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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Grifka-Walk HM, Blackwell K, Shepardson K, Kominsky D, Rynda-Apple A, Walcheck B, Jutila MA. An ADAM17-Neutralizing Antibody Reduces Inflammation and Mortality While Increasing Viral Burden in a COVID-19 Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918881. [PMID: 35757773 PMCID: PMC9226444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a protease that cleaves ectodomains of transmembrane proteins, including that of ACE2 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, from cell surfaces upon cellular activation. We hypothesized that blockade of ADAM17 activity would alter COVID-19 pathogenesis. To assess this pathway, we blocked the function of ADAM17 using the monoclonal antibody MEDI3622 in the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model of COVID-19. Antibody-treated mice were healthier, less moribund, and had significantly lower lung pathology than saline-treated mice. However, the viral burden in the lungs of MEDI3622-treated mice was significantly increased. Thus, ADAM17 appears to have a critical anti-viral role, but also may promote inflammatory damage. Since the inflammatory cascade is ultimately the reason for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients, there may be a therapeutic application for the MEDI3622 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karlin Blackwell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Kelly Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Walk H, Havlak K, Shepardson K, Kominsky D, Rynda-Apple A, Walcheck B, Jutila MA. ADAM-17 protease promotes inflammation and mortality while decreasing viral burden in a COVID-19 mouse model. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.125.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM-17) is a protease located in the cell membrane of most cells that, upon cellular activation, cleaves ectodomains of transmembrane proteins, including that of ACE2, from cell surfaces. We hypothesized that blockade of ADAM-17 activity would alter COVID-19 pathogenesis. To assess this pathway, we blocked the function of ADAM-17 using a monoclonal antibody in the K18 human ACE2 Tg mouse model of COVID-19. Antibody-treated mice were healthier, less moribund, and had significantly less lung inflammation than saline treated mice. However, the viral burden in the lungs of anti-ADAM17 Ab-treated mice was significantly greater. ADAM17 also cleaves TNF-a and its blockade decreased lung TNF-a production induced by intratracheal LPS delivery. We are currently testing this possibility in the COVID-19 mouse model. Thus, ADAM-17 appears to have a critical anti-viral role, but also promotes damaging inflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the inflammatory cascade is ultimately the reason for the adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients, there may be a therapeutic application for the anti-ADAM-17 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Amanda Robison
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Heather Walk
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Karlin Havlak
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Walcheck
- 2Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
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3
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Frasch SC, McNamee EN, Kominsky D, Jedlicka P, Jakubzick C, Zemski Berry K, Mack M, Furuta GT, Lee JJ, Henson PM, Colgan SP, Bratton DL. G2A Signaling Dampens Colitic Inflammation via Production of IFN-γ. J Immunol 2016; 197:1425-34. [PMID: 27402702 PMCID: PMC4975950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory consequences have been described for lysophosphatidylcholine, a lipid product of cellular injury, signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor G2A on myeloid and lymphoid inflammatory cells. This prompted the hypothesis that genetic deletion of G2A would limit intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Surprisingly, G2A(-/-) mice exhibited significantly worsened colitis compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by disease activity, colon shortening, histology, and elevated IL-6 and IL-5 in colon tissues. Investigation of inflammatory cells recruited to inflamed G2A(-/-) colons showed significantly more TNF-α(+) and Ly6C(hi)MHCII(-) proinflammatory monocytes and eosinophils than in wild-type colons. Both monocytes and eosinophils were pathogenic as their depletion abolished the excess inflammation in G2A(-/-) mice. G2A(-/-) mice also had less IFN-γ in inflamed colon tissues than wild-type mice. Fewer CD4(+) lymphocytes were recruited to inflamed G2A(-/-) colons, and fewer colonic lymphocytes produced IFN-γ upon ex vivo stimulation. Administration of IFN-γ to G2A(-/-) mice during dextran sodium sulfate exposure abolished the excess colitic inflammation and reduced colonic IL-5 and eosinophil numbers to levels seen in wild-type mice. Furthermore, IFN-γ reduced the numbers of TNF-α(+) monocyte and enhanced their maturation from Ly6C(hi)MHCII(-) to Ly6C(int)MHCII(+) Taken together, the data suggest that G2A signaling serves to dampen intestinal inflammation via the production of IFN-γ, which, in turn, enhances monocyte maturation to a less inflammatory program and ultimately reduces eosinophil-induced injury of colonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Karin Zemski Berry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045; Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
| | - Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Donna L Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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Zheng L, Kelly C, Campbell E, Saeedi B, Scholz C, Bayless A, Wilson K, Glover L, Kominsky D, Magnuson A, Weir T, Ehrentraut S, Nguyen V, Taylor C, Colgan S. Microbe‐Host Crosstalk between Short‐Chain Fatty Acids and Intestinal Epithelial HIF Provides a New Mechanism to Augment Tissue Barrier Function. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.282.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Zheng
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Caleb Kelly
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Eric Campbell
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Bejan Saeedi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Carsten Scholz
- School of MedicineUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinIreland
| | - Amanda Bayless
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Kelly Wilson
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Louise Glover
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Aaron Magnuson
- Department of Human Nutrition Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUnited States
| | - Tiffany Weir
- Department of Human Nutrition Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUnited States
| | | | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Cormac Taylor
- School of MedicineUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinIreland
| | - Sean Colgan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUnited States
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Lanis J, Colgan S, Kominsky D. Signaling Through the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Induces Expression of the IL‐10 Receptor on Intestinal Epithelia. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.142.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Lanis
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
| | - Sean Colgan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
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Kao D, Saeedi B, Schwisow K, Colgan S, Kominsky D. Intestinal epithelial ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase CD73 regulates the homeostasis of
Salmonella typhimurium
and commensal bacteria. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.507.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kao
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Bejan Saeedi
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Kayla Schwisow
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Sean Colgan
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUnited States
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Curtis
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
| | | | - Eric Campbell
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
| | - Louise Glover
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
| | - Amanda Bayless
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
| | - Caleb Kelly
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of ColoradoAnschutz, Medical CampusUnited States
| | - Sean Colgan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusUnited States
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Kao D, Saeedi B, Vickery T, Wilson K, Colgan S, Kominsky D. Intestinal epithelial ecto‐5’‐nucleotidase CD73 regulates invasion by
Salmonella typhimurium
(488.4). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.488.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kao
- Medicine University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Bejan Saeedi
- Medicine University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Thad Vickery
- Medicine University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Kelly Wilson
- Medicine University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
| | - Sean Colgan
- Medicine University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
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Curtis V, Ehrentraut S, Campbell E, Glover L, Bowers B, Bayless A, Kelly C, Kominsky D, Colgan S. Contribution of human deneddylase‐1/SENP8 to the mucosal inflammatory response (488.1). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.488.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caleb Kelly
- University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
| | | | - Sean Colgan
- University of Colorado DenverAuroraCOUnited States
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Glover LE, Saeedi B, Ehrentraut S, Campbell E, Kelly C, Kominsky D, Colgan S. Fundamental Role for HIF‐2‐regulated Creatine Kinase Pathway in Epithelial Apical Junctional Integrity. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.256.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Buehler PW, Baek JH, Lisk C, Connor I, Sullivan T, Kominsky D, Majka S, Stenmark KR, Nozik-Grayck E, Bonaventura J, Irwin DC. Free hemoglobin induction of pulmonary vascular disease: evidence for an inflammatory mechanism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L312-26. [PMID: 22728465 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00074.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) exposure may be a pathogenic mediator in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and when combined with chronic hypoxia the potential for exacerbation of PAH and vascular remodeling is likely more pronounced. We hypothesized that Hb may contribute to hypoxia-driven PAH collectively as a prooxidant, inflammatory, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenger. Using programmable micropump technology, we exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats housed under room air or hypoxia to 12 or 30 mg per day Hb for 3, 5, and 7 wk. Blood pressure, cardiac output, right ventricular hypertrophy, and indexes of pulmonary vascular remodeling were evaluated. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress, NO bioavailability and inflammation were determined. Hb increased pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure, pulmonary vessel wall stiffening, and right heart hypertrophy with temporal and dose dependence in both room air and hypoxic cohorts. Hb induced a modest increase in plasma oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal), no change in NO bioavailability, and increased lung ICAM protein expression. Treatment with the antioxidant Tempol attenuated Hb-induced pulmonary arterial wall thickening, but not PA pressures or ICAM expression. Chronic exposure to low plasma Hb concentrations (range = 3-10 μM) lasting up to 7 wk in rodents induces pulmonary vascular disease via inflammation and to a lesser extent by Hb-mediated oxidation. Tempol demonstrated a modest effect on the attenuation of Hb-induced pulmonary vascular disease. NO bioavailability was found to be of minimal importance in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Keely S, Baird A, Kominsky D, McNamee EN, Hansbro PM, Shalwitz RA, Colgan SP. Immune modulation by prolyl hydroxylase inhibition contributes to the prevention of endotoxemia in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.276.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
| | - Alan Baird
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Eoin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation ProgramUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
| | | | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation ProgramUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
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Collins CB, Aherne CM, Kominsky D, McNamee EN, Lebsack MD, Eltzschig H, Jedlicka P, Rivera-Nieves J. Retinoic acid attenuates ileitis by restoring the balance between T-helper 17 and T regulatory cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1821-31. [PMID: 22027263 PMCID: PMC3684415 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Retinoic acid (RA), produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and dendritic cells (DCs) promotes the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decreases the induction of T-helper (Th)17 cells. METHODS We studied the roles of RA in mice that overproduce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and develop chronic ileitis (TNF_ARE mice). We assessed the frequency and function of CD103+ DCs, Th17 cells, and Tregs by flow cytometry, and we measured expression of cytokines and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymes in ileum samples, DCs, and IECs by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We quantified RA by electrochemical analysis and examined the effect of RA supplementation on TNF-induced ileitis using histologic, coculture, and suppression assays and flow cytometry. RESULTS Numbers of CD103+ DCs decreased in the inflamed ilea of mice with chronic disease; RA synthetic machinery (RALDH1,2) was down-regulated. Nevertheless, the proportion of CD4+, CD25+, FoxP3+ Tregs increased, indicating an alternate source for RA. IECs responded to reduced levels of RA by up-regulating RALDH3 in vivo and in vitro. Net tissue levels of RA remained lower in TNF+ARE than wild-type mice, indicating that epithelial up-regulation of RALDH3 could not maintain adequate concentrations of RA, probably because of loss of IEC mass. RA supplementation significantly attenuated disease by increasing the number and function of CD103+ DCs and Tregs and reducing Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS Reduced levels of RA appear to induce IECs to up-regulate synthesis of RA. RA supplementation attenuates ileitis through its effects on CD103+ DCs, Tregs, and Th17 cells. RA supplementation might offer therapeutic benefit in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm B. Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Carol M. Aherne
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eóin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew D.P. Lebsack
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Holger Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Diego
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Abstract
A new form of holey optical fiber, the random-hole optical fiber, has been devised. The hole structure is produced by generating bubbles in a powdered silica cladding. The bubbles are then drawn into tubules of random size, location, and length during the fiber-draw process. Although the tubes are not continuous along the length of the fiber, as has been the case in previous holey fibers, the tubes are very long, and the average number of holes in any cross section is large. Waveguide losses of approximately 1.55 dB/m have been measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kominsky
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Reovirus infection of target cells can perturb cell cycle regulation and induce apoptosis. Differences in the capacity of reovirus strains to induce cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M have been mapped to the viral S1 genome segment, which also determines differences in the ability of reovirus strains to induce apoptosis and to activate specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades selectively. Reovirus-induced apoptosis involves members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of death receptors and is associated with activation of both death receptor- and mitochondrial-associated caspases. Reovirus infection is also associated with the activation of a variety of transcription factors, including nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) has recently been identified as a novel reovirus receptor. Reovirus binding to JAM appears to be required for induction of apoptosis and activation of NF-kappaB, although the precise cellular pathways involved have not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Tyler
- Dept of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Campus Box B-182, 4200 E, 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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