1
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Kroscher KA, Fausnacht DW, McMillan RP, El-Kadi SW, Wall EH, Bravo DM, Rhoads RP. Supplementation with artificial sweetener and capsaicin alters metabolic flexibility and performance in heat-stressed and feed-restricted pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652329. [PMID: 35908791 PMCID: PMC9339275 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial economic losses in animal agriculture result from animals experiencing heat stress (HS). Pigs are especially susceptible to HS, resulting in reductions in growth, altered body composition, and compromised substrate metabolism. In this study, an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsaicin (CAPS-SUC; Pancosma, Switzerland) were supplemented in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of HS on pig performance. Forty cross-bred barrows (16.2 ± 6 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments: thermal neutral controls (TN) (22 ± 1.2 °C; 38%-73% relative humidity) with ad libitum feed, HS conditions with ad libitum feed with (HS+) or without (HS-) supplementation, and pair-fed to HS with (PF+) or without supplementation (PF-). Pigs in heat-stressed treatments were exposed to a cyclical environmental temperature of 12 h at 35 ± 1.2 °C with 27%-45% relative humidity and 12 h at 30 ± 1.1 °C with 24%-35% relative humidity for 21 d. Supplementation (0.1 g/kg feed) began 7 d before and persisted through the duration of environmental or dietary treatments (HS/PF), which lasted for 21 d. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates (RR; breaths/minute) were recorded thrice daily, and feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Before the start and at the termination of environmental treatments (HS/PF), a muscle biopsy of the longissimus dorsi was taken for metabolic analyses. Blood samples were collected weekly, and animals were weighed every 3 d during treatment. Core temperature (TN 39.2 ± 0.02 °C, HS- 39.6 ± 0.02 °C, and HS+ 39.6 ± 0.02 °C, P < 0.001) and RR (P < 0.001) were increased in both HS- and HS+ groups, but no difference was detected between HS- and HS+. PF- pigs exhibited reduced core temperature (39.1 ± 0.02 °C, P < 0.001), which was restored in PF+ pigs (39.3 ± 0.02 °C) to match TN. Weight gain and feed efficiency were reduced in PF- pigs (P < 0.05) but not in the PF+ or the HS- or HS+ groups. Metabolic flexibility was decreased in the HS- group (-48.4%, P < 0.05) but maintained in the HS+ group. CAPS-SUC did not influence core temperature or weight gain in HS pigs but did restore core temperature, weight gain, and feed efficiency in supplemented PF pigs. In addition, supplementation restored metabolic flexibility during HS and improved weight gain and feed efficiency during PF, highlighting CAPS-SUC's therapeutic metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Kroscher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dane W Fausnacht
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- The Metabolism Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Biggs ME, Kroscher KA, Zhao LD, Zhang Z, Wall EH, Bravo DM, Rhoads RP. Dietary supplementation of artificial sweetener and capsicum oleoresin as a strategy to mitigate the negative consequences of heat stress on pig performance. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5825268. [PMID: 32333770 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs exposed to elevated ambient temperatures exhibit reduced daily gain, alterations in muscle and fat deposition, and decreased health. Negative aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function, integrity, and permeability also occur. High-intensity sweeteners can ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress (HS) by increasing GI glucagon-like peptide-2 production while capsicum oleoresin has been shown to reduce inflammatory response. The effects of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin (CAPS-SUC; TakTik X-Hit, Pancosma, Switzerland) on growth performance of pigs were examined. Forty-eight pigs (12 wk of age, 43.2 ± 4.3 kg) were assigned to six treatments: thermoneutral conditions (21 ± 1.1 °C; 40% to 70% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (TN+) or without supplement (TN-), heat stress (35 ± 1 °C; 20% to 40% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (HS+) or without supplement (HS-), and thermoneutral conditions pair-fed to HS intake with (PFTN+) or without supplement (PFTN-). Supplementation (0.1 g/kg feed) began 2 d prior to the 3-d environmental treatment period. Body weights (BWs) and blood samples were collected on days -1 and 3. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured thrice daily and the feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Intestinal sections were collected for histology. Pigs in HS conditions exhibited increased RT (~1.2 °C) and RR (~2.7-fold) compared with TN and PFTN groups (P < 0.01). HS+ animals had increased RR when compared with HS- animals (P < 0.02). Heat stress decreased FI compared with TN. HS and PFTN decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain compared with TN. Supplement did not alter the BW gain. HS and PFTN decreased (P < 0.05) Gain:Feed compared with TN during environmental treatment. Supplementation with CAPS-SUC increased Gain:Feed by 0.12 (P < 0.05). Circulating glucose concentrations tended to decrease in CAPS-SUC vs. non-supplemented HS and PFTN animals (P ≤ 0.1). Circulating insulin concentrations as well as monocyte count increased in HS compared with PFTN (P < 0.04) but did not differ from TN and likely linked to altered FI. CAPS-SUC increased basophil count (P < 0.02), irrespective of environment. Ileal villus height tended to decrease during HS and PFTN compared with TN (P < 0.08), indicating an effect of intake. Overall, CAPS-SUC supplementation increased pig feed efficiency and may improve immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Biggs
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kellie A Kroscher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Lidan D Zhao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Zhenhe Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Emma H Wall
- Pancosma, Geneva, Switzerland.,AVT Natural, Kerala, India
| | - David M Bravo
- Pancosma, Geneva, Switzerland.,Land O' Lakes, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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3
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Moran A, Al-Rammahi MA, Daly K, Grand E, Ionescu C, Bravo DM, Wall EH, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Consumption of a Natural High-Intensity Sweetener Enhances Activity and Expression of Rabbit Intestinal Na +/Glucose Cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and Improves Colibacillosis-Induced Enteric Disorders. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:441-450. [PMID: 31736308 PMCID: PMC7007240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of glucose, via intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), activates salt and water absorption and is an effective route for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced diarrhea. Activity and expression of SGLT1 is regulated by sensing of sugars and artificial/natural sweeteners by the intestinal sweet receptor T1R2-T1R3 expressed in enteroendocrine cells. Diarrhea, caused by the bacterial pathogen E. coli, is the most common post-weaning clinical feature in rabbits, leading to mortality. We demonstrate here that, in rabbits with experimentally E. coli-induced diarrhea, inclusion of a supplement containing stevia leaf extract (SL) in the feed decreases cumulative morbidity, improving clinical signs of disease (p < 0.01). We show that the rabbit intestine expresses T1R2-T1R3. Furthermore, intake of SL enhances activity and expression of SGLT1 and the intestinal capacity to absorb glucose (1.8-fold increase, p < 0.05). Thus, a natural plant extract sweetener can act as an effective feed additive for lessening the negative impact of enteric diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
W. Moran
- Epithelial
Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Miran A. Al-Rammahi
- Epithelial
Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Zoonotic
Disease Research Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Kristian Daly
- Epithelial
Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Emma H. Wall
- Pancosma/ADM, Z. A. La Pièce 3, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
| | - Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey
- Epithelial
Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
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4
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Moran AW, Al-Rammahi MA, Batchelor DJ, Bravo DM, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Enteric Nervous System Are Components of Cell-Cell Communication Pathway Regulating Intestinal Na +/Glucose Co-transport. Front Nutr 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 30416998 PMCID: PMC6212479 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/glucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1 is the major route for transport of dietary glucose from the lumen of the intestine into absorptive enterocytes. Sensing of dietary sugars and artificial sweeteners by the sweet taste receptor, T1R2-T1R3, expressed in the enteroendocrine L-cell regulates SGLT1 expression in neighboring absorptive enterocytes. However, the mechanism by which sugar sensing by the enteroendocrine cell is communicated to the absorptive enterocytes is not known. Here, we show that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) secreted from the enteroendocrine cell in response to luminal sugars regulates SGLT1 mRNA and protein expression in absorptive enterocytes, via the enteric neurons. Glucose and artificial sweeteners induced secretion of GLP-2 from mouse small intestine, which was inhibited by the sweet-taste receptor inhibitor, gurmarin. In wild type mice there was an increase in sugar-induced SGLT1 mRNA and protein abundance that was not observed in GLP-2 receptor knockout mice. GLP-2 receptor is expressed in enteric neurons, and not in absorptive enterocytes ruling out a paracrine effect of GLP-2. Electric field stimulation of the intestine resulted in upregulation of SGLT1 expression that was abolished by the nerve blocking agent tetrodotoxin. We conclude that GLP-2 and the enteric nervous system are components of the enteroendocrine-absorptive enterocyte communication pathway regulating intestinal glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Moran
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miran A Al-Rammahi
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Daniel J Batchelor
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Fothergill LJ, Callaghan B, Hunne B, Bravo DM, Furness JB. Costorage of Enteroendocrine Hormones Evaluated at the Cell and Subcellular Levels in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2113-2123. [PMID: 28430903 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal complex patterns of hormone coexpression within enteroendocrine cells (EECs), contrary to the traditional view that gut hormones are expressed individually in EECs. Moreover, different hormones have been found in separate subcellular vesicles. However, detailed analysis of relative expression of multiple hormones has not been made. Subcellular studies have been confined to peptide hormones, and have not included the indolamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or the neuroendocrine protein chromogranin A (CgA). In the present work, coexpression of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagonlike peptide (GLP)-1 in mouse duodenum was quantified at a cellular and subcellular level by semiautomated cell counting and quantitative vesicle measurements. We investigated whether relative numbers of cells with colocalized hormones analyzed at a cell level matched the numbers revealed by examination of individual storage vesicles within cells. CgA and 5-HT were frequently expressed in EECs that contained combinations of GLP-1, ghrelin, secretin, and CCK. Separate subcellular stores of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, CCK, ghrelin, and GLP-1 were identified. In some cases, high-resolution analysis revealed small numbers of immunoreactive vesicles in cells dominated by a different hormone. Thus the observed incidence of cells with colocalized hormones is greater when analyzed at a subcellular, compared with a cellular, level. Subcellular analysis also showed that relative numbers of vesicles differ considerably between cells. Thus separate packaging of hormones that are colocalized is a general feature of EECs, and EECs exhibit substantial heterogeneity, including the colocalization of hormones that were formerly thought to be in cells of different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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6
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Oh J, Wall EH, Bravo DM, Hristov AN. Host-mediated effects of phytonutrients in ruminants: A review. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5974-5983. [PMID: 28390713 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce an extensive array of organic compounds derived from secondary metabolism that may be useful in animal nutrition because of their chemical makeup. These plant-derived bioactive compounds, also referred to as phytonutrients (PN) or phytobiotics, have been shown to express antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria, yeast, and fungi and have been investigated as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition. Studies have reported that PN may inhibit deamination of AA and methanogenesis in the rumen and shift fermentation toward propionate and butyrate. Most of the experiments, however, have been conducted in vitro, and responses have been highly variable and inconsistent in animal experiments. In addition, some studies have reported that PN had positive effects on productivity, although rumen fermentation was not affected. Other than antimicrobial effects in the gut, PN are known to bind specific receptors expressed in neurons, intestines, and other cells and exhibit related physiological effects in nonruminants. The receptor-mediated effects include immune responses, oxidative stress, and insulin secretion and activity. Some PN, due to their phenolic nature, are likely less susceptible to microbial degradation in the rumen and may exhibit activities postruminally, similar to their mode of action in nonruminant species. This opens a new area of research in ruminants, including effects of PN on the animal's immune system, postruminal nutrient use, and animal physiology. Although limited, studies with ruminants provide first evidence of PN's regulatory effects on the host responses. For example, PN were reported to regulate immune cells related to adaptive and innate immunity in challenged or nonchallenged dairy cows. Supplementation of PN reduced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing endogenous antioxidants in ruminants. Additionally, insulin secretion and sensitivity were reportedly regulated by PN in dairy cows. The regulatory effects of PN on immunity may be beneficial for immune suppression and inflammation in dairy cows. In addition, PN could positively affect energy partitioning for milk production through their effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect and mode of action of PN on immune function and animal energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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7
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Oh J, Harper M, Giallongo F, Bravo DM, Wall EH, Hristov AN. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on immune responses in dairy cows intravenously challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1902-1913. [PMID: 28109601 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin (RPC) on productivity and immune responses including feed intake, milk yield and composition, white and red blood cells, lipid peroxidation, and blood concentration of cortisol, haptoglobin, glucose, and insulin in lactating dairy cows experimentally challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experiment was a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 9 multiparous Holstein cows in three 28-d periods. Treatments were 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg of RPC/cow per day, mixed with small portions of the total mixed ration and top-dressed. Bacterial LPS was intravenously administered at 1.0 μg/kg of body weight in the last week of each experimental period, and blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after administration. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and white blood cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils were decreased, and rectal temperature, hemoglobin, and serum concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin were increased by LPS. Red blood cells, platelets, and plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not affected by LPS. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition in the 5 d post-LPS challenge were not affected by RPC. Rectal temperature, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets were also not affected by RPC. Compared with the control, RPC tended to decrease cortisol at 2 h following LPS challenge and decreased haptoglobin concentration in serum across sampling points. Concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma was decreased by RPC at 24 h post-LPS challenge. Glucose and insulin were not affected by RPC, but serum insulin concentration at 8 h was lowered by RPC compared to the control. Collectively, RPC had no or subtle effects on feed intake, milk yield and composition, rectal temperature, white and red blood cells, and serum glucose and insulin concentration in dairy cows challenged by LPS. However, RPC tended to decrease cortisol and decreased concentrations of haptoglobin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in blood following LPS challenge. Data suggest that dietary supplementation of RPC may modulate acute phase responses induced by bacterial infection in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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8
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Oh J, Harper M, Giallongo F, Bravo DM, Wall EH, Hristov AN. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on productivity and responses to a glucose tolerance test in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1888-1901. [PMID: 28088423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin (RPC) supplementation on feed intake, milk yield and composition, nutrient utilization, fecal microbial ecology, and responses to a glucose tolerance test in lactating dairy cows. Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design balanced for residual effects with three 28-d periods. Each period consisted of 14 d for adaptation and 14 d for data collection and sampling. Treatments were 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg of RPC/cow per day. They were mixed with a small portion of the total mixed ration and top-dressed. Glucose tolerance test was conducted once during each experimental period by intravenous administration of glucose at a rate of 0.3 g/kg of body weight. Dry matter intake was not affected by RPC. Milk yield tended to increase for RPC treatments compared to the control. Feed efficiency was linearly increased by RPC supplementation. Concentrations of fat, true protein, and lactose in milk were not affected by RPC. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein was linearly increased, and fecal nitrogen excretion was linearly decreased by RPC supplementation. Rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin did not affect the composition of fecal bacteria. Glucose concentration in serum was not affected by RPC supplementation post glucose challenge. However, compared to the control, RPC decreased serum insulin concentration at 5, 10, and 40 min post glucose challenge. The area under the insulin concentration curve was also decreased 25% by RPC. Concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in serum were not affected by RPC following glucose administration. In this study, RPC tended to increase milk production and increased feed efficiency in dairy cows. In addition, RPC decreased serum insulin concentration during the glucose tolerance test, but glucose concentration was not affected by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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9
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Fothergill LJ, Callaghan B, Rivera LR, Lieu T, Poole DP, Cho HJ, Bravo DM, Furness JB. Effects of Food Components That Activate TRPA1 Receptors on Mucosal Ion Transport in the Mouse Intestine. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100623. [PMID: 27735854 PMCID: PMC5084011 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 is a ligand-activated cation channel found in the intestine and other tissues. Components of food that stimulate TRPA1 receptors (phytonutrients) include allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde and linalool, but these may also act at other receptors. Cells lining the intestinal mucosa are immunoreactive for TRPA1 and Trpa1 mRNA occurs in mucosal extracts, suggesting that the TRPA1 receptor is the target for these agonists. However, in situ hybridisation reveals Trpa1 expression in 5-HT containing enteroendocrine cells, not enterocytes. TRPA1 agonists evoke mucosal secretion, which may be indirect (through release of 5-HT) or direct by activation of enterocytes. We investigated effects of the phytonutrients on transmucosal ion currents in mouse duodenum and colon, and the specificity of the phytonutrients in cells transfected with Trpa1, and in Trpa1-deficient mice. The phytonutrients increased currents in the duodenum with the relative potencies: allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) > cinnamaldehyde > linalool (0.1 to 300 μM). The rank order was similar in the colon, but linalool was ineffective. Responses to AITC were reduced by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (100 μM), and were greatly diminished in Trpa1−/− duodenum and colon. Responses were not reduced by tetrodotoxin, 5-HT receptor antagonists, or atropine, but inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis reduced responses. Thus, functional TRPA1 channels are expressed by enterocytes of the duodenum and colon. Activation of enterocyte TRPA1 by food components has the potential to facilitate nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - David M Bravo
- In Vivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, Saint-Nolff 56250, France.
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
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10
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Connor EE, Evock-Clover CM, Wall EH, Baldwin RL, Santin-Duran M, Elsasser TH, Bravo DM. Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S56-65. [PMID: 27345324 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous endocrine cell subtypes exist within the intestinal mucosa and produce peptides contributing to the regulation of critical physiological processes including appetite, energy metabolism, gut function, and gut health. The mechanisms of action and the extent of the physiological effects of these enteric peptides are only beginning to be uncovered. One peptide in particular, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) produced by enteroendocrine L cells, has been fairly well characterized in rodent and swine models in terms of its ability to improve nutrient absorption and healing of the gut after injury. In fact, a long-acting form of GLP-2 recently has been approved for the management and treatment of human conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome. However, novel functions of GLP-2 within the gut continue to be demonstrated, including its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation. As knowledge continues to grow about GLP-2's effects on the gut and its mechanisms of release, the potential to use GLP-2 to improve gut function and health of food animals becomes increasingly more apparent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the current understanding of GLP-2's functions and mechanisms of action within the gut; (2) novel applications of GLP-2 (or stimulators of its release) to improve general health and production performance of food animals; and (3) recent findings, using dairy calves as a model, that suggest the therapeutic potential of GLP-2 to reduce the pathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Connor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.
| | - C M Evock-Clover
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R L Baldwin
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - M Santin-Duran
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW, Wijesiriwardana U, Pustovit RV, Fothergill LJ, Bravo DM, Celi P, Leury BJ, Gabler NK, Dunshea FR. Selenium and vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:801-10. [PMID: 27064134 DOI: 10.1113/ep085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
What is the central question of this study? Oxidative stress may play a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in pigs subjected to heat stress, but it is unknown whether an increase of dietary antioxidants (selenium and vitamin E) could alleviate gut leakiness in heat-stressed pigs. What is the main finding and its importance? Levels of dietary selenium (1.0 p.p.m.) and vitamin E (200 IU kg(-1) ) greater than those usually recommended for pigs reduced intestinal leakiness caused by heat stress. This finding suggests that oxidative stress plays a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs and also provides a nutritional strategy for mitigating these effects. Heat stress compromises the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity of mammals through mechanisms that may include oxidative stress. Our objective was to test whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants, selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE), protects intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs. Female growing pigs (n = 48) were randomly assigned to four diets containing from 0.2 p.p.m. Se and 17 IU kg(-1) VE (control, National Research Council recommended) to 1.0 p.p.m. Se and 200 IU kg(-1) VE for 14 days. Six pigs from each dietary treatment were then exposed to either thermoneutral (20°C) or heat-stress conditions (35°C 09.00-17.00 h and 28°C overnight) for 2 days. Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4 kDa; FD4) permeability were measured in isolated jejunum and ileum using Ussing chambers. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate and intestinal HSP70 mRNA abundance increased (all P < 0.001), and respiratory alkalosis occurred, suggesting that pigs were heat stressed. Heat stress also increased FD4 permeability and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (both P < 0.01). These changes were associated with changes indicative of oxidative stress, a decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and an increased glutathione disulfide (GSSG)-to-glutathione (GSH) ratio (both P < 0.05). With increasing dosage of Se and VE, GPX-2 mRNA (P = 0.003) and GPX activity (P = 0.049) increased linearly, the GSSG:GSH ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.037), and the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier function were reduced (P < 0.05 for both transepithelial electrical resistance and FD4 permeability). In conclusion, in pigs an increase of dietary Se and VE mitigated the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier integrity, associated with a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fletcher W Kelly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Udani Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruslan V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Bravo
- InVivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Reynaud Y, Fakhry J, Fothergill L, Callaghan B, Ringuet M, Hunne B, Bravo DM, Furness JB. The chemical coding of 5-hydroxytryptamine containing enteroendocrine cells in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 364:489-497. [PMID: 26803512 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The majority of 5-HT (serotonin) in the body is contained in enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa. From the time of their discovery over 80 years ago, the 5-HT-containing cells have been regarded as a class of cell that is distinct from enteroendocrine cells that contain peptide hormones. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the concept of there being distinct classes of enteroendocrine cells, each containing a single hormone or occasionally more than one hormone. Instead, data are rapidly accumulating that there are complex patterns of colocalisation of hormones that identify multiple subclasses of enteroendocrine cells. In the present work, multiple labelling immunohistochemistry is used to investigate patterns of colocalisation of 5-HT with enteric peptide hormones. Over 95 % of 5-HT cells in the duodenum also contained cholecystokinin and about 40 % of them also contained secretin. In the jejunum, about 75 % of 5-HT cells contained cholecystokinin but not secretin and 25 % contained 5-HT plus both cholecystokinin and secretin. Small proportions of 5-HT cells contained gastrin or somatostatin in the stomach, PYY or GLP-1 in the small intestine and GLP-1 or somatostatin in the large intestine. Rare or very rare 5-HT cells contained ghrelin (stomach), neurotensin (small and large intestines), somatostatin (small intestine) and PYY (in the large intestine). It is concluded that 5-HT-containing enteroendocrine cells are heterogeneous in their chemical coding and by implication in their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Reynaud
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mitchell Ringuet
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David M Bravo
- InVivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, 56250, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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13
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Kim JE, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Kim GB, Lee SH, Lillehoj EP, Bravo DM. Dietary Capsicum and Curcuma longa oleoresins increase intestinal microbiome and necrotic enteritis in three commercial broiler breeds. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:150-8. [PMID: 26412535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three commercial broiler breeds were fed from hatch with a diet supplemented with Capsicum and Curcuma longa oleoresins, and co-infected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens to induce necrotic enteritis (NE). Pyrotag deep sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA showed that gut microbiota compositions were quite distinct depending on the broiler breed type. In the absence of oleoresin diet, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), was decreased in infected Cobb, and increased in Ross and Hubbard, compared with the uninfected. In the absence of oleoresin diet, all chicken breeds had a decreased Candidatus Arthromitus, while the proportion of Lactobacillus was increased in Cobb, but decreased in Hubbard and Ross. Oleoresin supplementation of infected chickens increased OTUs in Cobb and Ross, but decreased OTUs in Hubbard, compared with unsupplemented/infected controls. Oleoresin supplementation of infected Cobb and Hubbard was associated with an increased percentage of gut Lactobacillus and decreased Selenihalanaerobacter, while Ross had a decreased fraction of Lactobacillus and increased Selenihalanaerobacter, Clostridium, Calothrix, and Geitlerinema. These results suggest that dietary Capsicum/Curcuma oleoresins reduced the negative consequences of NE on body weight and intestinal lesion, in part, through alteration of the gut microbiome in 3 commercial broiler breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
| | - Geun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
| | - Sung Hyen Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, South Korea.
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Wlodarska M, Willing BP, Bravo DM, Finlay BB. Phytonutrient diet supplementation promotes beneficial Clostridia species and intestinal mucus secretion resulting in protection against enteric infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9253. [PMID: 25787310 PMCID: PMC4365398 DOI: 10.1038/srep09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts, or phytonutrients, are used in traditional medicine practices as supplements to enhance the immune system and gain resistance to various infectious diseases and are used in animal production as health promoting feed additives. To date, there are no studies that have assessed their mechanism of action and ability to alter mucosal immune responses in the intestine. We characterized the immunomodulatory function of six phytonutrients: anethol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, capsicum oleoresin and garlic extract. Mice were treated with each phytonutrient to assess changes to colonic gene expression and mucus production. All six phytonutrients showed variable changes in expression of innate immune genes in the colon. However only eugenol stimulated production of the inner mucus layer, a key mucosal barrier to microbes. The mechanism by which eugenol causes mucus layer thickening likely involves microbial stimulation as analysis of the intestinal microbiota composition showed eugenol treatment led to an increase in abundance of specific families within the Clostridiales order. Further, eugenol treatment confers colonization resistance to the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. These results suggest that eugenol acts to strengthen the mucosal barrier by increasing the thickness of the inner mucus layer, which protects against invading pathogens and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5
| | | | - B Brett Finlay
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4
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15
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Gimenes AC, Bravo DM, Nápolis LM, Mello MT, Oliveira ASB, Neder JA, Nery LE. Effect of L-carnitine on exercise performance in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:354-62. [PMID: 25714882 PMCID: PMC4418367 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance due to impaired oxidative metabolism is a prominent symptom in
patients with mitochondrial myopathy (MM), but it is still uncertain whether
L-carnitine supplementation is beneficial for patients with MM. The aim of our study
was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on exercise performance in MM. Twelve
MM subjects (mean age±SD=35.4±10.8 years) with chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) were first compared to 10 healthy controls (mean age±SD=29±7.8
years) before they were randomly assigned to receive L-carnitine supplementation (3
g/daily) or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Clinical status, body
composition, respiratory function tests, peripheral muscle strength (isokinetic and
isometric torque) and cardiopulmonary exercise tests (incremental to peak exercise
and at 70% of maximal), constant work rate (CWR) exercise test, to the limit of
tolerance [Tlim]) were assessed after 2 months of L-carnitine/placebo administration.
Patients with MM presented with lower mean height, total body weight, fat-free mass,
and peripheral muscle strength compared to controls in the pre-test evaluation. After
L-carnitine supplementation, the patients with MM significantly improved their Tlim
(14±1.9 vs 11±1.4 min) and oxygen consumption (V˙O2) at CWR exercise, both at isotime (1151±115 vs
1049±104 mL/min) and at Tlim (1223±114 vs 1060±108 mL/min). These
results indicate that L-carnitine supplementation may improve aerobic capacity and
exercise tolerance during high-intensity CWRs in MM patients with CPEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gimenes
- Setor de Função Pulmonar e Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D M Bravo
- Setor de Função Pulmonar e Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L M Nápolis
- Setor de Função Pulmonar e Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M T Mello
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A S B Oliveira
- Setor de Doenças Neuromusculares, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J A Neder
- Setor de Função Pulmonar e Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L E Nery
- Setor de Função Pulmonar e Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Jeong M, Kim DK, Xu S, Lee SK, Kim JB, Park HJ, Kim HR, Bravo DM. Immune and anti-oxidant effects of in ovo selenium proteinate on post-hatch experimental avian necrotic enteritis. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Jeong MS, Xu SZ, Kim JB, Park HJ, Kim HR, Lillehoj EP, Bravo DM. Effects of in ovo injection with selenium on immune and antioxidant responses during experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1113-21. [PMID: 24795303 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of Se on modulating the immune system and antioxidant responses in broiler chickens with experimental necrotic enteritis. Broiler eggs were injected at 18 d of embryo age with either 100 μL of PBS alone or sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) in PBS, providing 0 (SS0), 10 (SS10), or 20 (SS20) μg of Se/egg. At 14 d posthatch, PBS-treated and uninfected chickens were kept as the control group, whereas the remaining chickens were orally infected with 1.0 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima (SS0, SS10, SS20). At 18 d posthatch, E. maxima-infected chickens were orally infected with 1.0 × 10(9) cfu of Clostridium perfringens. Infected control SS0 group showed significantly decreased BW compared with the uninfected control. However, SS20 group showed significantly increased BW compared with the infected control SS0 group, whereas the BW were similar among uninfected control and infected SS10 and SS20 groups. The SS10 group showed significantly lower intestinal lesions compared with the SS0 group, and oocyst production was decreased in both SS10 and SS20 groups. Serum malondialdehyde level and catalase activity were also decreased in both SS10 and SS20 groups, whereas the superoxide dismutase level was significantly lower in the SS10 group compared with the SS0 group. The SS20 group showed significantly higher levels of transcripts for IL-1β and IL-6 in intestine, and SS10 and SS20 groups had higher levels of transcripts for IL-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and decreased glutathione peroxidase 7 mRNA levels compared with the SS0 group. The SS10 and SS20 groups also showed increased serum antibody levels to C. perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin compared with the SS0 group. These collective results suggest that the injection of Se into the amniotic cavity of developing eggs may be beneficial for enhancing immune and antioxidant responses in the hatched chickens exposed to the necrotic enteritis-causing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents the largest and most vulnerable surface to the outside world. Simultaneously, it must be accessible and permeable to nutrients and must defend against pathogens and potentially injurious chemicals. Integrated responses to these challenges require the gut to sense its environment, which it does through a range of detection systems for specific chemical entities, pathogenic organisms and their products (including toxins), as well as physicochemical properties of its contents. Sensory information is then communicated to four major effector systems: the enteroendocrine hormonal signalling system; the innervation of the gut, both intrinsic and extrinsic; the gut immune system; and the local tissue defence system. Extensive endocrine-neuro-immune-organ-defence interactions are demonstrable, but under-investigated. A major challenge is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the integrated responses of the gut to the sensory information it receives. A major therapeutic opportunity exists to develop agents that target the receptors facing the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
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Lillehoj HS, Kim DK, Bravo DM, Lee SH. Effects of dietary plant-derived phytonutrients on the genome-wide profiles and coccidiosis resistance in the broiler chickens. BMC Proc 2011; 5 Suppl 4:S34. [PMID: 21645315 PMCID: PMC3108230 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s4-s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary plant-derived phytonutrients, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresin, on the translational regulation of genes associated with immunology, physiology and metabolism using high-throughput microarray analysis and in vivo disease challenge model of avian coccidiosis. METHODS In this study, we used nutrigenomics technology to investigate the molecular and genetic mechanisms of dietary modulation of host innate immunity and metabolism by three phytonutrients. To validate their immunomodulatory effects in a disease model, young broiler chickens fed a standard diet supplemented with three phytochemicals (carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and Capsicum oleoresin) from one day post-hatch were orally challenged with E. acervulina. The body weight gain and fecal oocyst production were used to evaluate coccidiosis disease parameters. RESULTS Analysis of global gene expression profiles of intestinal tissues from phytonutrient-fed birds indicated that Capsicum oleoresin induced the most gene changes compared to the control group where many of these genes were associated with those of metabolism and immunity. The most reliable network induced by dietary cinnamaldehyde treatment was related with the functions of antigen presentation, humoral immune response, and inflammatory disease. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with these phytonutrients significantly protected broiler chickens against live coccidiosis challenge infection based on body weight and parasite fecundity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide clear evidence to support the idea that plant-derived phytochemicals possess immune-enhancing properties in chickens and these new findings create a new possibility to develop effective drug-free alternative strategies for disease control for poultry infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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