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Deutsch DR, Utter B, Verratti KJ, Sichtig H, Tallon LJ, Fischetti VA. Extra-Chromosomal DNA Sequencing Reveals Episomal Prophages Capable of Impacting Virulence Factor Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1406. [PMID: 30013526 PMCID: PMC6036120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen with well-characterized bacteriophage contributions to its virulence potential. Recently, we identified plasmidial and episomal prophages in S. aureus strains using an extra-chromosomal DNA (exDNA) isolation and sequencing approach, uncovering the plasmidial phage ϕBU01, which was found to encode important virulence determinants. Here, we expanded our extra-chromosomal sequencing of S. aureus, selecting 15 diverse clinical isolates with known chromosomal sequences for exDNA isolation and next-generation sequencing. We uncovered the presence of additional episomal prophages in 5 of 15 samples, but did not identify any plasmidial prophages. exDNA isolation was found to enrich for circular prophage elements, and qPCR characterization of the strains revealed that such prophage enrichment is detectable only in exDNA samples and would likely be missed in whole-genome DNA preparations (e.g., detection of episomal prophages did not correlate with higher prophage excision rates nor higher excised prophage copy numbers in qPCR experiments using whole-genome DNA). In S. aureus MSSA476, we found that enrichment and excision of the prophage ϕSa4ms into the cytoplasm was temporal and that episomal prophage localization did not appear to be a precursor to lytic cycle replication, suggesting ϕSa4ms excision into the cytoplasm may be part of a novel lysogenic switch. For example, we show that ϕSa4ms excision alters the promoter and transcription of htrA2 , encoding a stress-response serine protease, and that alternative promotion of htrA2 confers increased heat-stress survival in S. aureus COL. Overall, exDNA isolation and focused sequencing may offer a more complete genomic picture for bacterial pathogens, offering insights into important chromosomal dynamics likely missed with whole-genome DNA-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Deutsch
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bryan Utter
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kathleen J Verratti
- Applied Physics Laboratory, National Security Systems Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Heike Sichtig
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Genomics Resource Center, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vincent A Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Deutsch DR, Utter B, Fischetti VA. Uncovering novel mobile genetic elements and their dynamics through an extra-chromosomal sequencing approach. Mob Genet Elements 2016; 6:e1189987. [PMID: 27581613 DOI: 10.1080/2159256x.2016.1189987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major clinically important pathogen with well-studied phage contributions to its virulence potential. In this commentary, we describe our method to enrich and sequence stealth extra-chromosomal DNA elements in the bacterial cell, allowing the identification of novel extra-chromosomal prophages in S. aureus clinical strains. Extra-chromosomal sequencing is a useful and broadly applicable tool to study bacterial genomics, giving a temporal glance at the extra-chromosomal compartment of the cell and allowing researchers to uncover lower-copy plasmidial elements (e.g., prophages) as well as gain a greater understanding of mobile genetic elements that shuffle on and off the chromosome. Here, we describe how episomal and plasmidial DNA elements can have profound downstream effects on the host cell and surrounding bacterial population, and discuss specific examples of their importance in Gram-positive bacteria. We also offer potential avenues of future research where extra-chromosomal sequencing may play a key role in our understanding of the complete virulence potential of infectious bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Deutsch
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan Utter
- Global Analytical Development - Cell and Gene Therapies, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , Morris Plains, NJ, USA
| | - Vincent A Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
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Euler CW, Juncosa B, Ryan PA, Deutsch DR, McShan WM, Fischetti VA. Targeted Curing of All Lysogenic Bacteriophage from Streptococcus pyogenes Using a Novel Counter-selection Technique. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146408. [PMID: 26756207 PMCID: PMC4710455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a human commensal and a bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide variety of human diseases differing in symptoms, severity, and tissue tropism. The completed genome sequences of >37 strains of S. pyogenes, representing diverse disease-causing serotypes, have been published. The greatest genetic variation among these strains is attributed to numerous integrated prophage and prophage-like elements, encoding several virulence factors. A comparison of isogenic strains, differing in prophage content, would reveal the effects of these elements on streptococcal pathogenesis. However, curing strains of prophage is often difficult and sometimes unattainable. We have applied a novel counter-selection approach to identify rare S. pyogenes mutants spontaneously cured of select prophage. To accomplish this, we first inserted a two-gene cassette containing a gene for kanamycin resistance (KanR) and the rpsL wild-type gene, responsible for dominant streptomycin sensitivity (SmS), into a targeted prophage on the chromosome of a streptomycin resistant (SmR) mutant of S. pyogenes strain SF370. We then applied antibiotic counter-selection for the re-establishment of the KanS/SmR phenotype to select for isolates cured of targeted prophage. This methodology allowed for the precise selection of spontaneous phage loss and restoration of the natural phage attB attachment sites for all four prophage-like elements in this S. pyogenes chromosome. Overall, 15 mutants were constructed that encompassed every permutation of phage knockout as well as a mutant strain, named CEM1ΔΦ, completely cured of all bacteriophage elements (a ~10% loss of the genome); the only reported S. pyogenes strain free of prophage-like elements. We compared CEM1ΔΦ to the WT strain by analyzing differences in secreted DNase activity, as well as lytic and lysogenic potential. These mutant strains should allow for the direct examination of bacteriophage relationships within S. pyogenes and further elucidate how the presence of prophage may affect overall streptococcal survival, pathogenicity, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W. Euler
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Barbara Juncosa
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Ryan
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Deutsch
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - W. Michael McShan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, United States of America
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY, 10065, United States of America
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Utter B, Deutsch DR, Schuch R, Winer BY, Verratti K, Bishop-Lilly K, Sozhamannan S, Fischetti VA. Beyond the chromosome: the prevalence of unique extra-chromosomal bacteriophages with integrated virulence genes in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100502. [PMID: 24963913 PMCID: PMC4070920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus, the disease impact of chromosomally integrated prophages on virulence is well described. However, the existence of extra-chromosomal prophages, both plasmidial and episomal, remains obscure. Despite the recent explosion in bacterial and bacteriophage genomic sequencing, studies have failed to specifically focus on extra-chromosomal elements. We selectively enriched and sequenced extra-chromosomal DNA from S. aureus isolates using Roche-454 technology and uncovered evidence for the widespread distribution of multiple extra-chromosomal prophages (ExPΦs) throughout both antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains. We completely sequenced one such element comprised of a 43.8 kbp, circular ExPΦ (designated ФBU01) from a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain. Assembly and annotation of ФBU01 revealed a number of putative virulence determinants encoded within a bacteriophage immune evasion cluster (IEC). Our identification of several potential ExPΦs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) also revealed numerous putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. We describe here a previously unidentified level of genetic diversity of stealth extra-chromosomal elements in S. aureus, including phages with a larger presence outside the chromosome that likely play a prominent role in pathogenesis and strain diversity driven by horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Utter
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Douglas R. Deutsch
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raymond Schuch
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Y. Winer
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Verratti
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim Bishop-Lilly
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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