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Walker AR, Parkin HA, Kim SH, Terzidou V, Woodward DF, Bennett PR, Hanyaloglu AC. Constitutive internalisation of EP2 differentially regulates G protein signalling. J Mol Endocrinol 2024:JME-23-0153. [PMID: 38639976 DOI: 10.1530/jme-23-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The prostanoid G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) EP2 is widely expressed and implicated in endometriosis, osteoporosis, obesity, pre-term labour, and cancer. Internalisation and intracellular trafficking are critical for shaping GPCR activity, yet little is known regarding spatial programming of EP2 signalling and whether this can be exploited pharmacologically. Using three EP2-selective ligands that favour activation of different EP2 pathways, we show that EP2 undergoes limited agonist-driven internalisation but is constitutively internalised via dynamin-dependent, β-arrestin-independent pathways. EP2 was constitutively trafficked to early and very early endosomes (VEE) which was not altered by ligand activation. APPL1, a key adaptor and regulatory protein of the VEE, did not impact EP2 agonist-mediated cAMP. Internalisation was required for ~70% of the acute butaprost- and AH13205-mediated cAMP signalling, yet PGN9856i, a Gαs biased agonist, was less dependent on receptor internalisation for its cAMP signalling, particularly in human term pregnant myometrial cells that endogenously express EP2. Inhibition of EP2 internalisation partially reduced calcium signalling activated by butaprost or AH13205 and had no effect on PGE2 secretion. This indicates an agonist-dependent differential spatial requirement for Gαs and Gαq/11 signalling and a role for plasma membrane initiated Gαq/11-Ca2+-mediated PGE2 secretion. These findings reveal a key role for EP2 constitutive internalisation in its signalling and potential spatial bias in mediating its downstream functions. This in turn could highlight important considerations for future selective targeting of EP2 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Walker
- A Walker, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Holly Ann Parkin
- H Parkin, Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sung Hye Kim
- S Kim, Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Vasso Terzidou
- V Terzidou, Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David F Woodward
- D Woodward, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- P Bennett, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- A Hanyaloglu, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Spada C, Vu C, Raymond I, Tong W, Chuang CL, Walker C, Loomes K, Woodward DF, Poloso NJ. Bimatoprost promotes satiety and attenuates body weight gain in rats fed standard or obesity-promoting diets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 187:102511. [PMID: 36399889 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bimatoprost is a synthetic prostamide F2α analog that down-regulates adipogenesis in vitro. This effect has been attributed to participation in a negative feedback loop that regulates anandamide-induced adipogenesis. A follow-on investigation has now been conducted into the broader metabolic effects of bimatoprost using rats under both normal state and obesity-inducing conditions. Chronic bimatoprost administration attenuated weight gain in a dose dependent-manner in rats fed either standard [max effect -7%] or obesity-promoting diets [max effect -23%] over a 9-10 week period. Consistent with these findings, bimatoprost promoted satiety as measured by decreased food intake [max effect, -7%], gastric emptying [max effect, -33-50%] and decreased circulating concentrations of the gut hormones, ghrelin and GLP-1 [max effect, -33-50%]. Additionally, subcutaneous, and visceral fat mass were distinctly affected by treatment [-30% diet independent]. Taken together, these results suggest that bimatoprost regulates energy homeostasis through promoting satiety and a decrease in food intake. These newly reported activities of bimatoprost reveal an additional method of metabolic disease intervention for potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chau Vu
- Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Iona Raymond
- Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Warren Tong
- Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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Walker AR, Larsen CB, Kundu S, Stavrinidis C, Kim SH, Inoue A, Woodward DF, Lee YS, Migale R, MacIntyre DA, Terzidou V, Fanelli F, Khanjani S, Bennett PR, Hanyaloglu AC. Functional rewiring of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in human labor. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111318. [PMID: 36070698 PMCID: PMC9638024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies to manage preterm labor center around inhibition of uterine myometrial contractions, yet do not improve neonatal outcomes as they do not address activation of inflammation. Here, we identify that during human labor, activated oxytocin receptor (OTR) reprograms the prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2, in the pregnant myometrium to suppress relaxatory/Gαs-cAMP signaling and promote pro-labor/inflammatory responses via altered coupling of EP2 from Gαq/11 to Gαi/o. The ability of EP2 to signal via Gαi/o is recapitulated with in vitro OT and only following OTR activation, suggesting direct EP2-OTR crosstalk. Super-resolution imaging with computational modeling reveals OT-dependent reorganization of EP2-OTR complexes to favor conformations for Gαi over Gαs activation. A selective EP2 ligand, PGN9856i, activates the relaxatory/Gαs-cAMP pathway but not the pro-labor/inflammatory responses in term-pregnant myometrium, even following OT. Our study reveals a mechanism, and provides a potential therapeutic solution, whereby EP2-OTR functional associations could be exploited to delay preterm labor. EP2 activity is reprogrammed toward pro-inflammatory pathways during human labor Oxytocin downregulates EP2-Gαs signaling and switches EP2-Gαq/11 signaling to Gαi/o EP2/OTR heterotetramers are reorganized by oxytocin to conformations favoring Gαi EP2 agonist PGN9856i does not activate pro-labor signals even after oxytocin treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Walker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Camilla B Larsen
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samit Kundu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Stavrinidis
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sung Hye Kim
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yun S Lee
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta Migale
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vasso Terzidou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Shirin Khanjani
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Bertrand JA, Woodward DF, Sherwood JM, Spenlehauer A, Silvestri C, Piscitelli F, Marzo VD, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Inoue Y, Watanabe K, Overby DR. Deletion of the gene encoding prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase reveals an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102235. [PMID: 33418484 PMCID: PMC9251352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase (PM/PGFS) is an enzyme with very narrow substrate specificity and is dedicated to the biosynthesis of prostamide F2α and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α.). The importance of this enzyme, relative to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) series, in providing functional tissue prostamide F2α levels was determined by creating a line of PM/PGFS gene deleted mice. Deletion of the gene encoding PM/PGFS (Fam213b / Prxl2b) was accomplished by a two exon disruption. Prostamide F2α levels in wild type (WT) and PM/PGFS knock-out (KO) mice were determined by LC/MS/MS. Deletion of Fam213b (Prxl2b) had no observed effect on behavior, appetite, or fertility. In contrast, tonometrically measured intraocular pressure was significantly elevated by approximately 4 mmHg in PM/PGFS KO mice compared to littermate WT mice. Outflow facility was measured in enucleated mouse eyes using the iPerfusion system. No effect on pressure dependent outflow facility occurred, which is consistent with the effects of prostamide F2α and PGF2α increasing outflow through the unconventional pathway. The elevation of intraocular pressure caused by deletion of the gene encoding the PM/PGFS enzyme likely results from a diversion of the endoperoxide precursor pathway to provide increased levels of those prostanoids known to raise intraocular pressure, namely prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). It follows that PM/PGFS may serve an important regulatory role in the eye by providing PGF2α and prostamide F2α to constrain the influence of those prostanoids that raise intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques A Bertrand
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David F Woodward
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; JeniVision Inc., 5270, California Ave., Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Spenlehauer
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture Bureau 1122, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, 440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan; Dept of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Kikuko Watanabe
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Bertrand JA, Woodward DF, Sherwood JM, Wang JW, Overby DR. The role of EP 2 receptors in mediating the ultra-long-lasting intraocular pressure reduction by JV-GL1. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1610-1616. [PMID: 33239414 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single application of JV-GL1 substantially lowers non-human primate intraocular pressure (IOP) for about a week, independent of dose. This highly protracted effect does not correlate with its ocular biodisposition or correlate with the once-daily dosing regimen for other prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists such as trapenepag or omidenepag. The underlying pharmacological mechanism for the multiday extended activity of JV-GL1 is highly intriguing. The present studies were intended to determine EP2 receptor involvement in mediating the long-term ocular hypotensive activity of JV-GL1 by using mice genetically deficient in EP2 receptors. METHODS The protracted IOP reduction produced by JV-GL1 was investigated in C57BL/6J and EP2 receptor knock-out mice (B6.129-Ptger2tm1Brey /J; EP2KO). Both ocular normotensive and steroid-induced ocular hypertensive (SI-OHT) mice were studied. IOP was measured tonometrically under general anaesthesia. Aqueous humour outflow facility was measured ex vivo using iPerfusion in normotensive C57BL/6J mouse eyes perfused with 100 nM de-esterified JV-GL1 and in SI-OHT C57BL/6J mouse eyes that had received topical JV-GL1 (0.01%) 3 days prior. RESULTS Both the initial 1-day and the protracted multiday effects of JV-GL1 in the SI-OHT model for glaucoma were abolished by deletion of the gene encoding the EP2 receptor. Thus, JV-GL1 did not lower IOP in SI-OHT EP2KO mice, but in littermate SI-OHT EP2WT control mice, JV-GL1 statistically significantly lowered IOP for 4-6 days. CONCLUSIONS Both the 1-day and the long-term effects of JV-GL1 on IOP are entirely EP2 receptor dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Woodward
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,JeniVision Inc, Suite 200, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jenny W Wang
- JeniVision Inc, Suite 200, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Spada CS, Carling RW, Martos JL, Pettit S, Kangasmetsa J, Waterbury LD, Lawrence M, Hu W, Poloso NJ. A Second Generation Prostanoid Receptor Antagonist Acting at Multiple Receptor Subtypes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1199-1210. [PMID: 33344897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that a prototypical compound (AGN 211377), which blocks pro-inflammatory prostanoid receptors (DP1, DP2, EP1, EP4, FP, TP) and leaves open IP and EP2 receptors so that their anti-inflammatory properties could be exerted, produced superior inhibitory effects on cytokine release from human macrophages compared to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. This favorable activity profile translated into animal studies, with AGN 211377 exceeding the level of inhibition afforded by COX inhibition. AGN 211377 was not, however, a practical drug candidate, having poor bioavailability and cost of goods concerns. Compound 1 (designated AGN 225660) represents a second-generation compound with an entirely different "druggable" core structure. Such a dramatic change in chemical scaffold created uncertainty with respect to matching the effects of AGN 211377. AGN 225660 inhibited RANTES, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by at least 50%, from TNFα activated human macrophages. Although AGN 225660 reduced TNFα-evoked MCP-1 release from human monocyte-derived macrophages, it increased LPS-induced MCP-1 secretion (up to 2-fold) from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. However, AGN 225660 inhibited the release of IL12p 70 and IL-23 from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated by LPS by more than 70%. This effect of AGN 225660 was reproduced in part by the prototype compound AGN 211377 and a combination of selective DP1, EP1, EP4, FP, and TP antagonists. These findings suggest important effects on T cell skewing and disease modification by this class of therapeutic agents. AGN 225660 exhibited good ocular bioavailability and was active in reducing ocular inflammation associated with phacoemulsification surgery, LPS, and arachidonic acid induced uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Jenny W Wang
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Clayton S Spada
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | | | - Jose L Martos
- Discovery Department, Selcia Ltd., Ongar, Essex, CM5 0GS, U.K
| | - Simon Pettit
- Discovery Department, Selcia Ltd., Ongar, Essex, CM5 0GS, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Wenzheng Hu
- RxGen Inc., Hamden, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Neil J Poloso
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
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Woodward DF, Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Spada CS, Wang JW. Effect of the Antiglaucoma Agent JV-GL1 and Related Compounds in the Canine Eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:636-648. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom
- JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California, USA
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8
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Breyer RM, Clapp L, Coleman RA, Giembycz M, Heinemann A, Hills R, Jones RL, Narumiya S, Norel X, Pettipher R, Sugimoto Y, Uddin M, Woodward DF, Yao C. Prostanoid receptors (version 2020.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f58/2020.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoid receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Prostanoid Receptors [661]) are activated by the endogenous ligands prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 , PGF2α, PGH2, prostacyclin [PGI2] and thromboxane A2. Differences and similarities between human and rodent prostanoid receptor orthologues, and their specific roles in pathophysiologic conditions are reviewed in [423]. Measurement of the potency of PGI2 and thromboxane A2 is hampered by their instability in physiological salt solution; they are often replaced by cicaprost and U46619, respectively, in receptor characterization studies.
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Fischer DP, Griffiths AL, Lui S, Sabar UJ, Farrar D, O'Donovan PJ, Woodward DF, Marshall KM. Distribution and Function of Prostaglandin E 2 Receptors in Mouse Uterus: Translational Value for Human Reproduction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:381-390. [PMID: 32205366 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E analogs are used clinically to ripen the cervix and induce labor. However, selective receptor agonists may have potential to improve induction response rates or manage unwanted uterine hypercontractility in conditions such as dysmenorrhea and preterm labor. To characterize their therapeutic value, PGE2 analogs were used to investigate the functional E-type prostanoid (EP) receptor population in isolated human uterus. Responsiveness in mouse tissues was also examined to validate its use as a preclinical model. Uterine samples were obtained from mice at dioestrus (n = 12), term gestation (n = 14), and labor (n = 12) and from the lower uterus of women undergoing hysterectomy (n = 12) or Caesarean section (n = 18). Vehicle and agonist effects were assessed using superfusion and immersion techniques. PGE2 evoked predominant excitatory responses in mouse and relaxation in human tissues. Selective EP4 agonists inhibited tissue activity in both nonpregnant species, while the EP2 mimetic CP533536 also attenuated uterine contractions throughout gestation. The uterotonic effects of the EP3/1 agonist sulprostone were more pronounced than the EP1 agonist ONO-D1-004, corresponding to abundant EP3 receptor expression in all samples. The contractile phenotype in mouse compared with human uteri may relate to regional differences as well as high expression of EP3 receptor transcripts. Similarities in nonpregnant and gestational tissues across species suggest that EP3 may represent a valuable translational drug target for preventing uterine hypercontractility by employing a selective antagonist. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research validates the use of nonpregnant mice for preclinical drug discovery of uterine EP receptor targets. To determine the utility of novel drugs and delivery systems at term pregnancy and labor, pharmacological agents interacting with EP3 receptors have clear translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Fischer
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.).
| | - Anna L Griffiths
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - Sylvia Lui
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - Uzmah J Sabar
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - Diane Farrar
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - Peter J O'Donovan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - David F Woodward
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
| | - Kay M Marshall
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences (D.P.F., K.M.M.) and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences (S.L.), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (A.L.G., U.J.S.); Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (D.F.); Obstetrics and Gynaecological Oncology, Yorkshire Clinic, Bradford Road, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom (P.J.D.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (D.F.W.); and JeniVision Inc., Irvine, California, USA (D.F.W.)
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10
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Breyer RM, Clapp L, Coleman RA, Giembycz M, Heinemann A, Hills R, Jones RL, Narumiya S, Norel X, Pettipher R, Sugimoto Y, Uddin M, Woodward DF, Yao C. Prostanoid receptors (version 2019.5) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f58/2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoid receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Prostanoid Receptors [659]) are activated by the endogenous ligands prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 , PGF2α, PGH2, prostacyclin [PGI2] and thromboxane A2. Measurement of the potency of PGI2 and thromboxane A2 is hampered by their instability in physiological salt solution; they are often replaced by cicaprost and U46619, respectively, in receptor characterization studies.
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11
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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12
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Clark KL, Stamer WD, Tao G, Fan S, Toris CB. A Highly Effective and Ultra-Long-Acting Anti-Glaucoma Drug, with a Novel Periorbital Delivery Method. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:265-277. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, England
- JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | | | | | | | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guoxian Tao
- Wincon Theracells Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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13
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Ni M, Bauer AJ, Poloso NJ. In Vivo Choroidal Neovascularization and Macrophage Studies Provide Further Evidence for a Broad Role of Prostacyclin in Angiogenesis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:98-105. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California
| | - Jenny W. Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California
| | - Alex J. Bauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California
| | - Neil J. Poloso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California
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14
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Ligresti A, Silvestri C, Vitale RM, Martos JL, Piscitelli F, Wang JW, Allarà M, Carling RW, Luongo L, Guida F, Illiano A, Amoresano A, Maione S, Amodeo P, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V, Marino G. FAAH-Catalyzed C-C Bond Cleavage of a New Multitarget Analgesic Drug. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:424-437. [PMID: 30226747 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of extended catalytic versatilities is of great importance in both the chemistry and biotechnology fields. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) belongs to the amidase signature superfamily and is a major endocannabinoid inactivating enzyme using an atypical catalytic mechanism involving hydrolysis of amide and occasionally ester bonds. FAAH inhibitors are efficacious in experimental models of neuropathic pain, inflammation, and anxiety, among others. We report a new multitarget drug, AGN220653, containing a carboxyamide-4-oxazole moiety and endowed with efficacious analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, which are partly due to its capability of achieving inhibition of FAAH, and subsequently increasing the tissue concentrations of the endocannabinoid anandamide. This inhibitor behaves as a noncompetitive, slowly reversible inhibitor. Autoradiography of purified FAAH incubated with AGN220653, opportunely radiolabeled, indicated covalent binding followed by fragmentation of the molecule. Molecular docking suggested a possible nucleophilic attack by FAAH-Ser241 on the carbonyl group of the carboxyamide-4-oxazole moiety, resulting in the cleavage of the C-C bond between the oxazole and the carboxyamide moieties, instead of either of the two available amide bonds. MRM-MS analyses only detected the Ser241-assisted formation of the carbamate intermediate, thus confirming the cleavage of the aforementioned C-C bond. Quantum mechanics calculations were fully consistent with this mechanism. The study exemplifies how FAAH structural features and mechanism of action may override the binding and reactivity propensities of substrates. This unpredicted mechanism could pave the way to the future development of a completely new class of amidase inhibitors, of potential use against pain, inflammation, and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Jose L. Martos
- Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar CM5 0GS, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Jenny W. Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92623, United States
| | - Marco Allarà
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | | | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - David F. Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92623, United States
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Universitè Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gennaro Marino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80126, Italy
- University “Suor Orsola Benincasa”, Naples 80132, Italy
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15
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Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Clark KL, Toris CB, Fan S, Wang JW, Woodward DF. The affinity, intrinsic activity and selectivity of a structurally novel EP 2 receptor agonist at human prostanoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:687-698. [PMID: 30341781 PMCID: PMC6365485 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists exhibit several activities including ocular hypotension, tocolysis and anti-inflammatory activity. This report describes the affinity and selectivity of a structurally novel, non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, PGN-9856, and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacology of a series of non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists was determined according to functional and radioligand binding studies, mostly using human recombinant prostanoid receptor transfectants. The selectivity of PGN-9856, as the preferred compound, was subsequently determined by using a diverse variety of non-prostanoid target proteins. The therapeutic potential of PGN-9856 was addressed by determining its activity in relevant primate cell, tissue and disease models. KEY RESULTS PGN-9856 was a selective and high affinity (pKi ≥ 8.3) ligand at human recombinant EP2 receptors. In addition to high affinity binding, it was a potent and full EP2 receptor agonist with a high level of selectivity at EP1 , EP3 , EP4 , DP, FP, IP and TP receptors. In cells overexpressing human recombinant EP2 receptors, PGN-9856 displayed a potency (pEC50 ≥ 8.5) and a maximal response (increase in cAMP) comparable to that of the endogenous agonist PGE2 . PGN-9856 exhibited no appreciable affinity (up 10 μM) for a range of 53 other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Finally, PGN-9856 exhibited tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and long-acting ocular hypotensive properties consistent with its potent EP2 receptor agonist properties. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PGN-9856 is a potent, selective and efficacious prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist with diverse potential therapeutic applications: tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and notably anti-glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C B Toris
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Fan
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - J W Wang
- JeniVision Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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Li G, Cui G, Dismuke WM, Navarro I, Perkumas K, Woodward DF, Stamer WD. Differential response and withdrawal profile of glucocorticoid-treated human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:38-46. [PMID: 27939447 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to examine secreted protein response and withdrawal profiles from cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells following short- and long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Primary cultures of five human HTM cell strains isolated from 5 different individual donor eyes were tested. Confluent HTM cells were differentiated in culture media containing 1% FBS for at least one week, and then treated with Dexamethasone (Dex, 100 nM) 3 times/week for 1 or 4 weeks. Cell culture supernatants were collected 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Secretion profiles of myocilin (MYOC), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and fibronectin (FN) were determined by Western blot analysis and MMP2 activity by zymography. Dex treatment reduced MMP2 expression and activity, returning to normal levels shortly after Dex withdrawal in 5 HTM cell strains. All five cell strains significantly upregulated MYOC in response to Dex treatment by an average of 17-fold, but recovery to basal levels after Dex withdrawal took vastly different periods of time depending on cell strain and treatment duration. Dex treatment significantly increased FN secretion in all strains but one, which decreased FN secretion in the presence of Dex. Interestingly, secretion of FN and MYOC negatively correlated during a 4 week recovery period following 4 weeks of Dex treatment. Taken together, the time course and magnitude of response and recovery for three different secreted, extracellular matrix-associated proteins varied greatly between HTM cell strains, which may underlie susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gang Cui
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, United States
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kristin Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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17
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Ni M, Bauer A, Martos JL, Carling RW, Poloso NJ. In
vivo
studies validating multitargeting of prostanoid receptors for achieving superior anti‐inflammatory effects. FASEB J 2016; 31:368-375. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- Department of Biological SciencesAllergan, Public Limited Company Irvine California USA
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College London London United Kingdom
| | - Jenny W. Wang
- Department of Biological SciencesAllergan, Public Limited Company Irvine California USA
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Biological SciencesAllergan, Public Limited Company Irvine California USA
| | - Alex Bauer
- Department of Biological SciencesAllergan, Public Limited Company Irvine California USA
| | - Jose L. Martos
- Discovery DepartmentSelcia Limited Fyfield United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil J. Poloso
- Department of Biological SciencesAllergan, Public Limited Company Irvine California USA
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18
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Woodward DF, Wenthur SL, Rudebush TL, Fan S, Toris CB. Prostanoid Receptor Antagonist Effects on Intraocular Pressure, Supported by Ocular Biodisposition Experiments. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:606-622. [PMID: 27763812 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Since all prostanoid receptors affect intraocular pressure (IOP) and endogenous prostanoids are found in ocular tissues, the pressor effects of prostanoid antagonists were comprehensively evaluated. The absence of effects of most of these antagonists was not entirely anticipated. To ensure no false-negative results, ocular biodisposition studies were conducted. METHODS Monkeys with laser-induced ocular hypertension were used to study antagonist effects on IOP. Ocular biodisposition of each antagonist was assessed in rabbits, with LC/MS/MS analyses of tissue extracts and blood. RESULTS EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, FP, IP, and TP prostanoid receptor antagonists did not affect IOP, even at a high 1% dose. These studies were followed by ocular biodisposition studies. Striking differences in ocular tissue bioavailability were observed, which were independent of solubility. Only the EP1 antagonist SC-51322 failed to penetrate sufficiently to be bioavailable in the aqueous humor and ciliary body/iris. This obliged testing an alternative EP1 antagonist, namely ONO-8713, to reliably conclude that an EP1 antagonist does not alter IOP. CONCLUSIONS These antagonist studies provided no evidence for individual endogenous prostanoids exerting a meaningful role in regulating IOP. They do reaffirm the critical importance of studying ocular bioavailability for confirming negative data. Large differences among the antagonists in anterior segment and even ocular surface tissue biodisposition were observed in rabbits. It appears from these monkey studies, supported by rabbit ocular bioavailability data, that an absence of drug effect in the eye cannot be adequately substantiated without determination of ocular pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc. , Irvine, California
| | - Stacey L Wenthur
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tara L Rudebush
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shan Fan
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol B Toris
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska.,3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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19
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Wang JW, Woodward DF, Martos JL, Cornell CL, Carling RW, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ. Multitargeting of selected prostanoid receptors provides agents with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. FASEB J 2015; 30:394-404. [PMID: 26420849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A polypharmacologic approach to prostanoid based anti-inflammatory therapeutics was undertaken in order to exploit both the anti- and proinflammatory properties attributed to the various prostanoid receptors. Multitargeting of selected prostanoid receptors yielded a prototype compound, compound 1 (AGN 211377), that antagonizes prostaglandin D2 receptors (DPs) DP1 (49) and DP2 (558), prostaglandin E2 receptors (EPs) EP1 (266) and EP4 (117), prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP) (61), and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) (11) while sparing EP2, EP3, and prostaglandin I2 receptors (IPs); Kb values (in nanomoles) are given in parentheses. Compound 1 evoked a pronounced inhibition of cytokine/chemokine secretion from lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α stimulated primary human macrophages. These cytokine/chemokines included cluster of designation 40 receptor (CD40), epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein 78 (ENA-78), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-8, IL-18, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2) (MCP-1), tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). In contrast, the inhibitory effects of most antagonists selective for a single receptor were modest or absent, and selective EP2 receptor blockade increased cytokine release in some instances. Compound 1 also showed clear superiority to the cyclooxygenase inhibitors diclofenac and rofecoxib. These findings reveal that blockade of multiple prostanoid receptors, with absent antagonism of EP2 and IP, may provide more effective anti-inflammatory activity than global suppression of prostanoid synthesis or highly selective prostanoid receptor blockade. These investigations demonstrate the first working example of prostanoid receptor polypharmacology for potentially safer and more effective anti-inflammatory therapeutics by blocking multiple proinflammatory receptors while sparing those with anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny W Wang
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David F Woodward
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jose L Martos
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clive L Cornell
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert W Carling
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1419-33. [PMID: 26031663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) and pros-taglandin ethanolamines (prostamides) are biologically active derivatives of arachidonic acid. Although available through different precursor phospholipids, there is considerable overlap between the biosynthetic pathways of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and anandamide-derived prostamides. Prostamides exhibit physiological actions and are involved in ocular hypotension, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammatory pain. Although topical application of bimatoprost, a structural analog of prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2α-EA), is currently a first-line treatment for ocular hypertension, the endogenous production of prostamides and their biochemical precursors in corneal tissue has not yet been reported. In this study, we report the presence of anandamide, palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, α-linolenoyl docosahexaenoyl-, linoleoyl-, and oleoyl-ethanolamines in rabbit cornea, and following treatment with anandamide, the formation of PGF2α-EA, PGE2-EA, PGD2-EA by corneal extracts (all analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS). A number of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines, precursors of anandamide and other fatty acyl ethanolamines, were also identified in corneal lipid extracts using ESI-MS/MS. These findings suggest that the prostamide and fatty acid ethanolamine pathways are operational in the cornea and may provide valuable insight into corneal physiology and their potential influence on adjacent tissues and the aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
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21
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Overby DR, Bertrand J, Tektas OY, Boussommier-Calleja A, Schicht M, Ethier CR, Woodward DF, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E. Ultrastructural changes associated with dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4922-33. [PMID: 25028360 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether dexamethasone (DEX)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in mice mimics the hallmarks of steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) in humans, including reduced conventional outflow facility (C), increased extracellular matrix (ECM), and myofibroblasts within the outflow pathway. METHODS Osmotic mini-pumps were implanted subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice for systemic delivery of DEX (3-4 mg/kg/d, n = 31 mice) or vehicle (n = 28). IOP was measured weekly by rebound tonometry. After 3 to 4 weeks, mice were euthanized and eyes enucleated for ex vivo perfusion to measure C, for electron microscopy to examine the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), or for immunohistochemistry to examine type IV collagen and α-smooth muscle actin. The length of basement membrane material (BMM) was measured along the anterior-posterior extent of SC by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes in BMM of DEX-treated mice were compared against archived human SIG specimens. RESULTS Dexamethasone increased IOP by 2.6 ± 1.6 mm Hg (mean ± SD) over 3 to 4 weeks and decreased C by 52% ± 17% versus controls. Intraocular pressure elevation correlated with decreased C. Dexamethasone treatment led to increased fibrillar material in the TM, plaque-like sheath material surrounding elastic fibers, and myofibroblasts along SC outer wall. The length of BMM underlying SC was significantly increased in mice with DEX and in humans with SIG, and in mice decreased C correlated with increased BMM. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone-induced OHT in mice mimics hallmarks of human SIG within 4 weeks of DEX treatment. The correlation between reduced C and newly formed ECM motivates further study using DEX-treated mice to investigate the pathogenesis of conventional outflow obstruction in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan-Yüksel Tektas
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schicht
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - David F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Perturbation of paracrine signaling within the human conventional outflow pathway influences tissue homeostasis and outflow function. For example, exogenous introduction of the bioactive lipids, sphingosine-1-phosphate, anandamide or prostaglandin F(2α), to conventional outflow tissues alters the rate of drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, and into Schlemm's canal. This review summarizes recent data that characterizes endogenous bioactive lipids, their receptors and associated signaling partners in the conventional outflow tract. We also discuss the potential of targeting such signaling pathways as a strategy for the development of therapeutics to treat ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Abstract
Prostamide (prostaglandin ethanolamide) research emerged from two distinct lines of research: 1) the unique pharmacology of the antiglaucoma drug bimatoprost and 2) the discovery that endocannabinoid anandamide was converted by COX-2 to a series of electrochemically neutral prostaglandin (PG) ethanolamides. Bimatoprost pharmacology was found to be virtually identical to that of prostamide F2α. The earliest studies relied on comparison of agonist potencies compared with PGF2α and synthetic prostaglandin F2α (FP) receptor agonists. The subsequent discovery of selective and potent prostamide receptor antagonists (AGN 211334-6, as shown in Fig. 3) was critical for distinguishing between prostamide and FP receptor-mediated effects. The prostamide F2α receptor was then modeled by cotransfecting the wild-type FP receptor with an mRNA splicing variant (altFP4).Bimatoprost is now used therapeutically for treating both glaucoma and eyelash hypotrichosis. Bimatoprost also stimulates hair growth in isolated human scalp hair follicles. A strong effect is also seen in mouse pelage hair, where bimatoprost essentially halves the onset of hair regrowth and the time to achieve full hair regrowth in shaved mice. Beyond glaucoma and hair growth, bimatoprost has potential for reducing fat deposition. Studies to date suggest that preadipocytes are the cellular target for bimatoprost. The discovery of the enzyme prostamide/PGF synthase was invaluable in elucidating the anatomic distribution of prostamide F2α. High expression in the central nervous system provided the impetus for later studies that described prostamide F2α as a nociceptive mediator in the spinal cord. At the translational level, bimatoprost has already provided therapeutics in two distinct areas and the use of both prostamide agonists and antagonists may provide other useful medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc, Irvine, California 92623-9534, USA.
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Wang JW, Woodward DF, Stamer WD. Differential effects of prostaglandin E2-sensitive receptors on contractility of human ocular cells that regulate conventional outflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4782-90. [PMID: 23766471 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to functionally compare prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-sensitive receptors in human primary cells involved in conventional outflow. METHODS The expression profile of prostaglandin (PG) receptors in primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) cells were determined by quantitative-PCR. The functional activities of endogenous PGE2-sensitive receptors were evaluated using subtype-selective agonists and antagonists with cell impedance technology. RESULTS Agonist-sensitive EP1, EP2, and EP4 receptors were present in TM cells, all increasing cell stiffness (or contractility) in a dose-dependent manner. Rank order of efficacy (Emax) for agonists in TM cells were EP1 greater than EP2 greater than EP4 with EC50 1.1 μM, 0.56 μM, and 0.1 μM, respectively, and no functional EP3 receptors were found. Of the four EP receptor subtypes active in SC cells, EP1 and EP3 receptor activation increased cell stiffness, while EP2 and EP4 agonists dose-dependently decreased cell stiffness 47% and 23% with EC50 values of 170 nM and 69 nM, respectively. Consistent with these observations, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 decreased cell impedance (stiffness) of TM and SC cells (∼60%), while Rho GTPase activator thrombin caused cell impedance to increase in both cell types (168%-190%). CONCLUSIONS Cell impedance positively correlates with cellular stiffness/contractility. Because EP2/4 receptors caused decreased cell stiffness in SC, but not in TM cells, both receptors appear to mediate IOP lowering via changes in SC cell stiffness in the conventional outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny W Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California 92612, USA.
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25
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Silvestri C, Martella A, Poloso NJ, Piscitelli F, Capasso R, Izzo A, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V. Anandamide-derived prostamide F2α negatively regulates adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23307-21. [PMID: 23801328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators variedly affect adipocyte differentiation. Anandamide stimulates adipogenesis via CB1 receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Anandamide may be converted by PTGS2 (COX2) and prostaglandin F synthases, such as prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase, to prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2αEA), of which bimatoprost is a potent synthetic analog. PGF2αEA/bimatoprost act via prostaglandin F2αFP receptor/FP alt4 splicing variant heterodimers. We investigated whether prostamide signaling occurs in preadipocytes and controls adipogenesis. Exposure of mouse 3T3-L1 or human preadipocytes to PGF2αEA/bimatoprost during early differentiation inhibits adipogenesis. PGF2αEA is produced from anandamide in preadipocytes and much less so in differentiating adipocytes, which express much less PTGS2, FP, and its alt4 splicing variant. Selective antagonism of PGF2αEA receptors counteracts prostamide effects on adipogenesis, as does inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Selective inhibition of PGF2αEA versus prostaglandin F2α biosynthesis accelerates adipogenesis. PGF2αEA levels are reduced in the white adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed mice where there is a high requirement for new adipocytes. Prostamides also inhibit zebrafish larval adipogenesis in vivo. We propose that prostamide signaling in preadipocytes is a novel anandamide-derived antiadipogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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26
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Jones RL, Wan Ahmad WAN, Woodward DF, Wang J. Nature of the slow relaxation of smooth muscle induced by a EP2 receptor agonist with a non-prostanoid structure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:321-30. [PMID: 23419768 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The remarkably slow onset/offset of relaxation of guinea-pig isolated trachea induced by a 'non-prostanoid' EP2 receptor agonist, (o-(o-benzyloxy)-cinnamyl)-cinnamic acid (coded (L)-9), was investigated. (L)-9 kinetics was slightly faster on mouse trachea and considerably faster on rabbit vena cava. In each case, reversal of (L)-9 relaxation by the selective EP2 antagonist ACA-23 was rapid and similar to other EP2 agonists (e.g. ONO-AE1-259). On guinea-pig aorta, in the presence of extensive EP2 receptor blockade, (L)-9 inhibited TP agonist-induced contraction more slowly than TP antagonists of similar affinity. The slower kinetics of (L)-9 appear to correlate with greater adventitial/submucosal barriers and thicker smooth muscle layers in the tissues examined. It is proposed that interactions of (L)-9 with EP2 and TP receptors are not rate-limiting, rather diffusion to and from the centre of the muscle mass is retarded by the high lipophilicity of (L)-9 (logP=6.69; ONO-AE1-259=3.95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Jones
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Poloso NJ, Urquhart P, Nicolaou A, Wang J, Woodward DF. PGE2 differentially regulates monocyte-derived dendritic cell cytokine responses depending on receptor usage (EP2/EP4). Mol Immunol 2013; 54:284-95. [PMID: 23337716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players in coordinating immune responses, both innate and adaptive. While the role of lipid mediators in the immune response has been the subject of many investigations, the precise role of prostaglandins has often been plagued by contradictory studies. In this study, we examined the role of PGE(2) on human DC function. Although studies have suggested that PGE(2) specifically plays a role in DC motility and cytokine release profile, the precise receptor usage and signaling pathways involved remain unclear. In this report we found that irrespective of the human donor, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) express three of the four PGE(2) receptor subtypes (EP(2-4)), although only EP(2) and EP(4) were active with respect to cytokine production. Using selective EP receptor antagonists and agonists, we demonstrate that PGE(2) coordinates control of IL-23 release (a promoter of Th17, an autoimmune associated T cell subset) in a dose-dependent manner by differential use of EP(2) and EP(4) receptors in LPS-activated MoDCs. This is in contrast to IL-12, which is dose dependently inhibited by PGE(2) through both receptor subtypes. Low concentrations (∼1-10nM) of PGE(2) promoted IL-23 production via EP(4) receptors, while at higher (>50 nM), but still physiologically relevant concentrations, IL-23 is suppressed by an EP(2) dependent mechanism. These results can be explained by differential regulation of the common subunit, IL-12p40, and IL-23p19, by EP(2) and EP(4). By these means, PGE(2) can act as a regulatory switch of immune responses depending on its concentration in the microenvironment. In addition, we believe these results may also explain why seemingly conflicting biological functions assigned to PGE(2) have been reported in the literature, as the concentration of ligand (PGE(2)) fundamentally alters the nature of the response. This finding also highlights the potential of designing therapeutics which differentially target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Poloso
- 2525 DuPont Dr, RD3-2B, Department Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Studies on bimatoprost were performed with two objectives: (i) to determine whether bimatoprost possesses hair growth-stimulating properties beyond eyelash hypertrichosis and (ii) to investigate the biodisposition of bimatoprost in skin for the first time. Bimatoprost, at the dose used clinically for eyelash growth (0.03%) and given once daily for 14 days, increased pelage hair growth in C57/black 6 mice. This occurred as a much earlier onset of new hair growth in shaved mice and the time taken to achieve complete hair regrowth, according to photographic documentation and visual assessment. Bimatoprost biodisposition in the skin was determined at three concentrations: 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%. Dose-dependent Cmax values were obtained (3.41, 6.74, 12.3 μg/g tissue), and cutaneous bimatoprost was well maintained for 24 h following a single dose. Bimatoprost was recovered from the skin only as the intact molecule, with no detectable levels of metabolites. Thus, bimatoprost produces hypertrichosis as the intact molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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29
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Khidhir KG, Woodward DF, Farjo NP, Farjo BK, Tang ES, Wang JW, Picksley SM, Randall VA. The prostamide-related glaucoma therapy, bimatoprost, offers a novel approach for treating scalp alopecias. FASEB J 2012; 27:557-67. [PMID: 23104985 PMCID: PMC3545535 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Balding causes widespread psychological distress but is poorly controlled. The commonest treatment, minoxidil, was originally an antihypertensive drug that promoted unwanted hair. We hypothesized that another serendipitous discovery, increased eyelash growth side-effects of prostamide F(2α)-related eyedrops for glaucoma, may be relevant for scalp alopecias. Eyelash hairs and follicles are highly specialized and remain unaffected by androgens that inhibit scalp follicles and stimulate many others. Therefore, we investigated whether non-eyelash follicles could respond to bimatoprost, a prostamide F(2α) analog recently licensed for eyelash hypotrichosis. Bimatoprost, at pharmacologically selective concentrations, increased hair synthesis in scalp follicle organ culture and advanced mouse pelage hair regrowth in vivo compared to vehicle alone. A prostamide receptor antagonist blocked isolated follicle growth, confirming a direct, receptor-mediated mechanism within follicles; RT-PCR analysis identified 3 relevant receptor genes in scalp follicles in vivo. Receptors were located in the key follicle regulator, the dermal papilla, by analyzing individual follicular structures and immunohistochemistry. Thus, bimatoprost stimulates human scalp follicles in culture and rodent pelage follicles in vivo, mirroring eyelash behavior, and scalp follicles contain bimatoprost-sensitive prostamide receptors in vivo. This highlights a new follicular signaling system and confirms that bimatoprost offers a novel, low-risk therapeutic approach for scalp alopecias.
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Ji R, Sanchez CM, Chou CL, Chen XB, Woodward DF, Regan JW. Prostanoid EP₁ receptors mediate up-regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 by cAMP-independent activation of protein kinase A, CREB and NF-κB. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1033-46. [PMID: 22188298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulation of the G protein-coupled prostanoid EP(1) receptor was found to up-regulate the expression of Nur-related factor 1 (Nurr1) (NR4A2), a transcription factor in the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors. The present studies characterize the molecular mechanism of this up-regulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expression of Nurr1 was examined by immunoblot analysis, the polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assays in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing the recombinant EP(1) receptor and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressing endogenous EP(1) receptors. Signalling pathway inhibitors were used to examine the roles of Rho, PKA, the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and NF-κB on the PGE(2) stimulated up-regulation of Nurr1. CREB and NF-κB signalling were also examined by immunoblot analysis and reporter gene assays. KEY RESULTS The EP(1) receptor mediated up-regulation of Nurr1 was blocked with inhibitors of Rho, PKA, NF-κB and CREB; but PGE(2) failed to significantly stimulate intracellular cAMP formation. PGE(2) stimulation of the EP1 receptor induced the phosphorylation and activation of CREB and NF-κB, which could be blocked by inhibition of PKA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PGE(2) stimulation of the human EP(1) receptor up-regulates the expression of Nurr1 by a mechanism involving the sequential activation of the Rho, PKA, CREB and NF-κB signalling pathways. EP(1) receptors are implicated in tumorigenesis and the up-regulation of Nurr1 may underlie the anti-apoptotic effects of PGE(2) .
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Boussommier-Calleja A, Bertrand J, Woodward DF, Ethier CR, Stamer WD, Overby DR. Pharmacologic manipulation of conventional outflow facility in ex vivo mouse eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:5838-45. [PMID: 22807298 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mouse models are useful for glaucoma research, but it is unclear whether intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation in mice operates through mechanisms similar to those in humans. Our goal was to determine whether pharmacologic compounds that affect conventional outflow facility in human eyes exert similar effects in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS A computerized perfusion system was used to measure conventional outflow facility in enucleated mouse eyes ex vivo. Paired eyes were perfused sequentially, either immediately after enucleation or after 3 hours storage at 4°C. Three groups of experiments examined sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), S1P with antagonists to S1P(1) and S1P(2) receptors, and the prostanoid EP(4) receptor agonist 3,7-dithia PGE(1). We also examined whether a 24-hour postmortem delay affected the response to 3,7-dithia prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)). RESULTS S1P decreased facility by 39%, and was blocked almost completely by an S1P(2), but not S1P(1), receptor antagonist. The S1P(2) receptor antagonist alone increased facility nearly 2-fold. 3,7-dithia PGE(1) increased facility by 106% within 3 hours postmortem. By 24 hours postmortem, the facility increase caused by 3,7-dithia PGE(1) was reduced 3-fold, yet remained statistically detectable. CONCLUSIONS C57BL/6 mice showed opposing effects of S1P(2) and EP(4) receptor activation on conventional outflow facility, as observed in human eyes. Pharmacologic effects on facility were detectable up to 24 hours postmortem in enucleated mouse eyes. Mice are suitable models to examine the pharmacology of S1P and EP(4) receptor stimulation on IOP regulation as occurs within the conventional outflow pathway of human eyes, and are promising for studying other aspects of aqueous outflow dynamics.
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Takei S, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Uekawa A, Chiba Y, Umegaki H, Hosokawa M, Woodward DF, Watanabe K, Shimada A. Immunohistochemical demonstration of increased prostaglandin F₂α levels in the rat hippocampus following kainic acid-induced seizures. Neuroscience 2012; 218:295-304. [PMID: 22609937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) is one of the major prostanoids biosynthesized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid. Although it has been reported that there is a selective surge in PGF(2α) production in the hippocampus during kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure activity, the precise intra-hippocampal distribution of PGF(2α) has not been elucidated due to the paucity of effective histological techniques for detecting PGs in tissues. We investigated the tissue distribution of PGF(2α) in the rat hippocampus 30 min after KA injection by developing fixation and immunohistological-staining methods. To detect PGF(2α) directly on histological sections, we used systemic perfusion fixation with water-soluble carbodiimide fixative, followed by immersion of the brains in Zamboni's fixative. We then performed immunofluorescence staining with anti-PGF(2α) antibody, with negative control experiments used to confirm the staining specificity. Definitive immunolabeling for PGF(2α) was evident most markedly in pyramidal cells of the hippocampal cornu Ammonis (CA) 3 sector and neurons of the hilus in KA-treated rats. Immunolabeling for PGF(2α) was also evident in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Double immunfluorescence staining revealed that PGF(2α)-immunopositive neurons expressed cytosolic phospholipases A(2), COX-2, and FP receptor. These results suggest that the major source of PGF(2α) production immediately after KA injection was neurons of the hippocampal CA3 sector, hilus and dentate gyrus. These neurons exert PGF(2α)-mediated functions via FP receptors in an autocrine/paracrine manner and may play pathophysiological roles in the acute phase (30 min) of excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takei
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Jones RL, Woodward DF. Interaction of prostanoid EP₃ and TP receptors in guinea-pig isolated aorta: contractile self-synergism of 11-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl PGE₂. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:521-31. [PMID: 20955363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Surprisingly high contractile activity was reported for 11-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E₂ (DX-DM PGE₂) on pig cerebral artery when used as a selective EP₃ receptor agonist. This study investigated the selectivity profile of DX-DM PGE₂, focusing on the interaction between its EP₃ and TP (thromboxane A₂-like) agonist activities. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Contraction of guinea-pig trachea (EP₁ system) and aorta (EP₃ and TP systems) was measured in conventional organ baths. KEY RESULTS Strong contraction of guinea-pig aorta to sulprostone and 17-phenyl PGE₂ (EP₃ agonists) was only seen under priming with a second contractile agent such as phenylephrine, histamine or U-46619 (TP agonist). In contrast, DX-DM PGE₂ induced strong contraction, which on the basis of treatment with (DG)-3ap (EP₃ antagonist) and/or BMS-180291 (TP antagonist) was attributed to self-synergism arising from co-activation of EP₃ and TP receptors. EP₃/TP self-synergism also accounted for contraction induced by PGF(2α) and its analogues (+)-cloprostenol and latanoprost-FA. DX-DM PGE₂ also showed significant EP₁ agonism on guinea-pig trachea as defined by the EP₁ antagonists SC-51322, (ONO)-5-methyl-1 and AH-6809, although AH-6809 exhibited poor specificity at concentrations ≥3 µM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EP₃/TP self-synergism, as seen with PGE/PGF analogues in this study, may confound EP₃ agonist potency comparisons and the characterization of prostanoid receptor systems. The competitive profile of a TP antagonist may be distorted by variation in the silent/overt contraction profile of the EP₃ system in different studies. The relevance of self-synergism to in vivo actions of natural prostanoid receptor agonists is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Millard LH, Woodward DF, Stamer WD. The role of the prostaglandin EP4 receptor in the regulation of human outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3506-13. [PMID: 21245402 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of prostaglandin (PG)-EP(4) receptors by 3,7-dithiaPGE(1) robustly lowers intraocular pressure in nonhuman primate eyes, which increases outflow facility but has no effect on aqueous secretion or uveoscleral outflow. Because of differences in PG efficacy in outflow function between nonhuman primates and humans, we tested the impact of 3,7-dithiaPGE(1) on conventional outflow function in human donor eyes. METHODS The expression pattern of PG-EP(4) receptors was determined in corneoscleral tissues of human donor eyes and in cultures of human outflow cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot, respectively. The efficacy of 3,7-dithiaPGE(1) was determined by assaying agonist-stimulated cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin mobilization in cultured human cells. Agonist effects on outflow facility were examined in paired human donor eyes that were perfused at 8 mm Hg of constant pressure, equivalent to 15 mm Hg in vivo. RESULTS The trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) cells expressed PG-EP(4) receptors. Agonist-mediated effects on the PG-EP(4) receptors were detected in SC (EC(50) = 6.3 × 10(-9) M, n = 4), but not TM (EC(50) = 1.7 × 10(-7) M, n = 5) cells. Effects in SC cells were blocked by the PG-EP(4) receptor-selective antagonist GW627368 (EC(50) = 1.09 × 10(-2) M, n = 4), but not the PG-EP(2) receptor-selective antagonist AH6809 (EC(50) = 4.10 × 10(-9) M, n = 5). Perfused into human eyes at a concentration that selectively activates PG-EP(4) receptors, 3,7-dithiaPGE(1) (10 nM) increased outflow facility by 51% ± 18% over baseline levels in individual drug-treated eyes after drug exchange (n = 6 eyes; P = 0.05) and by 69% ± 23% (P < 0.01) compared with that in contralateral eyes. CONCLUSIONS Activation of PG-EP(4) receptors expressed by SC cells of the human conventional outflow pathway appears to contribute to PG regulation of outflow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Millard
- Medical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Jones RL, Woodward DF, Wang JW, Clark RL. Roles of affinity and lipophilicity in the slow kinetics of prostanoid receptor antagonists on isolated smooth muscle preparations. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:863-79. [PMID: 20973775 PMCID: PMC3042197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The highly lipophilic acyl-sulphonamides L-798106 and L-826266 showed surprisingly slow antagonism of the prostanoid EP₃ receptor system in guinea-pig aorta. Roles of affinity and lipophilicity in the onset kinetics of these and other prostanoid ligands were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonist selectivity was assessed using a panel of human recombinant prostanoid receptor-fluorimetric imaging plate reader assays. Potencies/affinities and onset half-times of agonists and antagonists were obtained on guinea-pig-isolated aorta and vas deferens. n-Octanol-water partition coefficients were predicted. KEY RESULTS L-798106, L-826266 and the less lipophilic congener (DG)-3ap appear to behave as selective, competitive-reversible EP₃ antagonists. For ligands of low to moderate lipophilicity, potency increments for EP₃ and TP (thromboxane-like) agonism on guinea-pig aorta (above pEC₅₀ of 8.0) were associated with progressively longer onset half-times; similar trends were found for TP and histamine H₁ antagonism above a pA₂ limit of 8.0. In contrast, L-798106 (EP₃), L-826266 (EP₃, TP) and the lipophilic H₁ antagonists astemizole and terfenadine exhibited very slow onset rates despite their moderate affinities; (DG)-3ap (EP₃) had a faster onset. Agonism and antagonism on the vas deferens EP₃ system were overall much faster, although trends were similar. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High affinity and high liphophilicity may contribute to the slow onsets of prostanoid ligands in some isolated smooth muscle preparations. Both relationships are explicable by tissue disposition under the limited diffusion model. EP₃ antagonists used as research tools should have moderate lipophilicity. The influence of lipophilicity on the potential clinical use of EP₃ antagonists is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/chemistry
- Acrylamides/metabolism
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/chemistry
- Naphthalenes/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Neuromuscular Agents/chemistry
- Neuromuscular Agents/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Agents/pharmacology
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/agonists
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/genetics
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Vas Deferens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Yoshikawa K, Takei S, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Chiba Y, Furukawa A, Kawamura N, Hosokawa M, Woodward DF, Watanabe K, Shimada A. Preferential localization of prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase in myelin sheaths of the central nervous system. Brain Res 2010; 1367:22-32. [PMID: 20950588 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) F(₂α) is a product of cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid and exerts biological functions in various tissues. Prostaglandin ethanolamide (prostamide) F(₂α) is a COX-2-catalyzed metabolite of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) that induces pharmacological actions in ocular tissues. Although PGF(₂α) is one of the most abundant prostaglandins in the brain, function of PGF(₂α) in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been extensively investigated. Recently identified prostamide/PGF synthase catalyzes the reductions of prostamide H₂ to prostamide F(₂α) and PGH₂ to PGF(₂α), chiefly in the CNS. We examined tissue distribution of the enzyme in the CNS by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence, and immuno-electron microscopy. We confirmed histological findings by immunofluorescence analyses of brain cell cultures. Prostamide/PGF synthase was expressed preferentially in the white matter bundles of the entire CNS of adult mice with less marked expression in neuronal cell bodies. The enzyme was colocalized with myelin basic protein (MBP) in myelin sheaths but not in axons. At the ultrastructural level, the enzyme was localized to myelin sheaths. Expression of the enzyme increased between P9 and P14 during the postnatal development, presumably in accordance with myelinogenesis. Cultured oligodendrocytes at 7 days in vitro expressed the enzyme in cytoplasmic processes where the enzyme was colocalized with MBP. Immunoreactivity for COX-2 was detected in white matter and cultured oligodendrocytes. Relatively selective localization of prostamide/PGF synthase suggests that myelin sheaths of the CNS may serve as the sites for producing prostamide F(₂α) and/or PGF(₂α), which may contribute to the formation and maintenance of central myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0892, Japan
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Hutchinson AJ, Coons SC, Chou CL, Xu W, Stamer WD, Woodward DF, Regan JW. Induction of Angiogenic Immediate Early Genes by Activation of FP Prostanoid Receptors in Cultured Human Ciliary Smooth Muscle Cells. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:408-18. [PMID: 20450254 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903581021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Ciliary Body/drug effects
- Ciliary Body/embryology
- Ciliary Body/metabolism
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/genetics
- Dinoprost/pharmacology
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Immediate-Early/physiology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Stamer WD, Piwnica D, Jolas T, Carling RW, Cornell CL, Fliri H, Martos J, Pettit SN, Wang JW, Woodward DF. Cellular basis for bimatoprost effects on human conventional outflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5176-81. [PMID: 20435598 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bimatoprost is a widely used ocular hypotensive agent to treat glaucoma. It lowers intraocular pressure in humans by increasing both pressure-independent (uveoscleral) and pressure-dependent (conventional) aqueous humor outflow. The present study specifically examines bimatoprost effects on the cells that populate human outflow tissues. METHODS The authors tested for prostamide receptor activation in primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork (TM), Schlemm's canal (SC), and ciliary smooth muscle (CSM) cells using cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS). RESULTS The authors observed that bimatoprost produced an immediate and concentration-dependent increase in cell monolayer impedance for TM, SC, and CSM cells with EC(50) values of 4.3, 1.2, and 1.7 nM, respectively; corresponding to decreased cell contractility. Notably, in TM, SC, and CSM cells, bimatoprost was approximately equipotent to the selective FP receptor agonists fluprostenol and 17-phenyl PGF(2α). Bimatoprost effects were insensitive to cholera toxin and pertussis toxin but were abolished by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate pretreatment, suggesting Gq-involvement in cell signaling. The effects of bimatoprost on TM and SC cells were inhibited by the prostamide receptor antagonist AGN211334, with IC(50) values of 1.2 and 3.3 μM, respectively. Interestingly, AGN211334 behaved as an apparent inverse agonist in CDS assays involving TM cells but as a neutral prostamide antagonist with SC cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results suggest that bimatoprost specifically activates receptors in both cell types of the human conventional outflow pathway to modify intraocular pressure. However, only TM cell monolayers appear to have autocrine, or agonist-independent, receptor signaling that is sensitive to a prostamide receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85711, USA.
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Ji R, Chou CL, Xu W, Chen XB, Woodward DF, Regan JW. EP1 prostanoid receptor coupling to G i/o up-regulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha through activation of a phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling pathway. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:1025-36. [PMID: 20335389 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.063933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EP1 prostanoid receptor is one of four subtypes whose cognate physiological ligand is prostaglandin-E2 (PGE(2)). It is in the family of G-protein-coupled receptors and is known to activate Ca(2+) signaling, although relatively little is known about other aspects of E-type prostanoid receptor (EP) 1 receptor signaling. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells expressing human EP1 receptors, we now show that PGE(2) stimulation of the EP1 receptor up-regulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), which can be completely blocked by pertussis toxin, indicating coupling to G(i/o). This up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha occurs under normoxic conditions and could be inhibited with wortmannin, Akt inhibitor, and rapamycin, consistent with the activation of a phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, respectively. In contrast to the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha, which involves decreased protein degradation, the up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha by the EP1 receptor was associated with the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), suggesting activation of the ribosomal S6 kinases and increased translation. Stimulation of endogenous EP1 receptors in human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells recapitulated the normoxic up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha observed in HEK cells, was sensitive to pertussis toxin, and involved the activation of mTOR signaling and phosphorylation of rpS6. In addition, treatment of HepG2 cells with sulprostone, an EP1-selective agonist, up-regulated the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C, a HIF-regulated gene. HIF-1 alpha is known to promote tumor growth and metastasis and is often up-regulated in cancer. Our findings provide a potential mechanism by which increased PGE(2) biosynthesis could up-regulate the expression of HIF-1 alpha and promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy/The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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Richie-Jannetta R, Nirodi CS, Crews BC, Woodward DF, Wang JW, Duff PT, Marnett LJ. Structural determinants for calcium mobilization by prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha glyceryl esters in RAW 264.7 cells and H1819 cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 92:19-24. [PMID: 20152925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol is oxygenated by cyclooxygenase-2 to form prostaglandin glyceryl esters. Previous work in this laboratory has suggested that PGE(2)-G activates a novel G protein-coupled receptor in a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7. To probe the structural determinants for the putative receptor in RAW 264.7 cells, a panel of 10 analogs was tested for their ability to increase intracellular calcium. These analogs included PGE(2)- and PGF(2alpha)-ethanolamide, 4 PGE(2) glyceryl ester analogs, and 4 PGF(2alpha) glyceryl ester analogs. The glyceryl ester analogs differed in the positioning of the hydroxyl groups in the glycerol moiety and the type of linker (ester, amide, or thioester) of the prostaglandin to the glycerol moiety. Compounds were also evaluated in a human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (H1819). The glycerol moiety was required for the calcium response. All glyceryl ester analogs but not ethanolamides caused a concentration-dependent increase in calcium levels in both RAW 264.7 and H1819 cells. An amide or ester linkage was preferable to a thioester linkage. The EC(50) values did not significantly change when the positioning of the hydroxyls was varied. This calcium response induced by the glyceryl ester analogs appears to be independent of the putative hydrolysis products, PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha), and appears to represent a novel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Richie-Jannetta
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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Chiba Y, Shimada A, Yoshikawa K, Takei S, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Furukawa A, Kawamura N, Woodward DF, Watanabe K. The distribution of prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase in the developing and adult mouse central nervous system and cultured oligodendrocytes. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Durn JH, Marshall KM, Farrar D, O'Donovan P, Scally AJ, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Lipidomic analysis reveals prostanoid profiles in human term pregnant myometrium. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:21-6. [PMID: 19954938 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids modulate the activity of human pregnant myometrium and their functional role can be appreciated through characterisation of prostanoid receptors and tissue concentration of prostanoids. We have applied a lipidomic approach to elucidate the profile of prostanoids in human non-labouring and labouring myometrium. We have identified a total of nineteen prostanoids including prostacyclin, thromboxanes, prostaglandins and dihydro-prostaglandins. Prostacyclin was the predominant prostanoid in both non-labouring and labouring myometria, with PGD(2) and PGF(2alpha) being the second most abundant. Although the total amount of prostanoids was increased in the labouring tissue, PGE(2) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE(2) were the only prostanoids to increase significantly at early and late labour (p< or =0.001). Our data suggest that PGF(2alpha) plays an important role in parturition, whilst the increase in PGE(2) could occur to facilitate cervical dilation and relaxation of the lower myometrium during labour. Although the elevation in TXA(2) was less marked than expected, in terms of translation to function even a relatively small increase in the level of this potent spasmogen may have significant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Durn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Morera E, De Petrocellis L, Morera L, Moriello AS, Ligresti A, Nalli M, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V, Ortar G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of piperazinyl carbamates and ureas as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel dual ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6806-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jones RL, Giembycz MA, Woodward DF. Prostanoid receptor antagonists: development strategies and therapeutic applications. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:104-45. [PMID: 19624532 PMCID: PMC2795261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the primary products of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin synthase(s), which occurred between 1958 and 1976, was followed by a classification system for prostanoid receptors (DP, EP(1), EP(2) ...) based mainly on the pharmacological actions of natural and synthetic agonists and a few antagonists. The design of potent selective antagonists was rapid for certain prostanoid receptors (EP(1), TP), slow for others (FP, IP) and has yet to be achieved in certain cases (EP(2)). While some antagonists are structurally related to the natural agonist, most recent compounds are 'non-prostanoid' (often acyl-sulphonamides) and have emerged from high-throughput screening of compound libraries, made possible by the development of (functional) assays involving single recombinant prostanoid receptors. Selective antagonists have been crucial to defining the roles of PGD(2) (acting on DP(1) and DP(2) receptors) and PGE(2) (on EP(1) and EP(4) receptors) in various inflammatory conditions; there are clear opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The vast endeavour on TP (thromboxane) antagonists is considered in relation to their limited pharmaceutical success in the cardiovascular area. Correspondingly, the clinical utility of IP (prostacyclin) antagonists is assessed in relation to the cloud hanging over the long-term safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Aspirin apart, COX inhibitors broadly suppress all prostanoid pathways, while high selectivity has been a major goal in receptor antagonist development; more targeted therapy may require an intermediate position with defined antagonist selectivity profiles. This review is intended to provide overviews of each antagonist class (including prostamide antagonists), covering major development strategies and current and potential clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Woodward DF, Nilsson SFE, Toris CB, Kharlamb AB, Nieves AL, Krauss AHP. Prostanoid EP4Receptor Stimulation Produces Ocular Hypotension by a Mechanism That Does Not Appear to Involve Uveoscleral Outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:3320-8. [PMID: 19234340 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California; the
| | - Siv F. E. Nilsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linko¨ping, Linko¨ping, Sweden; and the
| | | | | | - Amelia L. Nieves
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California; the
| | - Achim H.-P. Krauss
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California; the
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Liang Y, Woodward DF, Guzman VM, Li C, Scott DF, Wang JW, Wheeler LA, Garst ME, Landsverk K, Sachs G, Krauss AHP, Cornell C, Martos J, Pettit S, Fliri H. Identification and pharmacological characterization of the prostaglandin FP receptor and FP receptor variant complexes. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1079-93. [PMID: 18587449 PMCID: PMC2440084 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: A prostamide analogue, bimatoprost, has been shown to be effective in reducing intraocular pressure, but its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Hence, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this effect of bimatoprost, we focused on pharmacologically characterizing prostaglandin FP receptor (FP) and FP receptor variant (altFP) complexes. Experimental approach: FP receptor mRNA variants were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The FP-altFP4 heterodimers were established in HEK293/EBNA cells co-expressing FP and altFP4 receptor variants. A fluorometric imaging plate reader was used to study Ca2+ mobilization. Upregulation of cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 (Cyr61) mRNA was measured by Northern blot analysis, and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) by western analysis. Key results: Six splicing variants of FP receptor mRNA were identified in human ocular tissues. Immunoprecipitation confirmed that the FP receptor is dimerized with altFP4 receptors in HEK293/EBNA cells co-expressing FP and altFP4 receptors. In the studies of the kinetic profile for Ca2+ mobilization, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) elicited a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ followed by a steady state phase. In contrast, bimatoprost elicited an immediate increase in intracellular Ca2+ followed by a second phase. The prostamide antagonist, AGN211335, selectively and dose-dependently inhibited the bimatoprost-initiated second phase of Ca2+ mobilization, Cyr61 mRNA upregulation and MLC phosphorylation, but did not block the action of PGF2α. Conclusion and implications: Bimatoprost lacks effects on the FP receptor but may interact with the FP-altFP receptor heterodimer to induce alterations in second messenger signalling. Hence, FP-altFP complexes may represent the underlying basis of bimatoprost pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Departments of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.
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Fischer DP, Hutchinson JA, Farrar D, O'Donovan PJ, Woodward DF, Marshall KM. Loss of prostaglandin F2alpha, but not thromboxane, responsiveness in pregnant human myometrium during labour. J Endocrinol 2008; 197:171-9. [PMID: 18372243 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and thromboxane (TX) mediate uterine contractility by targeting prostonoid EP, FP and TP receptors respectively. The aim of this study was to elucidate the function of these receptors in isolated human myometrium taken at term gestation prior to and following labour onset. Lower segment myometrial strips were immersed in organ baths in oxygenated Krebs' solution at 37 degrees C and connected to isometric force transducers. After equilibration, spontaneous activity and concentration responses to PGE2, PGF2alpha and U46619 (a stable TX mimetic) were measured as area under the curve and expressed as a percentage of the final contraction induced by hypotonic shock. Results were expressed as arithmetic means+/-s.e.m. and analysed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test. Myometrium excised at late gestation displayed the greatest spontaneous activity compared with the tissues taken during labour (P<0.001). Excitation evoked by PGF2alpha (P<0.01) and PGE2 at 10(-5) mol/l were attenuated after labour onset. U46619 consistently stimulated concentration-dependent contractions (P<0.001) and selective antagonists confirmed TP-mediated effects. The maintained responses to TX indicate crucial roles for TP receptors in the muscular tonus of the parturient uterus. This receptor and its secondary messenger system represent effective myometrial targets for tocolytic agents in both pregnancy and labour-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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Ortar G, Cascio MG, De Petrocellis L, Morera E, Rossi F, Schiano-Moriello A, Nalli M, de Novellis V, Woodward DF, Maione S, Di Marzo V. New N-Arachidonoylserotonin Analogues with Potential “Dual” Mechanism of Action against Pain. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6554-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070678q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ortar
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Enrico Morera
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Aniello Schiano-Moriello
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Marianna Nalli
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Vito de Novellis
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - David F. Woodward
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive (RD-2C), Irvine,
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