAB upstream factor-1 element is required for DET1 activation-associated effects in the light and repression in the roots. HY5, a factor that binds CAB upstream factor-1, is also required for DET1 effects in the light. DtRE binds two distinct activities in Arabidopsis seedling extracts: a novel activity with binding site CAAAACGC that we have named CAB2 DET1-associated factor 1 plus an activity that is likely to be the myb transcription factor Circadian Clock-Associated 1. Both activities are altered in dark-grown det1 extracts as compared with wild type, correlating a change in extractable DNA binding activity with a major change in CAB2 expression. We conclude that DET1 represses the CAB2 promoter in the dark by regulating the binding of two factors, CAB2 DET1-associated factor 1 and Circadian Clock-Associated 1, to the DtRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridey B Maxwell
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Kim J, Poole DS, Waggoner LE, Kempf A, Ramirez DS, Treschow PA, Schafer WR. Genes affecting the activity of nicotinic receptors involved in Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior. Genetics 2001; 157:1599-610. [PMID: 11290716 PMCID: PMC1461590 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/157.4.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by multiple neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and serotonin. Agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors such as nicotine and levamisole stimulate egg laying; however, the genetic and molecular basis for cholinergic neurotransmission in the egg-laying circuitry is not well understood. Here we describe the egg-laying phenotypes of eight levamisole resistance genes, which affect the activity of levamisole-sensitive nicotinic receptors in nematodes. Seven of these genes, including the nicotinic receptor subunit genes unc-29, unc-38, and lev-1, were essential for the stimulation of egg laying by levamisole, though they had only subtle effects on egg-laying behavior in the absence of drug. Thus, these genes appear to encode components of a nicotinic receptor that can promote egg laying but is not necessary for egg-laying muscle contraction. Since the levamisole-receptor mutants responded to other cholinergic drugs, other acetylcholine receptors are likely to function in parallel with the levamisole-sensitive receptors to mediate cholinergic neurotransmission in the egg-laying circuitry. In addition, since expression of functional unc-29 in muscle cells restored levamisole sensitivity under some but not all conditions, both neuronal and muscle cell UNC-29 receptors are likely to contribute to the regulation of egg-laying behavior. Mutations in one levamisole receptor gene, unc-38, also conferred both hypersensitivity and reduced peak response to serotonin; thus nicotinic receptors may play a role in regulating serotonin response pathways in the egg-laying neuromusculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0349, USA
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Waggoner LE, Dickinson KA, Poole DS, Tabuse Y, Miwa J, Schafer WR. Long-term nicotine adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans involves PKC-dependent changes in nicotinic receptor abundance. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8802-11. [PMID: 11102488 PMCID: PMC6773091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to nicotine leads to long-term changes in both the abundance and activity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, processes thought to contribute to nicotine addiction. We have found that in Caenorhabditis elegans, prolonged nicotine treatment results in a long-lasting decrease in the abundance of nicotinic receptors that control egg-laying. In naive animals, acute exposure to cholinergic agonists led to the efficient stimulation of egg-laying, a response mediated by a nicotinic receptor functionally expressed in the vulval muscle cells. Overnight exposure to nicotine led to a specific and long-lasting change in egg-laying behavior, which rendered the nicotine-adapted animals insensitive to simulation of egg-laying by the nicotinic agonist and was accompanied by a promoter-independent reduction in receptor protein levels. Mutants defective in the gene tpa-1, which encodes a homolog of protein kinase C (PKC), failed to undergo adaptation to nicotine; after chronic nicotine exposure they remained sensitive to cholinergic agonists and retained high levels of receptor protein in the vulval muscles. These results suggest that PKC-dependent signaling pathways may promote nicotine adaptation via regulation of nicotinic receptor synthesis or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Waggoner
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0349, USA
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Reed JW, Nagpal P, Poole DS, Furuya M, Chory J. Mutations in the gene for the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome B alter cell elongation and physiological responses throughout Arabidopsis development. Plant Cell 1993; 5:147-57. [PMID: 8453299 PMCID: PMC160258 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.5.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptors that mediate physiological and developmental responses to changes in red and far-red light conditions. In Arabidopsis, there are genes for at least five phytochrome proteins. These photoreceptors control such responses as germination, stem elongation, flowering, gene expression, and chloroplast and leaf development. However, it is not known which red light responses are controlled by which phytochrome species, or whether the different phytochromes have overlapping functions. We report here that previously described hy3 mutants have mutations in the gene coding for phytochrome B (PhyB). These are the first mutations shown to lie in a plant photoreceptor gene. A number of tissues are abnormally elongated in the hy3(phyB) mutants, including hypocotyls, stems, petioles, and root hairs. In addition, the mutants flower earlier than the wild type, and they accumulate less chlorophyll. PhyB thus controls Arabidopsis development at numerous stages and in multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Reed
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92186-5800
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