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Shinya S, Muthusinghe DS, Koizumi N, Yoshimatsu K, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y. Effects of Diazinon Exposure on Urinary Shedding of Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Hebdomadis in Mice. Toxics 2023; 11:361. [PMID: 37112589 PMCID: PMC10141796 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wild rodents are natural hosts of Leptospira spp. and are exposed to various pesticides, some of which are immunotoxic. Rodent urine is an important source of infection for humans and other animals. We evaluated the effects of pesticide exposure on Leptospira growth in mice. Diazinon, at doses of 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg/day, was orally administered continuously to mice infected with Leptospira interrogans serogroup Hebdomadis for 32 days. The numbers of L. interrogans in urine and kidney tissues were significantly lower in mice exposed to 5 mg/kg/day diazinon than in unexposed mice (p < 0.05). The urinary concentration of 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol, the metabolite of diazinon, was comparable with the concentration at which viability of L. interrogans was decreased in in vitro assay, suggesting that it had toxic effects on L. interrogans in the proximal renal tubules. Diazinon exposure reinforced Leptospira-induced expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in kidney tissues, and an enhanced immune system might suppress Leptospira growth. These results suggest that diazinon exposure may not increase the risk of Leptospira transmission to humans through mice. This novel study evaluated the relationship between pesticide exposure and Leptospira infection in mice, and the results could be useful for risk assessment of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shinya
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | | | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Shouta M. M. Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Biomedical Science Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 32379, Zambia
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Gamage CD, Nanayakkara S, Sarathkumara YD, Muthusinghe DS, Shimizu K, Arikawa J, Lokupathirage SMW, Nanayakkara N, Gunarathne L, Chandrajith R, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Yoshimatsu K. Hantavirus infection as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) and its prevalence in endemic areas of Sri Lanka since 2010 according to a retrospective serological analysis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748416 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka, especially among agrarian communities. Although the cause of CKDu is still unknown, hantavirus infection has been proposed as a risk factor.Methods. This study was performed using serological samples collected from two CKDu-endemic areas, Anuradhapura (2010) and Badulla districts (2010 and 2016), and a non-endemic area, Matale (2016) district. The presence of anti-Thailand orthohantavirus IgG antibodies was investigated in serum samples. Hantavirus seroprevalence and demographic data were epidemiologically analysed.Results. Seroprevalence was higher in CKDu patients (40.6-60.0 %) and healthy individuals in CKDu-endemic areas (17.6-25.5 %) than in healthy individuals in non-endemic areas (3.0 %). Statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) for hantavirus infection in CKDu patients were detected in CKDu-endemic areas [ORs: 3.2 and 3.1; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.8-5.5 and 1.8-5.2 in Anuradhapura and Badulla districts in 2010; and OR: 4.4, 95 % CI: 2.3-8.5 in 2016 in Badulla district). Furthermore, the OR for hantavirus infection in Badulla district has increased in the last decade from 3.1 (95 % CI: 1.8-5.3) to 4.4 (95 % CI: 2.3-8.5).Conclusion. Hantavirus infection has been prevalent in two distant CKDu-endemic areas since 2010. The observed significant association of hantavirus seropositivity with CKDu indicates a possible role of hantavirus infection in CKDu pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shanika Nanayakkara
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia.,Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sithumini M W Lokupathirage
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Teaching Hospital Kandy, 20000 Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Institute of Public Health and Welfare Research, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8141, Japan.,Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Wei Z, Shimizu K, Sarii RS, Muthusinghe DS, Lokupathirage SMW, Nio-Kobayashi J, Yoshimatsu K. Pathological Studies on Hantaan Virus-Infected Mice Simulating Severe Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102247. [PMID: 36298802 PMCID: PMC9607386 DOI: 10.3390/v14102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus is the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The Hantaan virus strain, Korean hemorrhagic fever virus clone-5 (KHF5), causes weight loss and renal hemorrhage in laboratory mice. Clone-4 (KHF4), which has a single E417K amino acid change in its glycoprotein, is an avirulent variant. In this study, KHF4 and KHF5 were compared to evaluate pathological differences in mice in vitro and in vivo. The characteristics of the two glycoproteins were not significantly different in vitro. However, the virulent KHF5 strain targeted the lungs and caused pneumonia and edema in vivo. Both strains induced high infectivity levels in the liver and caused hepatitis; however, petechial hemorrhage and glycogen storage reduction were observed in KHF5-infected mice alone. Renal hemorrhage was observed using viral antigens in the tubular region of KHF5-infected mice. In addition, an increase in white blood cell levels and neutrophilia were found in KHF5-infected mice. Microarray analysis of liver cells showed that CD8+ T cell activation, acute-phase protein production, and neutrophil activation was induced by KHF5 infection. KHF5 infectivity was significantly increased in vivo and the histological and clinicopathological findings were similar to those in patients with HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouoxing Wei
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Rakiiya S. Sarii
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Devinda S. Muthusinghe
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- WISE Program for One Health Frontier Graduate School of Excellence, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sithumini M. W. Lokupathirage
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-5539; Fax: +81-11-706-7547
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Yasuda SP, Shimizu K, Koma T, Hoa NT, Le MQ, Wei Z, Muthusinghe DS, Lokupathirage SMW, Hasebe F, Yamashiro T, Arikawa J, Yoshimatsu K. Immunological Responses to Seoul Orthohantavirus in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Brown Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Viruses 2021; 13:v13040665. [PMID: 33921493 PMCID: PMC8070117 DOI: 10.3390/v13040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) persistence, we compared the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to SEOV in experimentally and naturally infected brown rats. Rats that were experimentally infected by the intraperitoneal route showed transient immunoglobulin M (IgM) production, followed by an increased anti-SEOV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response and maturation of IgG avidity. The level of SEOV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) peaked at 6 days after inoculation and the viral genome disappeared from serum. In contrast, naturally infected brown rats simultaneously had a high rate of SEOV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies (28/43). Most of the IgM-positive rats (24/27) had the SEOV genome in their lungs, suggesting that chronic SEOV infection was established in those rats. In female rats with IgG avidity maturation, the viral load in the lungs was decreased. On the other hand, there was no relationship between IgG avidity and viral load in the lungs in male rats. A CTL response was not detected in naturally infected rats. The difference between immune responses in the experimentally and naturally infected rats is associated with the establishment of chronic infection in natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei P. Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (S.P.Y.); (K.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (S.P.Y.); (K.S.); (J.A.)
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;
| | - Nguyen Thuy Hoa
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Zhuoxing Wei
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Z.W.); (D.S.M.); (S.M.W.L.)
| | - Devinda S. Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Z.W.); (D.S.M.); (S.M.W.L.)
| | | | - Futoshi Hasebe
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan;
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (S.P.Y.); (K.S.); (J.A.)
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (S.P.Y.); (K.S.); (J.A.)
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Z.W.); (D.S.M.); (S.M.W.L.)
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-7547
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Wei Z, Shimizu K, Nishigami K, Tsuda Y, Sarathukumara Y, Muthusinghe DS, Gamage CD, Granathne L, Lokupathirage SMW, Nanayakkara N, Arikawa J, Kikuchi F, Tanaka-Taya K, Suzuki M, Morikawa S, Arai S, Yoshimatsu K. Serological methods for detection of infection with shrew-borne hantaviruses: Thottapalayam, Seewis, Altai, and Asama viruses. Arch Virol 2020; 166:275-280. [PMID: 33201342 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of shrew-borne hantaviruses to humans is still unclear because of the lack of a serodiagnosis method for these viruses. In this study, we prepared recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) proteins of Seewis orthohantavirus, Altai orthohantavirus (ALTV), Thottapalayam thottimvirus (TPMV), and Asama orthohantavirus. Using monospecific rabbit sera, no antigenic cross-reactivity was observed. In a serosurvey of 104 samples from renal patients and 271 samples from heathy controls from Sri Lanka, one patient serum and two healthy control sera reacted with rN proteins of ALTV and TPMV, respectively. The novel assays should be applied to investigate potential infectivity of shrew-borne hantaviruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouoxing Wei
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Nishigami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yomani Sarathukumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Lishanta Granathne
- Girandrukotte District Hospital, Renal Clinic, District Hospital, Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuka Kikuchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | | | - Motoi Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Arai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
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Karunanayake L, Gamage CD, Gunasekara CP, De Silva S, Izumiya H, Morita M, Muthusinghe DS, Yoshimatsu K, Niloofa R, Karunanayake P, Uluwattage W, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N. Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. circulating in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008573. [PMID: 32841248 PMCID: PMC7473516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis has gained much attention in Sri Lanka since its large outbreak in 2008. However, most of the cases were clinically diagnosed and information on Leptospira genotypes and serotypes currently prevailing in the country is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We retrospectively analyzed 24 Leptospira strains from human patients as well as isolated and characterized three Leptospira strains from black rats using the microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 19 serovars and multilocus sequence typing. The isolates were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii sequence types (STs) 143 and 144; L. interrogans STs 30, 34, 43, 44, 74, 75, 80, 308, 313, 314, 316, and 317; and L. kirschneri ST318. Six of the 15 STs were identified for the first time in this study. Five serogroups such as Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Javanica, and Pyrogenes were detected among the isolates. Contrary to previous studies, various genotypes including novel STs were isolated during an outbreak in Southern Province. L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica ST143 was isolated both from a human and black rat. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that genetically diverse Leptospira strains currently circulate in Sri Lanka: some genotypes have been circulating and others have emerged recently, which may explain the recent surge of leptospirosis patients with varying clinical manifestations and frequent outbreaks of leptospirosis. Black rats were identified as the source of infection for humans, but reservoir animals for other genotypes remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilani Karunanayake
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima P. Gunasekara
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Roshan Niloofa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sarathkumara YD, Gamage CD, Lokupathirage S, Muthusinghe DS, Nanayakkara N, Gunarathne L, Shimizu K, Tsuda Y, Arikawa J, Yoshimatsu K. Exposure to Hantavirus is a Risk Factor Associated with Kidney Diseases in Sri Lanka: A Cross Sectional Study. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080700. [PMID: 31370348 PMCID: PMC6723923 DOI: 10.3390/v11080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) imposes a substantial burden on public health in Sri Lankan agricultural communities. High seroprevalences of hantavirus have been reported in CKDu patients in several locations of Sri Lanka. We carried out a cross-sectional study followed by an unmatched case-control comparison in two geographically distinct areas of Sri Lanka, Girandurukotte (CKDu endemic) and Kandy (CKDu non-endemic) to determine whether exposure to hantaviruses is a potential risk factor in patients with kidney disease. An indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay using two antigens, Thailand orthohantavirus-infected and recombinant N protein-expressing Vero E6 cells, were used for serodiagnosis. Participants' demographic and other socio-economic data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Fifty kidney disease patients and 270 controls from Kandy and 104 kidney disease patients and 242 controls from Girandurukotte were examined. Seropositivities were 50% and 17.4% in kidney patients and controls, respectively, in Girandurukotte, and they were 18% and 7% in Kandy. The odds of exposure to hantaviruses were higher for kidney disease patients than for controls in both Girandurukotte (OR:3.66, 95% CI:2.01 to 6.64) and Kandy (OR:2.64, 95% CI:1.07 to 6.54) in binary logistic regression models. According to statistical analysis, individuals exposed to hantaviruses had a higher risk of developing renal impairment. Therefore, hantavirus infection might be an important risk factor for development of kidney disease in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Sithumini Lokupathirage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Teaching Hospital Kandy, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Lokupathirage SMW, Muthusinghe DS, Shimizu K, Nishigami K, Noda K, Tsuda Y, Sarathkumara YD, Gunawardana S, Arikawa J, Gamage CD, Yoshimatsu K. Serological Evidence of Thailand Orthohantavirus or Antigenically Related Virus Infection Among Rodents in a Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology Endemic Area, Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:859-866. [PMID: 31339833 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported high seroprevalence to Thailand orthohantavirus (THAIV) or THAIV-related orthohantavirus (TRHV) among patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka. THAIV or TRHV infection is considered to be transmitted by rodent hosts in this area, but its reservoir rodents have not yet been identified. Hence, 116 rodents were captured, and seroprevalences were examined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (immunofluorescence assay [IFA]) using antigens of THAIV strain Thai749-infected Vero E6 cells and recombinant nucleocapsid protein of THAIV expressed in Vero E6 cell. Molecular biological species identification of rodents was carried out by sequencing rag1, irbp, and mitochondrial cytb genes. The majority (112/116) of the captured rodents were lineage Ib of black rats (Rattus rattus). Among them, 19.6% (22/112) of the rats possessed antibodies against THAIV. Also, a lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis), which belongs to the Sri Lankan endemic genetic lineage, was seropositive (1/1). Two Mus booduga and one Murinae sp. were seronegative. Rodent sera showed less cross-reactivities to antigens of Vero E6 cells infected with Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV), Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV), and Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) in IFA. These results suggest that the hantavirus present in rodents in Sri Lanka is related to THAIV or TRHV rather than to SEOV, HTNV, or PUUV. However, it might be serologically distinct from the prototype THAIV strain, Thai749, used in this study. This study revealed that black rats and lesser bandicoot rats belonging to Sri Lankan endemic lineages are possible reservoirs for THAIV or TRHV in Girandurukotte. Further multiple geographical studies are needed to confirm the THAIV or TRHV reservoir status of black and lesser bandicoot rats in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Nishigami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kisho Noda
- School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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