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Gamage CD, Nanayakkara S, Sarathkumara YD, Muthusinghe DS, Shimizu K, Arikawa J, Lokupathirage SMW, Nanayakkara N, Gunarathne L, Chandrajith R, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Yoshimatsu K. Hantavirus infection as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) and its prevalence in endemic areas of Sri Lanka since 2010 according to a retrospective serological analysis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748416 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka, especially among agrarian communities. Although the cause of CKDu is still unknown, hantavirus infection has been proposed as a risk factor.Methods. This study was performed using serological samples collected from two CKDu-endemic areas, Anuradhapura (2010) and Badulla districts (2010 and 2016), and a non-endemic area, Matale (2016) district. The presence of anti-Thailand orthohantavirus IgG antibodies was investigated in serum samples. Hantavirus seroprevalence and demographic data were epidemiologically analysed.Results. Seroprevalence was higher in CKDu patients (40.6-60.0 %) and healthy individuals in CKDu-endemic areas (17.6-25.5 %) than in healthy individuals in non-endemic areas (3.0 %). Statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) for hantavirus infection in CKDu patients were detected in CKDu-endemic areas [ORs: 3.2 and 3.1; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.8-5.5 and 1.8-5.2 in Anuradhapura and Badulla districts in 2010; and OR: 4.4, 95 % CI: 2.3-8.5 in 2016 in Badulla district). Furthermore, the OR for hantavirus infection in Badulla district has increased in the last decade from 3.1 (95 % CI: 1.8-5.3) to 4.4 (95 % CI: 2.3-8.5).Conclusion. Hantavirus infection has been prevalent in two distant CKDu-endemic areas since 2010. The observed significant association of hantavirus seropositivity with CKDu indicates a possible role of hantavirus infection in CKDu pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shanika Nanayakkara
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia.,Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sithumini M W Lokupathirage
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Teaching Hospital Kandy, 20000 Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Institute of Public Health and Welfare Research, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8141, Japan.,Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Sykes JE, Gamage CD, Haake DA, Nally JE. Understanding leptospirosis: application of state-of-the-art molecular typing tools with a One Health lens. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.06.0104. [PMID: 35986911 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.06.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an archetypal One Health problem as described in the companion Currents in One Health article in the October 2022 issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association by Sykes et al. A thorough understanding of leptospirosis requires a detailed analysis of the elaborate interplay among pathogenic leptospiral strains, host species, and the environment. Such an understanding is required to inform appropriate preventative measures including vaccine design, prophylaxis efforts, educational programs that help to reduce exposure to pathogenic spirochetes, as well as policy development. Because of the complex epidemiology of leptospirosis, a One Health approach as defined by the One Health Initiative Task Force is critical-an approach that calls for "the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment." Over the last three decades, progressive advances in cutting-edge molecular typing techniques, as well as our ability to rapidly generate and share large amounts of sequence data through establishment and growth of databases, have been central to accelerating a One Health understanding of the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Nevertheless, our dependence on serotype information because of the serovar-specific nature of current vaccines means that laborious serotyping efforts continue. With the advent of new approaches such as mRNA vaccines that are based on lipopolysaccharide immunogens, sequence- and/or proteomics-based typing methods may replace these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - David A Haake
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA.,The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
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Sykes JE, Haake DA, Gamage CD, Mills WZ, Nally JE. A global one health perspective on leptospirosis in humans and animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1589-1596. [PMID: 35895801 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a quintessential one health disease of humans and animals caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Intra- and interspecies transmission is dependent on 1) reservoir host animals in which organisms replicate and are shed in urine over long periods of time, 2) the persistence of spirochetes in the environment, and 3) subsequent human-animal-environmental interactions. The combination of increased flooding events due to climate change, changes in human-animal-environmental interactions as a result of the pandemic that favor a rise in the incidence of leptospirosis, and under-recognition of leptospirosis because of nonspecific clinical signs and severe signs that resemble COVID-19 represents a "perfect storm" for resurgence of leptospirosis in people and domestic animals. Although often considered a disease that occurs in warm, humid climates with high annual rainfall, pathogenic Leptospira spp have recently been associated with disease in animals and humans that reside in semiarid regions like the southwestern US and have impacted humans that have a wide spectrum of socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, it is critical that physicians, veterinarians, and public health experts maintain a high index of suspicion for the disease regardless of geographic and socioeconomic circumstances and work together to understand outbreaks and implement appropriate control measures. Over the last decade, major strides have been made in our understanding of the disease because of improvements in diagnostic tests, molecular epidemiologic tools, educational efforts on preventive measures, and vaccines. These novel approaches are highlighted in the companion Currents in One Health by Sykes et al, AJVR, September 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sykes
- 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David A Haake
- 2VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA.,3David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- 4Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jarlath E Nally
- 6National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA
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Premarathne S, Chandrajith R, Nanayakkara N, Gamage CD, Ratnatunga N, Wijetunge S, Badurdeen Z, Guruge S, Elladeniya N, Madushan KPS, Samarasiri KOCU, Hewavitharane P, Herath D, Senarathne S. Could Consumption of Trace Element-Contaminated Rice Be a Risk Factor for Acute Interstitial Nephritis with Uncertain Etiology in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka? Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2597-2605. [PMID: 34431070 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of toxic trace elements in the human body has been considered one of the major reasons for renal dysfunction. Chronic kidney disease with uncertain etiological factors (CKDu) is a recently described clinical entity in which the disease is found in geographically isolated pockets in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In CKDu regions, an increasing number of cases are reported with acute interstitial nephritis without any known reason (AINu). However, recent exposure to certain risk behaviors or nephrotoxins, or both, is suspected for the AINu. Consumption of foods that are contaminated with trace elements is one of the main pathways of human exposure to environmental toxins. The current study was carried out to assess the possibility of trace element-contaminated rice consumption on the etiopathogenesis of AINu. Samples of rice consumed by 32 clinically diagnosed AINu cases were collected and analyzed for possible nephrotoxic trace elements. Out of 32 patients, 26 were histologically confirmed with tubulointerstitial disease. The results revealed that the mean values of Cd, As, and Pb were 0.18, 0.055, and 0.135 mg/kg, with ranges of 0.020-1.06, 0.012-0.222, and 0.003-0.744 mg/kg (on dry weight basis), respectively. This study indicated that the investigated toxic trace element levels of rice consumed by AINu were reasonably below the recommended levels of the Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO and WHO. Hence, it is less likely that rice consumption is to be a risk factor for the etiology of AINu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - C D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Neelakanthi Ratnatunga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Sulochana Wijetunge
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Zeid Badurdeen
- Centre for Education Research and Training On Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Shashika Guruge
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - N Elladeniya
- Centre for Education Research and Training On Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - K P S Madushan
- Centre for Education Research and Training On Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - K O C U Samarasiri
- Centre for Education Research and Training On Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Sachintha Senarathne
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Wei Z, Shimizu K, Nishigami K, Tsuda Y, Sarathukumara Y, Muthusinghe DS, Gamage CD, Granathne L, Lokupathirage SMW, Nanayakkara N, Arikawa J, Kikuchi F, Tanaka-Taya K, Suzuki M, Morikawa S, Arai S, Yoshimatsu K. Serological methods for detection of infection with shrew-borne hantaviruses: Thottapalayam, Seewis, Altai, and Asama viruses. Arch Virol 2020; 166:275-280. [PMID: 33201342 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of shrew-borne hantaviruses to humans is still unclear because of the lack of a serodiagnosis method for these viruses. In this study, we prepared recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) proteins of Seewis orthohantavirus, Altai orthohantavirus (ALTV), Thottapalayam thottimvirus (TPMV), and Asama orthohantavirus. Using monospecific rabbit sera, no antigenic cross-reactivity was observed. In a serosurvey of 104 samples from renal patients and 271 samples from heathy controls from Sri Lanka, one patient serum and two healthy control sera reacted with rN proteins of ALTV and TPMV, respectively. The novel assays should be applied to investigate potential infectivity of shrew-borne hantaviruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouoxing Wei
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Nishigami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yomani Sarathukumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Lishanta Granathne
- Girandrukotte District Hospital, Renal Clinic, District Hospital, Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuka Kikuchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | | | - Motoi Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Arai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
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6
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Kikuchi F, Aoki K, Ohdachi SD, Tsuchiya K, Motokawa M, Jogahara T, Sơn NT, Bawm S, Lin KS, Thwe TL, Gamage CD, Ranorosoa MC, Omar H, Maryanto I, Suzuki H, Tanaka-Taya K, Morikawa S, Mizutani T, Suzuki M, Yanagihara R, Arai S. Genetic Diversity and Phylogeography of Thottapalayam thottimvirus ( Hantaviridae) in Asian House Shrew ( Suncus murinus) in Eurasia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:438. [PMID: 32974220 PMCID: PMC7481397 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Murid and cricetid rodents were previously believed to be the principal reservoir hosts of hantaviruses. Recently, however, multiple newfound hantaviruses have been discovered in shrews, moles, and bats, suggesting a complex evolutionary history. Little is known about the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of the prototype shrew-borne hantavirus, Thottapalayam thottimvirus (TPMV), carried by the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), which is widespread in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Comparison of TPMV genomic sequences from two Asian house shrews captured in Myanmar and Pakistan with TPMV strains in GenBank revealed that the Myanmar TPMV strain (H2763) was closely related to the prototype TPMV strain (VRC66412) from India. In the L-segment tree, on the other hand, the Pakistan TPMV strain (PK3629) appeared to be the most divergent, followed by TPMV strains from Nepal, then the Indian-Myanmar strains, and finally TPMV strains from China. The Myanmar strain of TPMV showed sequence similarity of 79.3-96.1% at the nucleotide level, but the deduced amino acid sequences showed a high degree of conservation of more than 94% with TPMV strains from Nepal, India, Pakistan, and China. Cophylogenetic analysis of host cytochrome b and TPMV strains suggested that the Pakistan TPMV strain was mismatched. Phylogenetic trees, based on host cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes of mitochondrial DNA, and on host recombination activating gene 1 of nuclear DNA, suggested that the Asian house shrew and Asian highland shrew (Suncus montanus) comprised a species complex. Overall, the geographic-specific clustering of TPMV strains in Asian countries suggested local host-specific adaptation. Additional in-depth studies are warranted to ascertain if TPMV originated in Asian house shrews on the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Kikuchi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Keita Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi D. Ohdachi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Faculty of Law, Economics and Management, Okinawa University, Naha, Japan
| | - Nguyễn Trường Sơn
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Saw Bawm
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw San Lin
- Department of Aquaculture and Aquatic Disease, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Thida Lay Thwe
- Department of Zoology, Yangon University of Distance Education, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Marie Claudine Ranorosoa
- Mention Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hasmahzaiti Omar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibnu Maryanto
- Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Karunanayake L, Gamage CD, Gunasekara CP, De Silva S, Izumiya H, Morita M, Muthusinghe DS, Yoshimatsu K, Niloofa R, Karunanayake P, Uluwattage W, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N. Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. circulating in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008573. [PMID: 32841248 PMCID: PMC7473516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis has gained much attention in Sri Lanka since its large outbreak in 2008. However, most of the cases were clinically diagnosed and information on Leptospira genotypes and serotypes currently prevailing in the country is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We retrospectively analyzed 24 Leptospira strains from human patients as well as isolated and characterized three Leptospira strains from black rats using the microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 19 serovars and multilocus sequence typing. The isolates were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii sequence types (STs) 143 and 144; L. interrogans STs 30, 34, 43, 44, 74, 75, 80, 308, 313, 314, 316, and 317; and L. kirschneri ST318. Six of the 15 STs were identified for the first time in this study. Five serogroups such as Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Javanica, and Pyrogenes were detected among the isolates. Contrary to previous studies, various genotypes including novel STs were isolated during an outbreak in Southern Province. L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica ST143 was isolated both from a human and black rat. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that genetically diverse Leptospira strains currently circulate in Sri Lanka: some genotypes have been circulating and others have emerged recently, which may explain the recent surge of leptospirosis patients with varying clinical manifestations and frequent outbreaks of leptospirosis. Black rats were identified as the source of infection for humans, but reservoir animals for other genotypes remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilani Karunanayake
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima P. Gunasekara
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Roshan Niloofa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Gamage CD, Sato Y, Kimura R, Yamashiro T, Toma C. Understanding leptospirosis eco-epidemiology by environmental DNA metabarcoding of irrigation water from two agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008437. [PMID: 32701971 PMCID: PMC7377381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonoses across the world not only because of its impact on human and animal health but also because of the economic and social impact on agrarian communities. Leptospirosis is endemic in Sri Lanka where paddy farming activities, the use of draught animals in agriculture, and peridomestic animals in urban and rural areas play important roles in maintaining the infection cycle of pathogenic Leptospira, especially concerning animals as a potential reservoir. In this study, an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methodology was applied in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka to understand the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis. Methodology/Principal findings Irrigation water samples were collected in Kandy District (wet zone mid-country region 2) and Girandurukotte, Badulla District (intermediate zone low-country region 2); and analysed for the presence of pathogenic Leptospira, associated microbiome and the potential reservoir animals. Briefly, we generated PCR products for high-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons through next-generation sequencing. The analysis of eDNA showed different environmental microbiomes in both regions and a higher diversity of Leptospira species circulating in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Moreover, the number of sequence reads of pathogenic Leptospira species associated with clinical cases such as L. interrogans was higher in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Kandy also showed more animal species associated with pathogenic bacterial species than Girandurukotte. Finally, several pathogenic bacterial species including Arcobacter cryaerophilus, responsible for abortion in animals, was shown to be associated with pathogenic Leptospira. Conclusions/Significance Leptospirosis has been considered to be endemic in wet regions, consistently, leptospiral sequences were detected strongly in Kandy. The great Leptospira species diversity in Kandy observed in this study shows that the etiological agents of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka might be underestimated. Furthermore, our eDNA metabarcoding can be used to discriminate bacterial and animal species diversity in different regions and to explore environmental microbiomes to identify other associated bacterial pathogens in the environment. Leptospirosis is a widespread bacterial zoonosis with increasing importance due to its vast range of reservoir hosts. Early symptoms are shared by other infectious diseases common in tropical and sub-tropical regions, where the real burden and risk factors need to be known. In Sri Lanka, leptospirosis is mostly an occupational disease associated with freshwater or animal exposure in agriculture communities. Thus, there is a need for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis in agrarian regions of the country for developing better prevention and intervention strategies. In this study, we applied an environmental DNA metabarcoding methodology to understand the environmental microbiome, potential reservoir animals and the Leptospira species circulating in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka: Kandy (wet region mid-country region 2) and Girandurukotte (intermediate region low-country region 2). It is known that pathogenic Leptospira are excreted through the urine of reservoir animals in the environment, where they can persist in humid conditions. Congruently, this study showed a higher detection of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment of Kandy where the environmental microbiome showed a higher diversity than Girandurukotte. Potential animal reservoirs were also detected in samples positive for pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting that environmental DNA metabarcoding can provide important information for management and intervention strategies to control leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Yukuto Sato
- Center for Strategic Research Project, Organization for Research Promotion, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (CT)
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Claudia Toma
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (CT)
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Sarathkumara YD, Gamage CD, Lokupathirage S, Muthusinghe DS, Nanayakkara N, Gunarathne L, Shimizu K, Tsuda Y, Arikawa J, Yoshimatsu K. Exposure to Hantavirus is a Risk Factor Associated with Kidney Diseases in Sri Lanka: A Cross Sectional Study. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080700. [PMID: 31370348 PMCID: PMC6723923 DOI: 10.3390/v11080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) imposes a substantial burden on public health in Sri Lankan agricultural communities. High seroprevalences of hantavirus have been reported in CKDu patients in several locations of Sri Lanka. We carried out a cross-sectional study followed by an unmatched case-control comparison in two geographically distinct areas of Sri Lanka, Girandurukotte (CKDu endemic) and Kandy (CKDu non-endemic) to determine whether exposure to hantaviruses is a potential risk factor in patients with kidney disease. An indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay using two antigens, Thailand orthohantavirus-infected and recombinant N protein-expressing Vero E6 cells, were used for serodiagnosis. Participants' demographic and other socio-economic data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Fifty kidney disease patients and 270 controls from Kandy and 104 kidney disease patients and 242 controls from Girandurukotte were examined. Seropositivities were 50% and 17.4% in kidney patients and controls, respectively, in Girandurukotte, and they were 18% and 7% in Kandy. The odds of exposure to hantaviruses were higher for kidney disease patients than for controls in both Girandurukotte (OR:3.66, 95% CI:2.01 to 6.64) and Kandy (OR:2.64, 95% CI:1.07 to 6.54) in binary logistic regression models. According to statistical analysis, individuals exposed to hantaviruses had a higher risk of developing renal impairment. Therefore, hantavirus infection might be an important risk factor for development of kidney disease in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Sithumini Lokupathirage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Devinda S Muthusinghe
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Teaching Hospital Kandy, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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10
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Lokupathirage SMW, Muthusinghe DS, Shimizu K, Nishigami K, Noda K, Tsuda Y, Sarathkumara YD, Gunawardana S, Arikawa J, Gamage CD, Yoshimatsu K. Serological Evidence of Thailand Orthohantavirus or Antigenically Related Virus Infection Among Rodents in a Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology Endemic Area, Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:859-866. [PMID: 31339833 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported high seroprevalence to Thailand orthohantavirus (THAIV) or THAIV-related orthohantavirus (TRHV) among patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka. THAIV or TRHV infection is considered to be transmitted by rodent hosts in this area, but its reservoir rodents have not yet been identified. Hence, 116 rodents were captured, and seroprevalences were examined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (immunofluorescence assay [IFA]) using antigens of THAIV strain Thai749-infected Vero E6 cells and recombinant nucleocapsid protein of THAIV expressed in Vero E6 cell. Molecular biological species identification of rodents was carried out by sequencing rag1, irbp, and mitochondrial cytb genes. The majority (112/116) of the captured rodents were lineage Ib of black rats (Rattus rattus). Among them, 19.6% (22/112) of the rats possessed antibodies against THAIV. Also, a lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis), which belongs to the Sri Lankan endemic genetic lineage, was seropositive (1/1). Two Mus booduga and one Murinae sp. were seronegative. Rodent sera showed less cross-reactivities to antigens of Vero E6 cells infected with Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV), Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV), and Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) in IFA. These results suggest that the hantavirus present in rodents in Sri Lanka is related to THAIV or TRHV rather than to SEOV, HTNV, or PUUV. However, it might be serologically distinct from the prototype THAIV strain, Thai749, used in this study. This study revealed that black rats and lesser bandicoot rats belonging to Sri Lankan endemic lineages are possible reservoirs for THAIV or TRHV in Girandurukotte. Further multiple geographical studies are needed to confirm the THAIV or TRHV reservoir status of black and lesser bandicoot rats in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Nishigami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kisho Noda
- School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Kalupahana RS, Duim B, Verstappen KM, Gamage CD, Dissanayake N, Ranatunga L, Graveland H, Wagenaar JA. MRSA in Pigs and the Environment as a Risk for Employees in Pig-Dense Areas of Sri Lanka. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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12
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Nisansala GGT, Muthusinghe D, Gunasekara TDCP, Weerasekera MM, Fernando SSN, Ranasinghe KNP, Marasinghe MGCP, Fernando PS, Koizumi N, Gamage CD. Isolation and characterization of Leptospira interrogans from two patients with leptospirosis in Western Province, Sri Lanka. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1249-1252. [PMID: 30024367 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an endemic infectious disease causing considerable morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka; however, reports on the isolation of Leptospira from infected patients in Sri Lanka have been largely unavailable since the 1970s. Two isolates were obtained and characterized from 100 blood cultures from leptospirosis-suspected patients. Phylogenic analysis of partial flaB gene sequences identified the isolates as Leptospira interrogans. The patient serum samples from which Leptospira was isolated reacted with the Leptospira serogroups Sejroe and Canicola at a titre of 1 : 200. Exposure to domestic sewage and gutters filled with muddy water was suspected to be the source of infection in these two culture-positive patients. This study reports the successful isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from two patients in Western Province, Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G T Nisansala
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - D Muthusinghe
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T D C P Gunasekara
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - M M Weerasekera
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - S S N Fernando
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - M G C P Marasinghe
- 4Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - P S Fernando
- 5Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa Road, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N Koizumi
- 6Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C D Gamage
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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13
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Gamage CD, Yoshimatsu K, Sarathkumara YD, Kulendiran T, Nanayakkara N, Arikawa J. Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in Girandurukotte, an area endemic for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 57:77-78. [PMID: 28212862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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14
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Ohdachi SD, Kinoshita G, Oda SI, Motokawa M, Jogahara T, Arai S, Nguyen ST, Suzuki H, Katakura K, Bawm S, Min MZ, Thwe TL, Gamage CD, Hashim R, Omar H, Maryanto I, Ghadirian T, Ranorosoa MC, Moribe J, Tsuchiya K. Intraspecific Phylogeny of the House Shrews,Suncus murinus-S. montanusSpecies Complex, Based on the Mitochondrial CytochromebGene. Mammal Study 2016. [DOI: 10.3106/041.041.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Shiokawa K, Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Sakoda Y, Shimizu K, Tsuda Y, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Evaluation of truncated LipL32 expressed by Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris for serodiagnosis of Leptospira infection in rodents. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:221-30. [PMID: 26412049 PMCID: PMC4785110 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of the recombinant LipL32 for serodiagnosis of leptospiral infection in field rodents was
assessed in this study. An immunodominant region of LipL32 was determined by monoclonal antibodies, and then,
truncated LipL32 (tLipL32) was designed to contain the region (87–188th amino acid). The tLipL32 was compared
between two recombinant expression hosts Escherichia coli and Pichia
pastoris in ELISA. With field rat sera, tLipL32 expressed by P. pastoris
(tLipL32p) had high antigenicity without background reactions, while tLipL32 expressed by E.
coli (tLipL32e) showed high background reactions, which were reduced by pre-adsorption of sera with
E. coli. To evaluate tLipL32-ELISA, field rat sera were tentatively divided into a
Leptospira infection positive (12 sera) and a negative group (12 sera) based on the results
from flaB gene PCR of kidney samples and WB with whole Leptospira cell.
Consequently, the sensitivity of tLipL32p-ELISA for field rat sera was 83% . A similar result was obtained
from tLipL32e-ELISA with adsorbed sera, (92%). However, sensitivity of tLipL32e-ELISA using sera without an
adsorption treatment was 50%. Regardless of the expression host, tLipL32-ELISA had 100% specificity and
sensitivity in experimentally infected laboratory rats. These results suggest that recombinant LipL32
expressed by P. pastoris is more applicable for serodiagnosis in field rats due to a lack of
background reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Shiokawa
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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16
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Kanda K, Obayashi Y, Jayasinghe A, de S. Gunawardena G, Delpitiya N, Priyadarshani N, Gamage CD, Arai A, Tamashiro H. Outcomes of a school-based intervention on rabies prevention among school children in rural Sri Lanka. Int Health 2014; 7:348-53. [DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Amada T, Yoshimatsu K, Koma T, Shimizu K, Gamage CD, Shiokawa K, Nishio S, Ahlm C, Arikawa J. Development of an immunochromatography strip test based on truncated nucleocapsid antigens of three representative hantaviruses. Virol J 2014; 11:87. [PMID: 24885901 PMCID: PMC4047433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantaviruses are causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and nephropathia epidemica (NE) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. There is a need for time-saving diagnostic methods. In the present study, recombinant N antigens were used as antigens in an immunochromatography strip (ICG) test to detect specific IgG antibodies. METHODS The N-terminal 103 amino acids (aa) of Hantaan virus (HTNV), Puumala virus (PUUV) and Andes virus (ANDV) nucleocapsid (N) protein were expressed in E. coli as representative antigens of three groups (HFRS, NE and HPS-causing viruses) of hantavirus. Five different types of ICG test strips, one antigen line on one strip for each of the three selected hantaviruses (HTNV, PUUV and ANDV), three antigen lines on one strip and a mixed antigen line on one strip, were developed and sensitivities were compared. RESULTS A total of 87 convalescent-phase patient sera, including sera from 35 HFRS patients, 36 NE patients and 16 HPS patients, and 25 sera from healthy seronegative people as negative controls were used to evaluate the ICG test. Sensitivities of the three-line strip and mixed-line strip were similar to those of the single antigen strip (97.2 to 100%). On the other hand, all of the ICG test strips showed high specificities to healthy donors. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the ICG test with the three representative antigens is an effective serodiagnostic tool for screening and typing of hantavirus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-8683, Japan.
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18
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Yasuda SP, Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Nishio S, Isozumi R, Shimizu K, Koma T, Amada T, Suzuki H, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Distinct genetic characteristics of Sri Lankan Rattus and Bandicota (Murinae, Rodentia) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 89:71-80. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.89.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei P. Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Sanae Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Rie Isozumi
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takako Amada
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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Kanda K, Jayasinghe A, Silva KT, Priyadarshani N, Delpitiya N, Obayashi Y, Arai A, Gamage CD, Tamashiro H. Religious leaders as potential advocates for HIV/AIDS prevention among the general population in Sri Lanka. Glob Public Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2012.745892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Nwafor-Okoli C, Koizumi N, Kularatne SA, Rajapakse J, Gamage CD, Muto M, Suzuki M, Lee RB, Kanda K, Obayashi Y, Tamashiro H. Leptospira infection at the University of Peradeniya Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka: clinical and laboratory investigations. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012; 43:943-950. [PMID: 23077817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To help formulate a local intervention for leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, we determined the serogroups of leptospiral species among 97 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis at the University of Peradeniya Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Ninety-two point eight percent of the patients were men; nearly two-thirds were > or = 35 years old; the majority had secondary or higher education level, half were farmers or laborers; and 57.7% presented in the acute-phase of the illness. Twenty-five patients (25.8%) were confirmed to have leptospirosis by a positive laboratory method; 17 and 8 cases were confirmed with a positive test by quantitative MAT and nested PCR, respectively. Of the 17 MAT positive cases, infection occurred in a variety of serogroups, but the predominant groups were Sejroe and Tarassovi. Of the 8 nested PCR positive cases, 7 were seen among those with a MAT titer <200 and 1 occurred in a patient with a MAT titer > or = 200 but <400. Of the 8 PCR positive cases, 7 were infected with the leptospiral species L. interrogans. Approximately 26% of the clinically diagnosed patients were confirmed by the two laboratory methods. Laboratory positivity was based on the time of blood collection after the onset of fever. Further studies are warranted to refine the clinical diagnostic criteria and to develop more efficient and accurate diagnostic tests for leptospirosis in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Nwafor-Okoli
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Gamage CD, Amarasekera J, Palihawadana P, Samaraweera S, Mendis D, Janakan N, Lee RB, Obayashi Y, Tamashiro H. Analysis of Hospital-Based Sentinel Surveillance Data on Leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, 2005–2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.65.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Global Health & Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Romeo B. Lee
- Behavioral Sciences Department, De La Salle University, Philippines
| | - Yoshihide Obayashi
- Department of Global Health & Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiko Tamashiro
- Department of Global Health & Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Gamage CD, Amarasekera J, Palihawadana P, Samaraweera S, Mendis D, Janakan N, Lee RB, Obayashi Y, Tamashiro H. Analysis of hospital-based sentinel surveillance data on leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, 2005-2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012; 65:157-161. [PMID: 22446124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In Sri Lanka, leptospirosis is a notifiable disease. In addition to having a routine disease reporting system, Sri Lanka has implemented a hospital-based sentinel surveillance system since 2004. This report discusses the findings of a descriptive analysis of the sentinel surveillance data collected from 2005 to 2008. Of the 4,000 suspected leptospirosis cases, 46.9% and 26.8% were recorded from the Western and Sabaragamuwa provinces, respectively. Most of the individuals were male (83.5%), and approximately 45.6% were aged 30-49 years. Farmers accounted for 16.5%, and laborers for 16.1%; however, the occupation of nearly half (44.8%) of the study population was unknown. More than half (53.9%) of the individuals worked in paddy fields. Almost all had acute fever (98.8%), myalgia (92.9%), and headache (92.7%), but fewer had other related symptoms. Out of the 4,000 individuals, 2,496 (62.4%) underwent a laboratory test; however, the laboratory test results of only 1,445 (57.9%) and the microscopic agglutination results of 41 (2.8%) were available at the sentinel sites. Less than 2% of the reported individuals underwent prophylactic treatment. These findings will help enhance the ongoing efforts for controlling and preventing leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. Sentinel surveillance is a useful tool, but the data quality needs to be improved by supplementing the findings with adequate laboratory diagnosis data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Global Health & Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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23
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Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Muto M, Nwafor-Okoli C, Kurukurusuriya S, Rajapakse JR, Kularatne SA, Kanda K, Lee RB, Obayashi Y, Watanabe H, Tamashiro H. Prevalence and Carrier Status of Leptospirosis in Smallholder Dairy Cattle and Peridomestic Rodents in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1041-7. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Muto
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinyere Nwafor-Okoli
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shanika Kurukurusuriya
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayanthe R.P.V. Rajapakse
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Koji Kanda
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Romeo B. Lee
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Obayashi
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- Director-General, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiko Tamashiro
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Gamage CD, Yasuda SP, Nishio S, Kularatne SA, Weerakoon K, Rajapakse J, Nwafor-Okoli C, Lee RB, Obayashi Y, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Tamashiro H. Serological Evidence of Thailand Virus-Related Hantavirus Infection among Suspected Leptospirosis Patients in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.64.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shumpei P. Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Sanae Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Kosala Weerakoon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinyere Nwafor-Okoli
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Romeo B. Lee
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yoshi Obayashi
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hiko Tamashiro
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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25
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Gamage CD, Yasuda SP, Nishio S, Kularatne SA, Weerakoon K, Rajapakse J, Nwafor-Okoli C, Lee RB, Obayashi Y, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Tamashiro H. Serological evidence of Thailand virus-related hantavirus infection among suspected leptospirosis patients in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011; 64:72-75. [PMID: 21266762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the current prevalence of leptospirosis and hantaviral infections, and the socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors of infected patients, in Kandy, Sri Lanka. This report discusses the serological evidence of hantavirus infections among 105 suspected leptospirosis patients, 8 of whom had hantavirus antibodies. Serotyping ELISA showed that these 8 patients had high optical density values for Thailand virus. Most of the sera showed that the focus reduction neutralization test titer against Thailand virus was higher than that against Seoul virus, thereby suggesting that the hantaviral antibodies found in Sri Lanka are different from Seoul virus but closely related to Thailand virus. These findings imply that the hantaviral infection found in Kandy, Sri Lanka appears to be due to a virus similar to Thailand virus. Epidemiological analysis revealed that the association between hantavirus infection and socio-demographic characteristics was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D Gamage
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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26
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Koizumi N, Gamage CD, Muto M, Kularatne SAM, Budagoda SBDS, Rajapakse JRPV, Tamashiro H, Watanabe H. Serological and Genetic Analysis of Leptospirosis in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2009.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Maki Muto
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | | | - Jayanthe R. P. V. Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hidehiko Tamashiro
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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27
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Koizumi N, Gamage CD, Muto M, Kularatne SAM, Budagoda BD, Rajapakse RP, Tamashiro H, Watanabe H. Serological and genetic analysis of leptospirosis in patients with acute febrile illness in kandy, sri lanka. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009; 62:474-475. [PMID: 19934544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis has emerged as an important infectious disease in Sri Lanka and little information is available on circulating leptospiral species and serogroups in this country. Therefore, we studied circulating leptospiral species and serogroups in patients with acute febrile illness using polymerase chain reaction and the microscopic agglutination test, respectively. Anti-leptospiral antibodies were detected in 26 of 107 serum samples studied (24.3%). The predominant reacting serogroups were Sejroe (9/26, 34.6%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (5/26, 19.2%). Leptospiral DNA was detected in 3 of the 107 serum samples. The deduced leptospiral species were Leptospira interrogans and L. kirschneri (2 and 1 samples, respectively). These results confirm the existence of a wide array of leptospiral species and serogroups in Sri Lanka and would help to thoroughly elucidate the epidemiology of leptospirosis in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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