Higher relapse rate among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients receiving sofosbuvir/ledipasvir for 8 vs 12 weeks

OBJECTIVES

To compare the efficacy of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) for 8 weeks (SL8) versus a 12-week course of SOF/LDV (SL12) among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients in clinical practice. In addition we compared sustained virological response (SVR) rates achieved with SL8 in HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients in a real life setting.

METHODS

HCV-infected patients were retrospectively selected from the HEPAVIR-DAA and GEHEP-MONO real-life prospective cohorts if they fulfilled the following criteria: 1) Infected with genotype 1; 2) Treatment with SL8 or SL12; 3) Treatment naïve prior to receiving SL8 or SL12; 4) Absence of cirrhosis; 5) Baseline HCV RNA<6 × 10⁶ IU/mL; 6) Reached the scheduled time-point for SVR (SVR12) assessment. SVR12 and relapse rates of HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were compared on an intention to treat basis. The responses with SL8 and SL12 were also compared.

RESULTS

In the SL8 group, 107 (51%) HCV-monoinfected and 102 (49%) HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were included. One hundred and sixty-four (43%) HCV-monoinfected subjects and 220 (57%) HIV/HCV-coinfected patients received SL12. SVR12 rates for HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with SL8 vs SL12 were SVR12 92.2% vs. 97.3% (p = 0.044) and the respective relapse rates were 4.9% vs. 0.5% (p = 0.013). SVR12 rates for SL8 among HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were: 96.3% vs. 92.2% (p = 0.243), respectively. The corresponding relapse rates were 0.9% vs. 4.9% (p = 0.112).

CONCLUSION

HIV/HCV-coinfected patients reach high rates of SVR12 with SL8, although lower than with SL12, mainly due to a higher probability of relapse. SVR12 rates with SL8 are numerically lower and the proportion of relapses higher in HIV/HCVcoinfected patients than in HCV-monoinfected subjects.

Some biogenetic-type transformations of neoclerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria species

Treatment of scutebaicalin (1) with K-t-BuO yielded both the (13S)- and (13R)-8beta,13-epoxyclerodanes 2 and 3, respectively, by a Michael-type heterocyclization reaction. Identical treatment of scutalpin B (4) gave the corresponding (11E)-11-deacetoxy-12-dehydro derivative 5 by an elimination reaction. Side chains at C-9, such as those of compounds 1-5, are frequent among the neoclerodanes found in Scutellaria species, and these transformations suggest a plausible biogenetic pathway for these diterpenoids.

[Indications for episiotomy at public maternity clinics in Nequén, Argentina]

Indications for performing episiotomy during vaginal births are a controversial topic requiring worldwide review. In Neuquén Province, Argentina, when standards for low-risk childbirth were developed in 1995, they included the provision to limit episiotomies to cases at high risk for spontaneous laceration. The present retrospective cohort study was designed for comparing the criteria applied in 1996 as indications for episiotomy in public maternity services of Neuquén Province, as well as the effect of parity and other variables on its frequency. The Perinatal Data System yielded 7,513 medical records for review, which represented 70% of all the institutional births during the year. Of these records, 830 dealing with cesarean sections did not qualify for the study. The remaining 6,683 records were divided into eight groups according to hospital location. Episiotomy incidence rates were estimated for those eight groups and the Poisson regression was applied in order to adjust for birthweight, number of siblings, mother's age, and type of birth presentation and outcome. Taking the Neuquén Hospital data as baseline because of its higher complexity and large number of births taking place there, two hospitals had episiotomy incidence rates equal to 70% (95% CI: 62%-79%) and 67% (95% CI: 57%-78%) of the Neuquén Hospital rates. Two other hospitals had incidence rates which were higher by 28% (95% CI: 13%-45%) and 17% (95% CI: 2-35%), while the remaining hospitals showed no significant differences. Stratified regression by number of previous vaginal births showed parity to be the strongest influencing variable on indications for episiotomy. Rates for nulliparous women showed no differences by hospital, but rates for primiparous women did, with even stronger differences shown for multiparous women. The authors concluded that all institutions included in the study performed episiotomies as a virtually routine procedure on nulliparous women, that there are significant differences in their indications for primiparous women, and that those differences increase along with parity. These differences seem to show that maternity clinics in the Province of Neuquén vary widely in their criteria for episiotomy indications.

Causes of haloperidol discontinuation in patients with Tourette's disorder: management and alternatives

BACKGROUND

Neuroleptics are considered the mainstay of treatment in Tourette's disorder, and haloperidol is deemed the treatment of choice by many. Factors such as treatment efficacy and the side effects that appear in response to neuroleptic administration have been implicated in affecting medication compliance. However, a detailed evaluation of these factors has yet to be undertaken in Tourette's disorder.

METHOD

Of 51 consecutive referrals to a Tourette's disorder clinic, 48 met DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette's disorder. Of these 48, 28 had previously received neuroleptics. In this set of 28 patients, 24 (16 male, 8 female) had initially received treatment with haloperidol, and they made up the present sample; their ages ranged from 10.4 to 47.9 years (mean = 27.1), and age at onset ranged from 2 to 16 years. Each patient completed an evaluation consisting of a Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire and a clinical interview with the patient and involoved family members. Charts were also reviewed to gather information concerning side effects and other factors that led to haloperidol discontinuation and/or noncompliance.

RESULTS

Duration of treatment ranged from 3 days to 14 years (mean = 3.6 years). In this sample, 12.5% (3/24) of the subjects continued medication without interruption (mean +/- SD = 8.4 +/- 5.1 years of medication). Of the 21 patients who discontinued haloperidol, 66.7% (14/21) did so because they experienced intolerable side effects, 9.5% (2/21) because of the fear of experiencing certain side effects, and 14.3% (3/21) because of a combination of these factors. The principal side effects that led to discontinuation included dysphoric reactions, akathisia, nervousness, sedation, dystonic reactions, and cognitive dulling/feeling drugged.

CONCLUSION

Careful monitoring of side effects and efficacy is essential to continued compliance with haloperidol. In addition, psychoeducation about potential consequences of medication administration may help promote compliance in those patients who develop fears of possible adverse reactions.