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Ponnusamy M, Wang S, Yuksel M, Hansen MT, Blazier DM, McMillan JD, Zhang X, Dammer EB, Collier L, Thinakaran G. Loss of forebrain BIN1 attenuates hippocampal pathology and neuroinflammation in a tauopathy model. Brain 2023; 146:1561-1579. [PMID: 36059072 PMCID: PMC10319775 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is the second most prevalent genetic risk factor identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. BIN1 encodes an adaptor protein that regulates membrane dynamics in the context of endocytosis and neurotransmitter vesicle release. In vitro evidence suggests that BIN1 can directly bind to tau in the cytosol. In addition, BIN1's function limits extracellular tau seed uptake by endocytosis and subsequent propagation as well as influences tau release through exosomes. However, the in vivo roles of BIN1 in tau pathogenesis and tauopathy-mediated neurodegeneration remain uncharacterized. We generated conditional knockout mice with a selective loss of Bin1 expression in the forebrain excitatory neurons and oligodendrocytes in P301S human tau transgenic background (line PS19). PS19 mice develop age-dependent tau neuropathology and motor deficits and are commonly used to study Alzheimer's disease tau pathophysiology. The severity of motor deficits and neuropathology was compared between experimental and control mice that differ with respect to forebrain BIN1 expression. BIN1's involvement in tau pathology and neuroinflammation was quantified by biochemical methods and immunostaining. Transcriptome changes were profiled by RNA-sequencing analysis to gain molecular insights. The loss of forebrain BIN1 expression in PS19 mice exacerbated tau pathology in the somatosensory cortex, thalamus, spinal cord and sciatic nerve, accelerated disease progression and caused early death. Intriguingly, the loss of BIN1 also mitigated tau neuropathology in select regions, including the hippocampus, entorhinal/piriform cortex, and amygdala, thus attenuating hippocampal synapse loss, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and brain atrophy. At the molecular level, the loss of forebrain BIN1 elicited complex neuronal and non-neuronal transcriptomic changes, including altered neuroinflammatory gene expression, concomitant with an impaired microglial transition towards the disease-associated microglial phenotype. These results provide crucial new information on in vivo BIN1 function in the context of tau pathogenesis. We conclude that forebrain neuronal BIN1 expression promotes hippocampal tau pathogenesis and neuroinflammation. Our findings highlight an exciting region specificity in neuronal BIN1 regulation of tau pathogenesis and reveal cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms involved in BIN1 modulation of tau neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moorthi Ponnusamy
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Melike Yuksel
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mitchell T Hansen
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Danielle M Blazier
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph D McMillan
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa Collier
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Criado-Marrero M, Blazier DM, Gould LA, Gebru NT, Rodriguez Ospina S, Armendariz DS, Darling AL, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Blair LJ. Evidence against a contribution of the CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mediating neurotoxicity in rTg4510 mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7372. [PMID: 35513476 PMCID: PMC9072347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation and progressive loss of neurons are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aggregation of tau has been associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). While ER stress and the UPR have been linked to AD, the contribution of these pathways to tau-mediated neuronal death is still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that reducing C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP), a UPR induced transcription factor associated with cell death, would mitigate tau-mediated neurotoxicity through the ER stress pathway. To evaluate this, 8.5-month-old male rTg4510 tau transgenic mice were injected with a CHOP-targeting or scramble shRNA AAV9 that also expressed EGFP. Following behavioral assessment, brain tissue was collected at 12 months, when ER stress and neuronal loss is ongoing. No behavioral differences in locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, or learning and memory were found in shCHOP mice. Unexpectedly, mice expressing shCHOP had higher levels of CHOP, which did not affect neuronal count, UPR effector (ATF4), or tau tangles. Overall, this suggests that CHOP is a not a main contributor to neuronal death in rTg4510 mice. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that ER stress, including CHOP upregulation, does not worsen outcomes in the tauopathic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marangelie Criado-Marrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Danielle M Blazier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Lauren A Gould
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Niat T Gebru
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Santiago Rodriguez Ospina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Debra S Armendariz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - April L Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Laura J Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA. .,Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Rodriguez Ospina S, Blazier DM, Criado-Marrero M, Gould LA, Gebru NT, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Wang X, Remily-Wood E, Chaput D, Stevens S, Uversky VN, Bickford PC, Dickey CA, Blair LJ. Small Heat Shock Protein 22 Improves Cognition and Learning in the Tauopathic Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020851. [PMID: 35055033 PMCID: PMC8775832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau pathologically accumulates and aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, leading to cognitive dysfunction and neuronal loss. Molecular chaperones, like small heat-shock proteins (sHsps), can help deter the accumulation of misfolded proteins, such as tau. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the overexpression of wild-type Hsp22 (wtHsp22) and its phosphomimetic (S24,57D) Hsp22 mutant (mtHsp22) could slow tau accumulation and preserve memory in a murine model of tauopathy, rTg4510. Our results show that Hsp22 protected against deficits in synaptic plasticity and cognition in the tauopathic brain. However, we did not detect a significant change in tau phosphorylation or levels in these mice. This led us to hypothesize that the functional benefit was realized through the restoration of dysfunctional pathways in hippocampi of tau transgenic mice since no significant benefit was measured in non-transgenic mice expressing wtHsp22 or mtHsp22. To identify these pathways, we performed mass spectrometry of tissue lysates from the injection site. Overall, our data reveal that Hsp22 overexpression in neurons promotes synaptic plasticity by regulating canonical pathways and upstream regulators that have been characterized as potential AD markers and synaptogenesis regulators, like EIF4E and NFKBIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rodriguez Ospina
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Danielle M. Blazier
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Marangelie Criado-Marrero
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Lauren A. Gould
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Niat T. Gebru
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Xinming Wang
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Remily-Wood
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Dale Chaput
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (D.C.); (S.S.Jr.)
| | - Stanley Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (D.C.); (S.S.Jr.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Laura J. Blair
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA; (S.R.O.); (D.M.B.); (M.C.-M.); (L.A.G.); (N.T.G.); (D.B.-A.); (X.W.); (V.N.U.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-369-0639
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Criado-Marrero M, Gebru NT, Blazier DM, Gould LA, Baker JD, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Blair LJ. Correction to: Hsp90 co‑chaperones, FKBP52 and Aha1, promote tau pathogenesis in aged wild‑type mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:85. [PMID: 33975631 PMCID: PMC8114680 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Criado-Marrero M, Gebru NT, Blazier DM, Gould LA, Baker JD, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Blair LJ. Hsp90 co-chaperones, FKBP52 and Aha1, promote tau pathogenesis in aged wild-type mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:65. [PMID: 33832539 PMCID: PMC8033733 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule associated protein tau is an intrinsically disordered phosphoprotein that accumulates under pathological conditions leading to formation of neurofibrillary tangles, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms that initiate the accumulation of phospho-tau aggregates and filamentous deposits are largely unknown. In the past, our work and others' have shown that molecular chaperones play a crucial role in maintaining protein homeostasis and that imbalance in their levels or activity can drive tau pathogenesis. We have found two co-chaperones of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90), FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52) and the activator of Hsp90 ATPase homolog 1 (Aha1), promote tau aggregation in vitro and in the brains of tau transgenic mice. Based on this, we hypothesized that increased levels of these chaperones could promote tau misfolding and accumulation in the brains of aged wild-type mice. We tested this hypothesis by overexpressing Aha1, FKBP52, or mCherry (control) proteins in the hippocampus of 9-month-old wild-type mice. After 7 months of expression, mice were evaluated for cognitive and pathological changes. Our results show that FKBP52 overexpression impaired spatial reversal learning, while Aha1 overexpression impaired associative learning in aged wild-type mice. FKBP52 and Aha1 overexpression promoted phosphorylation of distinct AD-relevant tau species. Furthermore, FKBP52 activated gliosis and promoted neuronal loss leading to a reduction in hippocampal volume. Glial activation and phospho-tau accumulation were also detected in areas adjacent to the hippocampus, including the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that after initiation these pathologies can propagate through other brain regions. Overall, our findings suggest a role for chaperone imbalance in the initiation of tau accumulation in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marangelie Criado-Marrero
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Niat T Gebru
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Danielle M Blazier
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Lauren A Gould
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Jeremy D Baker
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Laura J Blair
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Webster JM, Darling AL, Sanders TA, Blazier DM, Vidal-Aguiar Y, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Plemmons DG, Hill SE, Uversky VN, Bickford PC, Dickey CA, Blair LJ. Hsp22 with an N-Terminal Domain Truncation Mediates a Reduction in Tau Protein Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5442. [PMID: 32751642 PMCID: PMC7432035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding, aggregation and accumulation of proteins are toxic elements in the progression of a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular chaperones enable a cellular defense by reducing or compartmentalizing these insults. Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) engage proteins early in the process of misfolding and can facilitate their proper folding or refolding, sequestration, or clearance. Here, we evaluate the effects of the sHsp Hsp22, as well as a pseudophosphorylated mutant and an N-terminal domain deletion (NTDΔ) variant on tau aggregation in vitro and tau accumulation and aggregation in cultured cells. Hsp22 wild-type (WT) protein had a significant inhibitory effect on heparin-induced aggregation in vitro and the pseudophosphorylated mutant Hsp22 demonstrated a similar effect. When co-expressed in a cell culture model with tau, these Hsp22 constructs significantly reduced soluble tau protein levels when transfected at a high ratio relative to tau. However, the Hsp22 NTDΔ protein drastically reduced the soluble protein expression levels of both tau WT and tau P301L/S320F even at lower transfection ratios, which resulted in a correlative reduction of the triton-insoluble tau P301L/S320F aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Webster
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - April L. Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Taylor A. Sanders
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Danielle M. Blazier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yamile Vidal-Aguiar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Drew G. Plemmons
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Shannon E. Hill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Laura J. Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.M.W.); (A.L.D.); (T.A.S.); (D.M.B.); (Y.V.-A.); (D.B.-A.); (D.G.P.); (S.E.H.); (V.N.U.); (C.A.D.)
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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