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Kaplan DL, Jones EJ, Olson EC, Yunzal-Butler CB. Early age of first sex and health risk in an urban adolescent population. J Sch Health 2013; 83:350-356. [PMID: 23517003 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early sex is associated with high-risk behaviors and outcomes, including sexual risk behaviors, forced sex, physical dating violence, and becoming pregnant or impregnating someone. METHODS Using 2005 and 2007 data from the New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 17,220), this study examined the prevalence of early sex among public high school students; associations between early sex and other sexual risk factors and violence indicators; and whether associations varied across 4 racial/ethnic groups. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models estimated the relationship between sexual risk and violence outcomes and "early sex," defined as first having sexual intercourse before age 14. Separate models with an interaction term for early sex by race/ethnicity were also estimated. RESULTS More than one third of students who ever had sex reported having early sex. Adolescents reporting early sex were significantly more likely than those reporting later sex to engage in most sexual risk behaviors and to experience violence. The magnitude of association varied significantly by race/ethnicity for sexual risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of early sex, coupled with its associated high-risk behaviors and outcomes, underscores the necessity of implementing evidence-based interventions that have been found to positively impact these behaviors beginning in middle school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Kaplan
- Bureau of Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Gotham Center, 42-09 28th Street, 10th Floor, CN-34A, Queens, New York 11101-4132, USA.
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Parton HB, Greene R, Flatley AM, Viswanathan N, Wilensky L, Berman J, Schneider AE, Uribe A, Olson EC, Waddell EN, Thorpe LE. Health of Older Adults in New York City Public Housing: Part 2, Findings from the New York City Housing Authority Senior Survey. Care Manag J 2013; 13:213-26. [PMID: 23383587 DOI: 10.1891/1521-0987.13.4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Parton
- New York City Housing Authority, Resident Support Service, New York, NY 10007, USA
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Parton HB, Greene R, Flatley AM, Viswanathan N, Wilensky L, Berman J, Schneider AE, Uribe A, Olson EC, Waddell EN, Thorpe LE. Health of older adults in New York City public housing: part 1, findings from the New York City Housing Authority Senior Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:134-47. [PMID: 23072177 DOI: 10.1891/1521-0987.13.3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Parton
- New York City Housing Authority, Resident Support Services, New York, NY 10007, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare health risks of 2 subgroups of weapon carriers: victimized and nonvictimized youth. METHODS 2003-2007 NYC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys were analyzed using bivariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Among NYC teens, 7.5% reported weapon carrying without victimization; 6.9% reported it with victimization. Both subgroups were more likely than non-weapon carriers to binge drink, use marijuana, smoke, fight, and have multiple sex partners; weapon carriers with victimization also experienced persistent sadness and attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS Subgroups of weapon carriers have distinct profiles. Optimal response should pair disciplinary action with screening for behavioral and mental health concerns and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Stayton
- Injury Surveillance and Prevention Program, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Environmental Disease Prevention, New York, NY, USA.
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Carolyn Olson E, Rickert VI, Davidson LL. Identifying and supporting young women experiencing dating violence: what health practitioners should be doing NOW. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004; 17:131-6. [PMID: 15050990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Carolyn Olson
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Heath at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Olson EC. George Gaylord Simpson: June 16, 1902-October 6, 1984. Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci 2001; 60:331-53. [PMID: 11616139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Feng Y, Olson EC, Stukenberg PT, Flanagan LA, Kirschner MW, Walsh CA. LIS1 regulates CNS lamination by interacting with mNudE, a central component of the centrosome. Neuron 2000; 28:665-79. [PMID: 11163258 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
LIS1, a microtubule-associated protein, is required for neuronal migration, but the precise mechanism of LIS1 function is unknown. We identified a LIS1 interacting protein encoded by a mouse homolog of NUDE, a nuclear distribution gene in A. nidulans and a multicopy suppressor of the LIS1 homolog, NUDF. mNudE is located in the centrosome or microtubule organizing center (MTOC), and interacts with six different centrosomal proteins. Overexpression of mNudE dissociates gamma-tubulin from the centrosome and disrupts microtubule organization. Missense mutations that disrupt LIS1 function block LIS1-mNudE binding. Moreover, misexpression of the LIS1 binding domain of mNudE in Xenopus embryos disrupts the architecture and lamination of the CNS. Thus, LIS1-mNudE interactions may regulate neuronal migration through dynamic reorganization of the MTOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Mice that are mutant for Reelin or Dab1, or doubly mutant for the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) and ApoE receptor 2 (ApoER2), show disorders of cerebral cortical lamination. How Reelin and its receptors regulate laminar organization of cerebral cortex is unknown. We show that Reelin inhibits migration of cortical neurons and enables detachment of neurons from radial glia. Recombinant and native Reelin associate with alpha3beta1 integrin, which regulates neuron-glia interactions and is required to achieve proper laminar organization. The effect of Reelin on cortical neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo depends on interactions between Reelin and alpha3beta1 integrin. Absence of alpha3beta1 leads to a reduction of Dab1, a signaling protein acting downstream of Reelin. Thus, Reelin may arrest neuronal migration and promote normal cortical lamination by binding alpha3beta1 integrin and modulating integrin-mediated cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dulabon
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Olson EC, Schinder AF, Dantzker JL, Marcus EA, Spitzer NC, Harris WA. Properties of ectopic neurons induced by Xenopus neurogenin1 misexpression. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998; 12:281-99. [PMID: 9828092 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1998.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined cells cultured from ectoderm-misexpressing Neurogenin1 (Ngn1) to describe better the extent to which this gene can control aspects of neuronal phenotype including motility, morphology, excitability, and synaptic properties. Like primary spinal neurons which normally express Ngn1, cells in Ngn1-misexpressing cultures exhibit a motility-correlated behavior called circus movements prior to neuritogenesis. Misexpression of NeuroD also causes circus movements and later neuronal differentiation. GSK3beta, which inhibits NeuroD function in vivo, blocks both Ngn1-induced and NeuroD-induced neuronal differentiation, while Notch signaling inhibits only Ngn1-induced neuronal differentiation, confirming that NeuroD is downstream of Ngn1 and insensitive to Notch inhibition. While interfering with NeuroD function in ventral ectoderm inhibits both circus movements and neuronal differentiation, such inhibition in the neural plate inhibits only neuronal differentiation, suggesting that additional factors regulate circus movements in the neural ectoderm. Ngn1-misexpressing cells extend N-tubulin-positive neurites and exhibit tetrodotoxin-sensitive action potentials. Unlike the majority of cultured spinal neurons, however, Ngn1-misexpressing cells do not respond to glutamate and do not form functional synapses with myocytes, suggesting that these cells are either like Rohon-Beard sensory neurons or are not fully differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Olson
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, California, 92093, USA.
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Schinder AF, Olson EC, Spitzer NC, Montal M. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in glutamate neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 1996; 16:6125-33. [PMID: 8815895 PMCID: PMC6579180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxic neuronal death, associated with neurodegenerative disorders and hypoxic insults, results from excessive exposure to excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamate neurotoxicity is triggered primarily by massive Ca2+ influx arising from overstimulation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain elusive. We have tested the hypothesis that mitochondria are primary targets in excitotoxicity by confocal imaging of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Sustained activation of NMDA receptors (20 min) elicits reversible elevation of [Ca2+]i. Longer activation (50 min) renders elevation of [Ca2+]i irreversible (Ca2+ overload). Susceptibility to NMDA-induced Ca2+ overload is increased when the 20 min stimuli are applied to neurons pretreated with electron transport chain inhibitors, thereby implicating mitochondria in [Ca2+]i homeostasis during excitotoxic challenges. Remarkably, delta psi exhibits prominent and persistent depolarization in response to NMDA, which closely parallels the incidence of neuronal death. Blockade of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore by cyclosporin A allows complete recovery of delta psi and prevents cell death. These results suggest that early mitochondrial damage plays a key role in induction of glutamate neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Schinder
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0366, USA
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Olson EC. Onset of electrical excitability during a period of circus plasma membrane movements in differentiating Xenopus neurons. J Neurosci 1996; 16:5117-29. [PMID: 8756441 PMCID: PMC6579288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Living neurons are usually first identifiable in primary cultures at the time of neurite initiation, and studies of excitability have been restricted largely to the subsequent period. A morphological early marker is described that identifies neurons for whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings before neurite initiation. Video time-lapse recordings of cultured cells dissociated from neurectoderm of Xenopus neural plate stage embryos reveal cells demonstrating circus movements, in which blebs of plasma membrane propagate around the cell circumference within a period of several minutes. All neurons demonstrate circus movements before morphological differentiation; the fraction of cells exhibiting circus movements that differentiate morphologically depends on the substrate on which they are cultured. Blockade of circus activity with cytochalasin B does not prevent neuronal differentiation. Circus movements are not neurectoderm-specific because they similarly predict differentiation of myocytes developing in mesodermal cultures. Initially inexcitable, neurons develop voltage-dependent K+, Na+, and Ca2+ currents during the period of several hours in which they exhibit circus movements. The early development of depolarization-induced elevations of [Ca2+]i several hours before morphological differentiation corresponds to the previously described onset of functionally significant spontaneous elevations of [Ca2+]i in these neurons and demonstrates a role for early expression of voltage-dependent ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Olson
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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Gu X, Olson EC, Spitzer NC. Spontaneous neuronal calcium spikes and waves during early differentiation. J Neurosci 1994; 14:6325-35. [PMID: 7965039 PMCID: PMC6577261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions play critical roles in neuronal development, but the factors that govern spontaneous fluctuations in intracellular calcium are not well understood. Transient, repeated elevations of calcium in embryonic Xenopus spinal neurons have been recorded over periods of 1 hr in vitro and in vivo, confocally imaging fluo-3-loaded cells at 5 sec intervals. Calcium spikes and calcium waves are found both in neurons in culture and in the intact spinal cord. Spikes rise rapidly to approximately 400% of baseline fluorescence and have a characteristic double exponential decay, while waves rise slowly to approximately 200% of baseline fluorescence and decay slowly as well. Imaging of fura-2-loaded neurons indicates that intracellular calcium increases from 50 to 500 nM during spikes. Both spikes and waves are abolished by removal of extracellular calcium. Developmentally, the incidence and frequency of spikes decrease while the incidence and frequency of waves are constant. Spikes are generated by spontaneous calcium-dependent action potentials that can be triggered by low-threshold, T-type calcium current and are eliminated by agents that block voltage-dependent calcium channels. They can be elicited by depolarization, are generated in an all-or-none manner, and are rapidly and bidirectionally propagated. Spikes also utilize intracellular calcium stores, since blocking release from stores substantially reduces their amplitude. Waves are not elicited by depolarization nor by activation of glutamate receptors, and are propagated at a rate consistent with diffusion of calcium. Waves are blocked by Ni2+ at a higher concentration than required to block classical voltage-dependent calcium channels. Previous work now suggests that spikes are required for expression of the transmitter GABA and for potassium channel modulation. The present study indicates that waves in growth cones are likely to regulate neurite extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gu
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0357
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Abstract
The problems of "missing links" over the years since Darwin's On the Origin of Species is analyzed in the perspective of our increased knowledge of the fossil record and our changing concepts of evolution, geology, and biology. The history of application of evolutionary theory to the fossil record and the consequences of the conflict of categorical, essential classification and evolutionary continuity are examined, as they relate to the "naive" idea of "missing links". Transitions between taxonomic categories are treated at two levels: the infraspecies-species level, and the supraspecies level. In the latter category case analyses of transitions within and between the major groups of metazoans and metaphytes are made, with special attention to the evidence of origins of groups in the fossil record. Throughout, the impacts on evolutionary theory of changes in knowledge and interpretations of the record of the history of life are considered. The problem of the existence of linkages and phylogenies at the species and generic levels has been much reduced during the last one hundred and twenty years. How this reduction supports or denies Darwin's concepts of phyletic gradualism is still a matter of interpretation of the evidence. At familial and higher levels, the establishment of linkages between categories has been much less successful, and decreasingly so at each successive higher level. Under the very best circumstances, however, morphological and stratigraphically graded transitions between classes and subclasses have been found. At the level of phyla and higher categories, any information on transitions as far as the fossil record is concerned is essentially non-existent. Fairly standard patterns of transitions between high categories can be established on the basis of the optimal cases, and these point up the continuing problems in evolutionary theory as being the interrelationships and integration of micro-evolutionary and macro-evolutionary processes.
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Olson EC. Paleoanthropology Without Inhibitions:
Lucy
. The Beginnings of Humankind. Donald C. Johanson and Maitland A. Edey. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1981. 410 pp., illus., + plates. $16.95. Science 1981; 212:798-9. [PMID: 17752266 DOI: 10.1126/science.212.4496.798-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Olson EC. Macroevolution Conference. Science 1981; 211:773-4. [PMID: 17740362 DOI: 10.1126/science.211.4484.773-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ginsburg H, Olson EC, Huff TF, Okudaira H, Ishizaka T. Enhancement of mast cell differentiation in vitro by T cell factor(s). Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1981; 66:447-58. [PMID: 6975245 DOI: 10.1159/000232853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell colonies were obtained when lymph node cells of horse serum-immunized Balb/c mice were cultured in a horse serum-containing medium on embryonic fibroblast monolayer. In order to characterized precursors of mast cells, mesenteric lymph node cells from the immunized mice were fractionated to obtain nonadherent cells, a B cell-depleted fraction and a T cell-depleted fraction; and each fraction was cultured on fibroblast monolayer. Mast cell colonies developed from nonadherent cells and from the B cell-depleted fraction but not from the T cell-depleted fraction. However, cultures of the same T cell-depleted fraction developed mast cell colonies if cell-free supernatant obtained from culture of horse serum-primed T cells was added. Soluble factors promoting mast cell growth were not obtained when the same T cells were incubated in horse serum-free medium. It appears that the majority of mast cell precursors in the lymph nodes are nonadherent cells and bear neither immunoglobulin nor Thy 1 antigen. The results also suggested that soluble factor(s) released from antigen-stimulated T cells enhanced the differentiation of the precursors to mature mast cells.
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Schweizer RT, Olson EC, Hosey DA, Bartus SA. Prediction of kidney transplant survival by the direct macrophage-inhibition test. Transplant Proc 1979; 11:411-4. [PMID: 156427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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