Rete middle cerebral artery presenting with a ruptured aneurysm

ABSTRACT

The developmental anomaly of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare occurrence. Rete MCA, also known as "unfused," "twig-like," and aplastic MCA, is an even rarer anomaly. These immature rete vessels are prone to flow-related aneurysms which rupture themselves presenting with intraparenchymal hematoma. We here with present a case of rete MCA with a ruptured aneurysm and discuss its pathophysiology and management.

Rapid and reliable assaying of Tc-99 in sediment samples with novel MTPN polymeric resin

The paper describes a new method for the rapid determination of Technetium (Tc) in sediment samples using solid-phase extraction chromatography (SPEC) with a novel methyl triphenyl phosphoniumnitrate (MTPN) resin. The effectiveness of the resin in selectively recovering Tc was evaluated in both batch and column mode and exploited for rapid analysis of 'Tc'. The procedure involves the acid digestion of samples, pre-concentration of fission products in supernatant and co-precipitation of actinides with Fe(OH)3, followed by selective recovery of Tc by SPEC using a column filled with MTPN resin. The recovered Tc was then radiometrically assayed using beta counting. The method was validated using IAEA certified reference materials and was found to provide reliable and reproducible results for the activity concentration of Tc-99 in sediment samples within 24 h.

Enhanced Four-Electron Selective Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Sulfonic-Acid-Functionalized Copper Phthalocyanine

In the present work, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is explored in an acidic medium with two different catalytic supports (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NMWCNTs)) and two different catalysts (copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and sulfonic acid functionalized CuPc (CuPc-SO3 - )). The composite, NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO3 - exhibits high ORR activity (assessed based on the onset potential (0.57 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and Tafel slope) in comparison to the other composites. Rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) studies demonstrate a highly selective four-electron ORR (less than 2.5 % H2 O2 formation) at the NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO3 - . The synergistic effect of the catalyst support (NMWCNTs) and sulfonic acid functionalization of the catalyst (in CuPc-SO3 - ) increase the efficiency and selectivity of the ORR at the NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO3 - . The catalyst activity of NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO3 - has been compared with many reported materials and found to be better than several catalysts. NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO3 - shows high tolerance for methanol and very small deviation in the onset potential (10 mV) between the linear sweep voltammetry responses recorded before and after 3000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, demonstrating exceptional durability. The high durability is attributed to the stabilization of CuPc-SO3 - by the additional coordination with nitrogen (Cu-Nx ) present on the surface of NMWCNTs.

Persistent dynamic magnetic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice

Topological magnetic charges, arising due to the non-vanishing magnetic flux on spin ice vertices, serve as the origin of magnetic monopoles that traverse the underlying lattice effortlessly. Unlike spin ice materials of atomic origin, the dynamic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice is conventionally described in terms of finite size domain wall kinetics that require magnetic field or current application. Contrary to this common understanding, here we show that a thermally tunable artificial permalloy honeycomb lattice exhibits a perpetual dynamic state due to self-propelled magnetic charge defect relaxation in the absence of any external tuning agent. Quantitative investigation of magnetic charge defect dynamics using neutron spin echo spectroscopy reveals sub-ns relaxation times that are comparable to the relaxation of monopoles in bulk spin ices. Most importantly, the kinetic process remains unabated at low temperature where thermal fluctuation is negligible. This suggests that dynamic phenomena in honeycomb spin ice are mediated by quasi-particle type entities, also confirmed by dynamic Monte-Carlo simulations that replicate the kinetic behavior. Our research unveils a macroscopic magnetic particle that shares many known traits of quantum particles, namely magnetic monopole and magnon.

Advanced machine learning-based kharif maize evapotranspiration estimation in semi-arid climate

Accurate Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation is crucial for understanding hydrological and agrometeorological processes, yet it's challenged by multiple parameters, data variations, and lack of continuity. These limitations restrict numerical methods application. To address this, the study aims to develop and assess ML models for daily maize ETc in semi-arid areas, utilizing varied weather inputs. Five ML models viz., Category Boosting (CB), Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) were developed and validated for the ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Research Station. Penman-Monteith (PM) model estimated ETc values are used as the standard for comparing the performance of the ML model values. Results revealed that the SVM model achieved the highest coefficient of determination (R2) among all models, with a value of 0.987. Furthermore, the SVM model exhibited the lowest model errors (MAE = 0.121 mm day-1, RMSE = 0.172 mm day-1, and MAPE = 4.37%) compared to other models. The ANN model also demonstrated promising results, comparable to the SVM model. Notably, the wind speed parameter was found most influential input parameter. In conclusion, SVM or ANN could be considered reliable alternative methods for the accurate estimation of kharif maize crop ETc in the semi-arid climate.

NiSi: New Venue for Antiferromagnetic Spintronics

Envisaging antiferromagnetic spintronics pivots on two key criteria of high transition temperature and tuning of underlying magnetic order using straightforward application of magnetic field or electric current. Here, we show that NiSi metal can provide suitable new platform in this quest. First, our study unveils high temperature antiferromagnetism in single crystal NiSi with T_N ⩾ 700 K. Antiferromagnetic order in NiSi is accompanied by the non-centrosymmetric magnetic character with small ferromagnetic component in a-c plane. Second, we find that NiSi manifests distinct magnetic and electronic hysteresis responses to field applications due to the disparity in two moment directions. While magnetic hysteresis is characterized by one-step switching between ferromagnetic states of uncompensated moment, electronic behavior is ascribed to metamagnetic switching phenomena between non-collinear spin configurations. Importantly, the switching behaviors persist to high temperature. The properties underscore the importance of NiSi in the pursuit of antiferromagnetic spintronics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Chemically induced ferromagnetism near room temperature in single crystal (Zn1-x Cr x )Te half-metal

Magnetic semiconductors are at the core of recent spintronics research endeavors. Chemically doped II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors, such as (Zn_1-x Cr _x )Te, provide a promising platform in this quest. However, a detailed knowledge of the microscopic nature of magnetic ground state is necessary for any practical application. Here, we report on the synergistic study of (Zn_1-x Cr _x )Te single crystals using elastic neutron scattering measurements and density functional calculations. For the first time, our research unveils the intrinsic properties of ferromagnetic state in a macroscopic specimen of (Zn_0.8Cr_0.2)Te. The ferromagnetism is onset at T _C ∼ 290 K and remains somewhat independent to modest change in the substitution coefficient x. We show that magnetic moments on Zn/Cr sites develop ferromagnetic correlation in the a-c plane with a large ordered moment of μ = 3.08 μ _B. Magnetic moment across the lattice is induced via the mediation of Te sites, uncoupled to the number of dopant carriers as inferred from the density functional calculation. Additionally, the ab initio calculations also reveal half-metallicity in x = 0.2 composition. These properties are highly desirable for future spintronic applications.

Identification of suitable zones and sites for rainwater harvesting using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis

Identifying suitable zones for surface water storage and groundwater recharge is needed to enhance irrigation water availability. This study was undertaken to map rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential zones using geospatial tools and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The suitable locations for RWH were also mapped using the Boolean logic concept. The surface runoff is a vital factor to demarcate the appropriate zones for RWH. The curve number approach was used to estimate the surface runoff potential. The runoff coefficient (RC) map was generated based on rainfall and surface runoff depth. Weights have been allocated to selected themes of RC, drainage density, and slope. The themes were integrated using geographic information system (GIS) and AHP to demarcate the suitable zones for RWH. The derived RWH potential map was categorized into zones like "very good," "good," "moderate," "poor," and "very poor" with an aerial extent of 14.3%, 24.7%, 28.3%, 20.2%, and 12.6%, respectively. The area suitable for farm ponds was found to be about 9% (408 km²), 13% (329 km²), and 4% (244 km²) in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. Furthermore, 22, 15, and 21 locations were found suitable for check dams in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. At a large scale, effective planning of water management strategies based on multicriteria decision analysis and GIS offers increased availability of surface and groundwater resources and may help for enhancing the agricultural land use options. The higher resolution maps may be further utilized to plan RWH strategies at village level.

Study to Determine Role of Fungus in Cases of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with or without Nasal Polyps in Indian Population

Introduction   Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps is a significant public health burden worldwide and owing to its multifactorial etiology, it is often encountered across various medical and surgical specialities. Role of fungus in etiology of CRS has been debated for decades altogether and there is plethora of researches on cellular, molecular and biochemical aspects of fungal presence in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and how it affects. Although, there is denial at large on fungal effects on development of CRS, but the question, that whether concomitant and demonstrable presence of fungus in cases of CRS aggravates classic symptoms and signs, largely remains unanswered.     Material and Methods   This cohort study includes 121 subjects, which were divided in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) on basis of rigid nasal endoscopic findings. Severity of disease symptoms, among these groups was corelated with Lund – Mackay (LM) symptom scores and extent of disease with LM endoscopic staging scores and LM radiology scores. Histopathology samples for demonstrating presence of fungus were taken and cohort was further subdivided into Fungi positive CRS and Fungi negative CRS, and, LM scores were compared.     Results   In fungi positive CRS group, mean LM symptoms score was 7.09 with standard deviation (SD) ±1.07; mean LM endoscopy score was 6.64 with SD ±1.94 and LM radiological score was 14.58 with SD ±2.96. In Fungi negative group, mean LM symptoms score was 3.58 with   SD ±1.30; mean LM endoscopy score was 4.47 with SD ±1.57 and LM radiological score was 12.20 with SD ±2.98.     Conclusion   Results of this study were statistically significant that fungi positive group was found to have more severe symptoms and larger extent of disease as compared to fungi negative group which indicate that fungal presence may have a role in escalation of symptoms, signs and radiological scores and it may aggravate pre-existing CRS.

Hypothyroxinemia in sick term neonates and its risk factors in an extramural neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

Objective

Thyroid functions in the sick newborns may be altered in the first week of life. Transient hypothyroxinemia has been reported in these babies, which could be due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis or to acute illness. We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of hypothyroxinemia and determine its risk factors in sick term newborns.

Materials and methods

We analyzed free T4 (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in sick term neonates (≤7 days of life) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FT4 and TSH levels were estimated in the first week of life in all the enrolled neonates (N = 98) and then repeated at 14-21 days of life in 46 babies. Risk analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and numerical data was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and t-test.

Results

Hypothyroxinemia was seen in 10 (10.2%) of the admitted term babies. Male gender, vaginal delivery, presence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and need for mechanical ventilation (>24 hours) were identified as risk factors. There was a significant negative linear correlation between FT4 level in the first week of life and duration of hospital stay.

Conclusion

Hypothyroxinemia is common in sick term neonates.

C2-Symmetric Bissulfoximine Based Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and their Electrocatalytic activity in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Sulfoximine-based metal complexes have gained much interest in recent years owing to their promising properties in synthetic organic chemistry. These sulfoximines have been recently introduced in the field of organometallics. However, the coordination properties of pincer sulfoximine ligands and their metal complexes have never been reported. Here in this work a C 2 -symmetric bissulfoximine based pincer ligand ((pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis(azaneylylidene))bis(diphenyl-λ 6 -sulfanone) namely S-P ligand and its metal [M(SP) 2 ] 2+ {M = Fe ( SC-1 ), Co ( SC-2 ), Ni ( SC-3 ), Cu ( SC-4 )} complexes were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques like UV-Vis, IR, NMR, ESI-MS, and single-crystal XRD. Complexes SC-1 and SC-3 exhibited octahedral geometry irrespective of the metal center. The complexes were systematically explored for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by immobilizing them on a glassy carbon electrode using Nafion. These complexes showed selective 2e - catalytic reduction of O 2 to H 2 O 2 in which complex SC-4 showed the highest activity with an onset potential of 0.75 V and complex SC-2 showed the highest selectivity (≈ 90%). This could be viewed as a promising candidate as an electrocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide synthesis.

Efficacy of Gentamicin versus Chlorhexidine as a Sole Prophylactic Oral Decontaminant in Reducing the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection. Aspiration of bacteria from the upper digestive tract is important in the pathogenesis of this infection. Oral decontamination using antiseptic like chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of VAP but not mortality. There is conflicting results about oral decontamination with antibiotics in preventing VAP, some suggesting benefit and others showing no benefit. Aim: To use two different prophylactic oral decontaminant, gentamicin and chlorhexidine, to compare the incidence of VAP, prevalence of bacterial flora, duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, and mortality. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomised, clinical study conducted at Sir Sunder Lal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2017 to December 2018. Patients intubated within 24 hours of admission and who needed mechanical ventilation with an expected duration of more than 48 hours were included. All the adult patients between age group 18-50 years were included in study. Patients were randomised to receive either Topical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis (TAP) with 2% gentamicin (Group G) or to 2% chlorhexidine (Group C). Patients were followed until extubation or death. Sequential cultures from endotracheal tube were sent on days 3,7,14, and 21, and for oropharyngeal swab culture were sent on days 0, 3,7,14 and 21. VAP was diagnosed with the help of Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS). Results: Out of 151 patients, 82 patients were placed in group G (2% gentamicin) and 69 in group C (2% chlorhexidine). On follow-up of various interval among both the groups, CPIS increased with ICU stay but incidence of VAP was comparable between the groups (50% vs 71%, p=0.009). Pseudomonas was found to be most prevalent bacteria among both the groups. Discharge rate from ICU was higher in group G (54.9%) than group C (52.2%) (p-value=0.744). The mortality rate was higher in the group C (43.9%) than group G (44.9%) (p-value=0.744). Conclusion: Prophylactic oral-decontamination with gentamicin or chlorhexidine does not reduce incidence of VAP and outcome among ICU patients. Gentamicin could be a better option for patients on ventilator because it may lead to less colonisation of Pseudomonas in oral cavity along with lower CPIS in the later stages of VAP.

One step synthesis of a bimetallic (Ni and Co) metal–organic framework for the efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of water and hydrazine

A series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with varying Ni : Co ratios are synthesized by an easy one-step solvothermal method using trimesic acid as an organic linker.

Antiproliferative activity and electrochemical oxygen evolution by Ni(II) complexes of N'-(aroyl)-hydrazine carbodithioates

The electrochemical water splitting by transition metal complexes is emerging very rapidly. The nickel complexes also play a very vital role in various biological activities. Here, three new ligands {H₂mbhce = N'-(4-methyl-benzoyl), H₂pchce = N'-(pyridine-carbonyl) and H₂hbhce = N'-(2-hydroxy-benzoyl) hydrazine carbodithioic acid ethyl ester} and their corresponding Ni(II) complexes [Ni(Hmbhce)₂(py)₂] (1), [Ni(pchce)(o-phen)₂]·CH₃OH·H₂O (2) and [Ni(hbhce)(o-phen)₂]·1.75CHCl₃·H₂O (3) have been synthesized and fully characterized by various physicochemical and X-ray crystallography techniques. The photoluminescence study and thermal degradations were also examined. The treatment of K562 cells with the increasing concentrations of the nickel salts, ligands, and complexes 1, 2, and 3 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of ligands reveals that ligand H₂mbhce is more potent in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in comparison to other ligands H₂pbhce and H₂hbhce. Cytotoxicity assay results indicate that all complexes have remarkable cytotoxic potential in comparison to either nickel salts or the free ligands. Among these complexes, complex 1 has significantly better anti-tumor activity as compared to complexes 2 and 3. The electrochemical study of complexes 1, 2, and 3 for water oxidation reveals that all the complexes possess admirable electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and have lower overpotential (328, 338, and 370 mV, respectively) than many previously reported complexes and RuO₂ (390 mV). Among complexes 1, 2, and 3, complex-2 shows a better water oxidation response. Consequently, these complexes have great potential to be utilized in fuel cells. The more reliable electrochemical parameter TOF is also calculated for all three complexes.

Mesoporous carbon nitride supported 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(ii) as a selective and durable electrocatalyst for the production of hydrogen peroxide via two-electron oxygen reduction

Stability and efficiency of CoTMPP@MCN along with the general strategy for tuning the active site.

Metal (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) Phthalocyanine-Immobilized Mesoporous Carbon Nitride Materials as Durable Electrode Modifiers for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In the search for alternative sources to replace fossil fuels, carbon nitride materials can be used in a variety of ways. In the present work, porosity is introduced to the carbon nitride material using mesoporous silica material, MCM-41, as a hard template, and a mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN) material is synthesized. Further, the MCN is modified by immobilizing metal phthalocyanine (MPc, where M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn). The resulting MPc-incorporated MCN materials (MPc@MCN) were tested for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic and basic media. Detailed studies reveal that the FePc@MCN and CoPc@MCN materials exhibit higher ORR activity than the other composites in 0.1 M KOH. FePc@MCN follows a direct four-electron oxygen reduction mechanism and shows ORR onset potential (vs RHE) at 0.93 V (in 0.1 M KOH), which is very close to the onset potential exhibited by the state-of-the-art material, Pt-C (1.0 V), and higher than several similar composites of MPc with carbon supports tested in similar environments. Besides, due to the inherent property of coordination through nitrogen present on the MCN, FePc@MCN shows excellent stability even after 3000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles. FePc@MCN was found to have a better methanol tolerance in comparison to Pt-C in basic medium. CoPc@MCN shows a highly selective two-electron reduction reaction in both acidic and basic media at lower overpotential than many of the reported catalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction. Therefore, these materials (FePc@MCN and CoPc@MCN) can be used as suitable alternatives to replace Pt and other expensive materials in ORR and related applications.

Comparative evaluation of 2D miniplates and 3D miniplates fixation in mandibular angle fracture - A clinical study

Introduction

Mandibular angle fracture is common in road traffic accidents. This study was conducted to compare 3D miniplate system with 2D plates for treatment of mandibular angle fractures.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted on 120 patients with mandibular angle fracture of both genders. After selecting patients, patients were divided into 2 groups of 60 each. In group I, patients were treated with 3D, 2.0-mm titanium plates, and in group II, patients were treated with 2D, 2.0-mm titanium miniplate in mandibular angle fracture. Patients were evaluated regularly after 1, 3, and 6 months for outcome of treatment.

Results

In group I, males were 22 and females were 38. In group II, males were 40 and females were 20. Right angle fracture was seen in 32 patients in group I and 26 in group II. Left angle fracture was seen in 24 in group I and 28 in group II. Right angle and left parasymphysis fracture was seen in 3 in group I and 4 in group II. Left angle and right parasymphysis fracture was seen in 1 in group I and 2 in group II. [Table 3], [Graph 1] shows that in group I, after 1 month sensory deficit was present in 5 patients and in group II in 12 patients. After 3 months, there were no patients with sensory deficit in group I and 2 in group II. Preoperatively in group I, mouth opening was 24 mm and in group II patients was 25.80 mm, which increased to 31.20 mm in group I and 28.20 mm in group II at 1 month, 32 mm in group I and 30 mm in group II at 3 months, and 37.20 and 32.12 mm in groups I and II, respectively, at 6 months. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

3D miniplate system is reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular angle fractures as compared with traditional 2D miniplates.[INLINE:1].

HPLC characterization of molluscicidal component of Tamarindus indica and its mode of action on nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata

BACKGROUND

Fasciolosis is a water-borne disease with gastropods snail (Lymnaea acuminata) act as key-link is still burden for mankind especially in developing countries. Snail control is one of the important tools to trim down the frequency of fasciolosis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the toxic effect and inhibitory potential of plant Tamarindus indica and their active constituent on the key enzyme of nervous tissue of snail L. acuminata.

METHOD

The present study deals with the chromatographic isolation and identification of molluscicidal component from Tamarindus indica bark and its effects on enzymes activities of vector snail L. acuminata.

RESULT

The toxicity study reveals that among all organic extract ethanol extract of T. indica bark (96 h LC50:127.4 mgL-1) was more effective than other organic extracts. The 96 h LC50 of column purified fraction of T. indica bark was 13.78 mgL-1 respectively. Saponin was isolated, characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component in the bark of T. indica by column chromatography, TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods. The in vivo and in vitro treatment of column purified fraction and saponin has significant inhibition in enzyme AChE, ACP and ALP activities. The study of inhibition kinetics indicates that inhibition of AChE and ALP is competitive, while ACP is uncompetitive in both the treatments.

CONCLUSION

Thus inhibition of these enzyme activities by T. indica bark column purified fraction and saponin in the snail L. acuminata may be the cause of its molluscicidal activity which leads snail death.

Curcumin Modulates Paraquat-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition by Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in A549 Cells

Paraquat (PQ), a widely used potent herbicide, generates superoxide anions and other free radicals, leading to severe toxicity and acute lung injury. PQ induces pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by increased number of myofibroblasts. Time-dependent PQ-induced EMT has been evaluated in present investigation where intracellular ROS levels were significantly enhanced after 24 h of PQ intoxication. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin have been studied where alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) were incubated with curcumin (30 μΜ) for 1 and 3 h before PQ intoxication (700 μM). Western blot and immunocytochemistry studies revealed that pretreatment of A549 cells with curcumin for 3 h before PQ exposure has maintained E-cadherin expression and inhibited PQ induced α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that seems to be involved in PQ-induced EMT was enhanced after PQ intoxication, but curcumin pretreatment has effectively inhibited its expression. Immunostaining studies have shown that curcumin pretreatment has significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expressions, which were elevated after PQ intoxication. These results demonstrate that curcumin can regulate PQ-induced EMT by regulating the expression of TGF-β.

The abundance of epiphytic liverworts on the bark of Cryptomeria japonica in relation to different physical and biochemical attributes, found in Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya

BACKGROUND

Maintenance of biodiversity is an integral part of sustainable forest management. Epiphytic bryophytes are an important element of biodiversity. Thus, this work aims to study the role of different physical and biochemical factors in affecting the growth and proliferation of epiphytic liverworts. Fifty trees in three different plots, distributed in Senchal wildlife sanctuary, Darjeeling, were surveyed. Factors such as light intensity, moisture, and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the tree were studied to evaluate their possible role in affecting epiphytic liverworts. The effect of bark biochemical characteristics on the abundance of epiphytic liverworts was also studied by undertaking a quantitative test of pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, terpene, total sugar, and tannin. Multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out to test the effects of these parameters.

RESULTS

Light intensity, moisture, and DBH highly influenced the abundance of liverworts. Old trees had higher epiphytic liverwort cover than younger ones. Bark biochemical properties like pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, tannin and sugar did not have a significant effect on the epiphytic liverwort cover, while the terpenoid content of the bark reduced liverworts cover.

CONCLUSION

To sustain the occurrence of epiphytic liverworts in ecosystems, forest management should ensure the presence of old trees. Light intensity and moisture had a large effect on the distribution and abundance of liverworts, so it is important to maintain tree cover, shrub layer, and tree density.

Development of a Composite Hydrologic Index for Semi-Arid Region of India

Rainfall is the major source for groundwater recharge in basins areas of central region of India. Now a day, the river basins are experiencing acute shortage of water which has resulted in lowering of groundwater level and drying up of water bodies. In order to maintain water sustainability; a composite hydrologic index was developed in the Betwa basin of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh states, India. The index was developed using principal component analysis through hydrologic, topographic as well as geographic parameters derived from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and MODFLOW model. The geomorphological parameters were categorized, on the basis of groundwater recharge potential and weight ranged from 1 to 4. The geomorphologic parameters, that is, soil type (T), slope (S), runoff ratio (R), and evapotranspiration (ET) were integrated into a single indicator of composite hydrologic index. Soil type and ET were the major factors that directly affected the groundwater recharge. These two parameters together explained 86% of total variability in the data. Based on the analysis of the four parameters that affected groundwater recharge, composite hydrologic index (CHI) was classified into very good, good, moderate, and low grade. The CHI was statistically validated using standardization methods. The index was developed as a water management tool to measure a sustainability state relative to a groundwater recharge potential, which allows for spatial and temporal comparison. This index will be helpful in natural resource management and will improve socioeconomic status of human population inhibiting in the semi-arid region.

Abacavir-based Regimen for HIV-infected Children and Adolescents

We studied 48 children receiving abacavir-based HAART regimen, over a period of one-year for side effects and failure rates. None of the children developed hypersensitivity reaction. The CD4 count significantly improved from the time of enrolment till 12 months of therapy while the failure rate was 14.5%.

Tracheostomy: Open Surgical or Percutaneous? An Effort to Solve the Continued Dilemma

Due to lack of globally standardized guidelines and clarity on indications, patient selection, intra-operative preparations, technique, complications, postoperative care and decannulation protocols, percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) has come in vogue as compared to standard open surgical tracheostomy (OST). PercuTwist and guide wire dilatational method (GWDF), techniques of PT, offer lesser operative time and ease of surgery being a bedside procedure. There seems to be paucity of Indian literature on rising trend of increasing indications, post-operative care, management of complications and outcomes of tracheostomy. And thus, there arises a felt need to envisage a study in tertiary care setup targeting these issues and to question the so far unchallenged acceptance of new techniques and technology. Our aim is to study the recent trend of indications, complications, and outcomes of both OST and PT in a cohort of Indian patients who underwent tracheostomy. 80 patients with mean age of 59.0 ± 15 years underwent tracheostomy (OST: 48 (60%), PT: 32 (40%), and among PT, PercuTwist: 16 (50%), GWDF: 16 (50%)) for various indications with objectives to compare operative time, complications and decannulation rates of tracheostomy surgery, within the follow up period of 3 months. Most common indication of elective tracheostomy was prolonged ventilation, and for emergency ones, upper airway obstruction. Mean operative time taken by all the three techniques was comparable, i.e., 16.3 v/s 15 v/s 15.3 min (Open v/s PT GWDF v/s PT PercuTwist). Most common intra-operative complication of OST was haemorrhage (16.3%) and that of PT was false passage (8.8%). Early post-operative complications were haemorrhage (OST: 3.75%, PT: 1.25%) and tube blockage and dislodgement (equal distribution among OST and PT). Late post-operative complications were stomal granulations in PT: 7.5%. Outcomes of tracheostomy were significantly better with OST (36 (45%)) than PT (14 (17.5%)). In PT group, PercuTwist fared better than GWDF in terms of lesser complications (PercuTwist: 10%, GWDF: 18.6%) and better decannulation rates (PercuTwist: 13.6%, GWDF: 3.75%). Most common indication for tracheostomy remains prolonged intubation; complication of OST is intra and early post-operative haemorrhage and that of PT being tube dislodgement and blockage. Outcomes in form of successful decannulation are with OST.

Numerical simulation to assess potential groundwater recharge and net groundwater use in a semi-arid region

Accurate assessment of deep percolation (potential groundwater recharge) under different field crops is essential for sustainable management of scarce water resources and proper planning of crop rotation in irrigated, semi-arid regions of the world. The potential recharge from commonly grown field crops in semi-arid Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India was estimated using HYDRUS-1D model, where, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture dynamics were simulated. Simultaneously, net groundwater use by different cropping patterns was also calculated. Among the hydraulic parameters, n was found most sensitive for water percolation. During rainy season, 293.8 and 159.1 mm water was percolated below the root zone of cotton and soybean, respectively, which accounted for 39.4 and 32.9% of the water input. During winter season, 66.8 and 30.3 mm water was percolated below the root zone of winter maize and mustard, respectively, accounting for 20.5 and 10.6% of added water. It was observed that net groundwater use was positive for cotton, soybean, and summer maize with the values of 168.8, 159.1, and 18.0 mm year^-1, respectively, and negative for rice, wheat, winter maize, and mustard. For the eight most important cropping patterns of semi-arid IGP, the net groundwater use was negative and varied between - 4.4 mm year^-1 for cotton-maize and -423 mm year^-1 for rice-wheat. With these cropping patterns, the overall rate of decline of groundwater was 231 mm year^-1. It was found that maize-wheat and soybean-wheat cropping patterns consume much less water than rice-wheat cropping pattern and therefore are suitable to arrest the declining trend of groundwater in semi-arid IGP of India.

Clinical Study to Determine Occult Vestibular Dysfunction in Patients of Chronic Otitis Media using Computerized Static Posturography

Introduction Various studies have shown high incidence of subjective vestibular dysfunction in cases of chronic otitis media (COM). Evaluation of vestibular dysfunction in chronic otitis media patients is becoming an integral part of comprehensive management of COM. In our study, we have evaluated vestibular dysfunction in patients with COM, using computerized static posturography, an objective technique in contrast to other subjective tests of vestibular dysfunction. Materials and Methods In this prospective case control study done over a period of 1.5 years, 50 cases of COM and 50 healthy controls were included and they underwent Computerized Static Posturography. Parameters taken were Somaesthetic, visual and vestibular scores in both antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) axis; and in combined axis (Antero-posterior +Medio-lateral) and these scores were compared with those of healthy controls. Results Total 50 cases of COM (average disease period - 5.7 years), of both sexes, with age range of 15-60 years and mean age of 31.58 years were taken. On analyzing above mentioned parameters using SPSS software, we found no significant difference in vestibular function in cases of COM as compared with healthy individuals.  Discussion The outcome of computerized static posturography can be quantified with respect to changes in center-of-force sway amplitude, distance, or velocity, which, by virtue of not being burdened by subjective interpretation, its results can be, documented both graphically and numerically. Conclusion This study, further solidified with objective evidence, raises a question on COM without complications being directly responsible for vestibular dysfunction.

Intranasal curcumin regulates chronic asthma in mice by modulating NF-ĸB activation and MAPK signaling

BACKGROUND

Curcumin, a natural product found in the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to have diverse range of molecular targets that influence numerous biochemical and molecular cascades including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of intranasal curcumin on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic asthma and to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN/METHOD

Mice were sensitized and exposed to 2% OVA aerosol for 2 times in a week for five consecutive weeks to study effect of intranasal curcumin on various MAPK pathway enzymes involved in chronic asthma and its effect on the activation of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB).

RESULTS

Curcumin treatment decreased the ROS level in BALF and nitrite level in blood serum of chronic asthmatic mice. Curcumin treatment had significantly decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 and COX-2 expression thereby nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and expression in lung tissues.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that intranasal curcumin protects against asthma via action on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signaling pathways.

From Ising Resonant Fluctuations to Static Uniaxial Order in Antiferromagnetic and Weakly Superconducting CeCo(In_{1-x}Hg_{x})_{5}(x=0.01)

CeCo(In_{0.990}Hg_{0.010})_{5} is a charge doped variant of the d-wave CoCoIn_{5} superconductor with coexistent antiferromagnetic and superconducting transitions occurring at T_{N}=3.4 and T_{c}=1.4  K, respectively. We use neutron diffraction and spectroscopy to show that the magnetic resonant fluctuations present in the parent superconducting phase are replaced by collinear c-axis magnetic order with three-dimensional Ising critical fluctuations. No low-energy transverse spin fluctuations are observable in this doping-induced antiferromagnetic phase and the dynamic resonant spectral weight predominately shifts to the elastic channel. Static (τ>0.2  ns) collinear Ising order is proximate to superconductivity in CeCoIn_{5} and is stabilized through hole doping with Hg.

Draft genome sequence of field isolate Brucella melitensis strain 2007BM/1 from India

OBJECTIVES

Brucellosis is among one of the most widespread important global zoonotic diseases that is endemic in many parts of India. Brucella melitensis is supposed to be the most pathogenic species for humans. Here we report the draft genome sequence of B. melitensis strain 2007BM/1 isolated from a human in India.

METHODS

Genomic DNA was extracted from Brucella culture and was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. The generated reads were assembled using three de novo assemblers and the draft genome was annotated.

RESULTS

This monoisolate, with a genome length of 3268756bp, was found to be resistant to azithromycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but susceptible to tetracycline, ofloxacin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. The presence of virulence genes in the strain was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained will help in understanding drug resistance mechanisms and virulence factors in highly zoonotic B. melitensis and suggest the need for judicious use of antibiotics in livestock health and management practices.

Enhanced atrazine removal by hydrophyte-bacterium associations and in vitro screening of the isolates for their plant growth-promoting potential

Emergent hydrophytes Acorus calamus, Typha latifolia, and Phragmites karka and epiphytic root bacteria isolated from their rhizoplanes were exposed to atrazine (5 and 10 mg l^-1) individually and in plant-bacterium combination for 15 days hydroponically. It was observed that A. calamus-Pseudomonas sp. strain, the ACB combination, was best in decontamination, showing 91% and 87% removal of 5 and 10 mg l^-1 atrazine. Plant-bacterium association led to significant increase in atrazine decontamination as compared to decontamination by either plant or bacterium alone, indicating a synergistic action of the hydrophytes and isolates which led to enhanced atrazine removal. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the potential of plant-bacterium combinations for atrazine decontamination. The isolates showed augmented growth in the presence of plants and were able to alleviate atrazine stress in them. These isolates exhibited plant growth-promoting traits such as auxin, siderophore, Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)/succinogycan, ammonia, catalase production and solubilization of inorganic phosphate in vitro. The use of plant-bacterium mutualistic symbiosis for atrazine mitigation is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and clean technique and this phytoremediation-rhizoremediation combination is suggested to be tried on field to establish their potential for clean-up of contaminated sites.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Giardia duodenalis infection in dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal

Livestock farming has been an integral part of Nepalese agriculture systems since time immemorial. Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan intestinal parasite present in a wide range of hosts. Very little or no information is reported on the prevalence of giardiasis in livestock of Nepal. This study was done during Jan 18 to July 19, 2014 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection in dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal. A total of 96 fresh fecal samples were collected from various dairy pocket areas and were transferred to collection bottles with 10% formalin. Wet smears of the samples were prepared, stained with lugol's iodine and then viewed under microscope at 400× magnification. The overall prevalence was found to be 44.79% (43/96). Based on the risk factors assessment survey, age was found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis. The prevalence was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in 1-6 months age group compared to > 3 years. Similarly, higher prevalence was found in diarrheic animals compared to their counterparts (P < 0.05). Though higher prevalence was recorded in unhygienically housed animals, it was statistically non-significant (P < 0.05). Giardiasis should be considered as an important cause of diarrhea and further advanced diagnostic approaches should be employed for the confirmation of giardiasis in dairy cattle.

Hydrodynamic Signatures of Stationary Marangoni-Driven Surfactant Transport

We experimentally study steady Marangoni-driven surfactant transport on the interface of a deep water layer. Using hydrodynamic measurements, and without using any knowledge of the surfactant physicochemical properties, we show that sodium dodecyl sulphate and Tergitol 15-S-9 introduced in low concentrations result in a flow driven by adsorbed surfactant. At higher surfactant concentration, the flow is dominated by the dissolved surfactant. Using camphoric acid, whose properties are a priori unknown, we demonstrate this method's efficacy by showing its spreading is adsorption dominated.

New Description of Evolution of Magnetic Phases in Artificial Honeycomb Lattice

Artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice provides a two-dimensional archetypal system to explore novel phenomena of geometrically frustrated magnets. According to theoretical reports, an artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice is expected to exhibit several phase transitions to unique magnetic states as a function of reducing temperature. Experimental investigations of permalloy artificial honeycomb lattice of connected ultra-small elements, [Formula: see text] 12 nm, reveal a more complicated behavior. First, upon cooling the sample to intermediate temperature, [Formula: see text] 175 K, the system manifests a non-unique state where the long range order co-exists with short-range magnetic charge order and weak spin ice state. Second, at much lower temperature, [Formula: see text] 6 K, the long-range spin solid state exhibits a re-entrant behavior. Both observations are in direct contrast to the present understanding of this system. New theoretical approaches are needed to develop a comprehensive formulation of this two dimensional magnet.

Allelic and genotypic frequencies in polymorphic Booroola fecundity gene and their association with multiple birth and postnatal growth in Chhotanagpuri sheep

AIM

Chhotanagpuri breed of sheep reared for mutton in Jharkhand, India, having problem of low litter size and body weight. The response of genetic improvement for traits with low heritability through traditional selection method is time-consuming. Therefore, marker-assisted selection based on a polymorphism study of suitable candidate gene can response quickly. Thus, this study was aimed at identification of different allelic and genotypic frequencies of Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene and its association with multiple birth and postnatal growth in Chhotanagpuri sheep.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DNA isolation and gene-specific amplification of FecB gene was performed from blood samples of from 92 Chhotanagpuri lambs maintained under similar feeding and management conditions. Custom nucleotide sequencing and single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis were performed to identify different genotypes with respect to the target gene. Statistical analysis was performed for determination of allelic and genotypic frequencies of FecB gene polymorphisms and its association with multiple birth and postnatal growth of lambs from birth to 52 weeks age.

RESULTS

"AA," "AB," and "BB" genotypes were found at locus-1 as it is polymorphic for FecB gene while locus-2 was found to be monomorphic for FecB gene. Higher frequency of "A" allele at locus-1 was found in single born lambs, whereas "B" allele was predominant among multiple born lambs. The lambs having "BB" genotype weighed significantly (p≤0.01) heavier than those of "AB" and "AA" genotype at 52 weeks of age.

CONCLUSION

"BB" genotype has emerged as favored genotype for multiple births and better growth indicator. Therefore, homozygous lambs for "B" allele should be selected and utilized in breeding program for better growth rate.

A Traditional NSAID Aspirin along with Clofazimine in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Reaction: Study of Six Cases

Six male patients of lepromatous leprosy with erythema nodosum leprosum reaction (ENL) reactions diagnosed clinically and by slit skin smear were treated with aspirin and clofazimine. Aspirin was given in the daily dosage of 75mg/kg body weight up to a maximum of 2.8 grams in four divided doses, along with daily 300mg clofazimine in three divided doses and dapsone 100mg daily with rifampicin 600mg once a month. Aspirin was continued in the same dosage for a month before being tapered and stopped at the end of third month when clofazimine was also reduced to 50 mg daily. All the six cases had an excellent response in 15 days.

Role of microRNA in regulating cell signaling pathways, cell cycle, and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer

Dysregulation in expression of miRNAs has been observed in various human cancers, including lung cancer. Recent studies have identified the role of a number of miRNAs in regulating key cellular processes and signaling pathways involved in lung tumourigenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Due to their variable behavior and regulatory role in various nodal junctions in cellular pathways, miRNAs have also been used as potential therapeutic targets and clinical biomarkers in lung cancer. In this non-systematic review, we briefly focus on biogenesis and function of cytoplasmic miRNA and the role of methylation in the regulation of miRNA biogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Further, we elaborate on the role of differentially expressed miRNAs and their regulatory role on various signaling pathways, cell cycle, and apoptosis in NSCLC.

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin exposed Lymnaea acuminata: A new biotechnological tool for fasciolosis control

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin formulations against Fasciola gigantica infected Lymnaea acuminata under sunlight exposure was highly toxic against redia and cercaria larvae. Binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of chlorophyllin (CHL) + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) were more toxic against cercariae (8 h LC₅₀: 9.6 mg L^- 1) than single treatment with chlorophyllin (8 h LC₅₀: 12.6 mg L^- 1) in sunlight. The larvicidal activity of sunlight exposed CHL against rediae (8 h LC₅₀: 13.5 mg L^- 1) and cercariae (8 h LC₅₀: 12.6 mg L^- 1) was more pronounced than laboratory conditions CHL treatment (rediae- 8 h LC₅₀: 305.9 mg L^- 1; cercariae- 8 h LC₅₀: 765.4 mg L^- 1). Larvicidal activity of FCU was less than CHL and CHL + FCU against both redia and cercaria. Chlorophyllin and its formulations were more toxic against redia and cercaria larvae in sunlight than laboratory conditions. CHL and its different formulations may be used as potent larvicides against Fasciola gigantica larvae. Chlorophyllin formulations will be economical, ecologically sounder and their use in aquatic environment will be safe.

Topological Magnon Bands in a Kagome Lattice Ferromagnet

There is great interest in finding materials possessing quasiparticles with topological properties. Such materials may have novel excitations that exist on their boundaries which are protected against disorder. We report experimental evidence that magnons in an insulating kagome ferromagnet can have a topological band structure. Our neutron scattering measurements further reveal that one of the bands is flat due to the unique geometry of the kagome lattice. Spin wave calculations show that the measured band structure follows from a simple Heisenberg Hamiltonian with a Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya interaction. This serves as the first realization of an effectively two-dimensional topological magnon insulator--a new class of magnetic material that should display both a magnon Hall effect and protected chiral edge modes.

Toxicity of chlorophyllin in different wavelengths of visible light against Fasciola gigantica larvae

Toxicity of chlorophyllin against redia and cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica was studied under irradiation of visible light. Highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against both larvae was noted under red (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 11.99 mg/10 mL) and green (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 32.12 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 8 h LC₅₀ 43.80 mg/10 mL) light irradiation respectively. The highest toxicity of chlorophyllin under red light irradiation against redia (8h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL)/cercaria (8h LC₅₀ 11.99 mg/10 mL) was followed by white (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 20.48 mg/10 mL, 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 18.0 3mg/10 mL), blue (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 33.10 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 19.98 mg/10 mL) and yellow (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 23.87 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 23.48 mg/10 mL). Chlorophyllin treatment in darkness (control I) and without treatment of chlorophyllin, while all other conditions were same as treatment group (control II) caused no mortality of redia/cercaria larva. Chlorophyllin might be a promising new safe strategy to replace synthetic larvicide in fasciolosis control programme.

Mott insulator-to-metal transition in yttrium-doped CaIrO₃

We report on the study of insulator-to-metal transition in post-perovskite compound CaIrO3. It is discovered that a gradual chemical substitution of calcium by yttrium leads to the onset of strong metallic behavior in this compound. This observation is in stark contrast to BaIrO3, which preserves its Mott insulating behavior despite excess of the charge carriers due to yttrium doping. Magnetic measurements reveal that both compounds tend to exhibit magnetic character irrespective of the chemical substitution of Ca or Ba. We analyze these unusual observations in light of recent researches that suggest that CaIrO3 does not necessarily possess j = 1/2 ground state due to structural distortion. The insulator-to-metal transition in CaIrO3 will spur new researches to explore more exotic ground state, including superconductivity, in post-perovskite Mott insulators.

Aneurysmal bone cyst: An unusual presentation of back pain

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rare benign tumor comprising 1.4% of all primary bone tumors. It commonly involves humerus, femur, tibia, and pelvic bones. Spinal involvement is rare. The pathological appearance of the lesion is one of the blown out distension with fluid filled cavities from which it gains the name aneurysmal bone cyst. The World Health Organization has defined it as an expanding lesion with blood filled cavities separated by septa of trabecular bone or fibrous tissue containing osteoclast giant cells. We describe the case of a 20-year-old Asian male who presented with backache and pain in right leg. Radiology was suggestive of an ABC involving the posterior elements of the lumbar vertebra. Excision was performed. We discuss this unusual case, reviewing the current literature on biological behavior and management of aneurysmal bone cyst.

Aggressive osteoblastoma involving the craniovertebral junction: A case report and review of literature

Osteoblastoma (OB) is a rare bony neoplasm constituting around 1% of all primary bone tumors. Although the vertebrae and long bones are the most common sites affected by OB, skull remains a relatively uncommon site of occurrence. Aggressive variant of OB is histologically intermediate between an indolent conventional OB and a malignant osteosarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, aggressive osteoblastoma (AO) affecting the craniovertebral junction has not been previously described in the literature. In this report, we present a 34-year-old gentleman who presented with a mass involving the left side of the neck and oral cavity along with ipsilateral lower cranial nerve paresis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans of the craniovertebral junction revealed a heterogeneously enhancing expansile lesion with areas of destruction involving the clivus, left sided jugular foramen and left side of first two cervical vertebras. Angiography showed distortion of the V3 segment of the left vertebral artery and shift of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. The tumor was maximally excised through far lateral approach. Histopathologic examination revealed a diagnosis of AO. The patient was referred for radiotherapy for the residual tumor and was doing well at 5 months follow-up.