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Borucki WJ, Koch D, Jenkins J, Sasselov D, Gilliland R, Batalha N, Latham DW, Caldwell D, Basri G, Brown T, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Cochran WD, DeVore E, Dunham E, Dupree AK, Gautier T, Geary J, Gould A, Howell S, Kjeldsen H, Lissauer J, Marcy G, Meibom S, Morrison D, Tarter J. Kepler’s Optical Phase Curve of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7b. Science 2009; 325:709. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. Borucki
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - D. Koch
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - J. Jenkins
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - D. Sasselov
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R. Gilliland
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - N. Batalha
- San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - D. W. Latham
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D. Caldwell
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - G. Basri
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T. Brown
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, Goleta, CA 93117,USA
| | | | | | - E. DeVore
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - E. Dunham
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - A. K. Dupree
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - T. Gautier
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J. Geary
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. Gould
- Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S. Howell
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - J. Lissauer
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - G. Marcy
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S. Meibom
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D. Morrison
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - J. Tarter
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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Solomon C, Christian DL, Chen LL, Welch BS, Kleinman MT, Dunham E, Erle DJ, Balmes JR. Effect of serial-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide on airway and blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets. Eur Respir J 2000; 15:922-8. [PMID: 10853860 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15e19.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a free radical-producing oxidant gas. Inhalation of NO2 could cause airway inflammation, and decrease immune function. This experiment tested the hypothesis that exposure to NO2 would: 1) increase leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and 2) change the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and activation in BAL and peripheral blood (PB). Using a counter-balanced, repeated-measures design, 15 healthy volunteers were exposed to filtered air (FA) or 2.0 parts per million NO2 for 4 h x day(-1) (4 x 30 min of exercise), for three consecutive days. Bronchoscopy was performed 18 h following each exposure set, and PB was drawn pre-exposure and pre-bronchoscopy. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate lymphocyte subsets and activation makers in BAL and PB. In the bronchial fraction, there was an increase in the percentage of neutrophils following NO2 exposure compared to FA (median (interquartile range): 10.6 (4.8-17.2)% versus 5.3 (2.5-8.3)%; p=0.005). In the BAL, there was a decrease in the percentage of T-helper cells following NO2 exposure compared to FA (55.9 (40.8-62.7)% versus 61.6 (52.6-65.2)%; p=0.022). For PB, there were no between-condition differences in any leukocyte or lymphocyte subsets, or activation. In conclusion exposure to nitrogen dioxide results in bronchial inflammation and a minimal change in bronchoalveolar lavage T-helper cells, and no changes in peripheral blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Solomon
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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Tidswell M, Pachynski R, Wu SW, Qiu SQ, Dunham E, Cochran N, Briskin MJ, Kilshaw PJ, Lazarovits AI, Andrew DP, Butcher EC, Yednock TA, Erle DJ. Structure-function analysis of the integrin beta 7 subunit: identification of domains involved in adhesion to MAdCAM-1. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.3.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Beta 7 integrins serve special roles in mucosal immunity. Alpha 4 beta 7-mediated adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) directs lymphocyte homing to the gut, and alpha E beta 7 mediates binding of lymphocytes to E-cadherin on epithelial cells. Since alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1 but alpha 4 beta 1 does not, we used beta 7/beta 1 chimeras to directly assess the importance of specific regions of beta 7 in MAdCAM-1 binding. We found a region of beta 7 (residues 46-386) that accounts for specificity of alpha 4 beta 7 binding to MAdCAM-1. We also used human/mouse and human/rat chimeric beta 7 subunits to map epitopes recognized by fifteen anti-beta 7 mAbs. Six of seven Abs that block adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and E-cadherin (Fib 21, 22, 27, 30, 504; Act-1) mapped to amino acid residues 176-250. Residues 176-250 lie within the region of beta 7 that specifies MAdCAM-1 binding and also within a region that has a predicted structure homologous to the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domains of the integrin subunits alpha L and alpha M. Three new Abs that recognize beta 7 in the presence of Mn2+, but not Ca2+, and promote adhesion to MAdCAM-1, mapped to amino acids 46-149. One blocking and five other Abs mapped to other regions (amino acids 387-725). We conclude that a MIDAS-like domain serves a critical role in beta 7 integrin-mediated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tidswell
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - R Pachynski
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - S W Wu
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - S Q Qiu
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - E Dunham
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - N Cochran
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - M J Briskin
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - P J Kilshaw
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - A I Lazarovits
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - D P Andrew
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - E C Butcher
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - T A Yednock
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | - D J Erle
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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Tidswell M, Pachynski R, Wu SW, Qiu SQ, Dunham E, Cochran N, Briskin MJ, Kilshaw PJ, Lazarovits AI, Andrew DP, Butcher EC, Yednock TA, Erle DJ. Structure-function analysis of the integrin beta 7 subunit: identification of domains involved in adhesion to MAdCAM-1. J Immunol 1997; 159:1497-505. [PMID: 9233649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Beta 7 integrins serve special roles in mucosal immunity. Alpha 4 beta 7-mediated adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) directs lymphocyte homing to the gut, and alpha E beta 7 mediates binding of lymphocytes to E-cadherin on epithelial cells. Since alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1 but alpha 4 beta 1 does not, we used beta 7/beta 1 chimeras to directly assess the importance of specific regions of beta 7 in MAdCAM-1 binding. We found a region of beta 7 (residues 46-386) that accounts for specificity of alpha 4 beta 7 binding to MAdCAM-1. We also used human/mouse and human/rat chimeric beta 7 subunits to map epitopes recognized by fifteen anti-beta 7 mAbs. Six of seven Abs that block adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and E-cadherin (Fib 21, 22, 27, 30, 504; Act-1) mapped to amino acid residues 176-250. Residues 176-250 lie within the region of beta 7 that specifies MAdCAM-1 binding and also within a region that has a predicted structure homologous to the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domains of the integrin subunits alpha L and alpha M. Three new Abs that recognize beta 7 in the presence of Mn2+, but not Ca2+, and promote adhesion to MAdCAM-1, mapped to amino acids 46-149. One blocking and five other Abs mapped to other regions (amino acids 387-725). We conclude that a MIDAS-like domain serves a critical role in beta 7 integrin-mediated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tidswell
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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Liburdy RP, Callahan DE, Harland J, Dunham E, Sloma TR, Yaswen P. Experimental evidence for 60 Hz magnetic fields operating through the signal transduction cascade. Effects on calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction. FEBS Lett 1993; 334:301-8. [PMID: 8243637 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80699-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that early alterations in calcium influx induced by an imposed 60 Hz magnetic field are propagated down the signal transduction (ST) cascade to alter c-MYC mRNa induction. To test this we measured both ST parameters in the same cells following 60 Hz magnetic field exposures in a specialized annular ring device (220 G (22 mT), 1.7 mV/cm maximal E(induced), 37 degrees C, 60 min). Ca2+ influx is a very early ST marker that precedes the specific induction of mRNA transcripts for the proto-oncogene c-MYC, an immediate early response gene. In three experiments influx of 45Ca2+ in the absence of mitogen was similar to that in cells treated with suboptimal levels of Con-A (1 micrograms/ml). However, calcium influx was elevated 1.5-fold when lymphocytes were exposed to Con-A plus magnetic fields; this co-stimulatory effect is consistent with previous reports from our laboratory [FEBS Lett. 301 (1992) 53-59; FEBS Lett. 271 (1990) 157-160; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 649 (1992) 74-95]. The level of c-MYC mRNA transcript copies in non-activated cells and in suboptimally-activated cells was also similar, which is consistent with the above calcium influx findings. Significantly, lymphocytes exposed to the combination of magnetic fields plus suboptimal Con-A responded with an approximate 3.0-fold increase in band intensity of c-MYC mRNA transcripts. Importantly, transcripts for the housekeeping gene GAPDH were not influenced by mitogen or magnetic fields. We also observed that lymphocytes that failed to exhibit increased calcium influx in response to magnetic fields plus Con-A, also failed to exhibit an increase in total copies of c-MYC mRNA. Thus, calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA expression, which are sequentially linked via the signal transduction cascade in contrast to GAPDH, were both increased by magnetic fields. These findings support the above ST hypothesis and provide experimental evidence for a general biological framework for understanding magnetic field interactions with the cell through signal transduction. In addition, these findings indicate that magnetic fields can act as a co-stimulus at suboptimal levels of mitogen; pronounced physiological changes in lymphocytes such as calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction were not triggered by a weak mitogenic signal unless accompanied by a magnetic field. Magnetic fields, thus, have the ability to potentiate or amplify cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Liburdy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California 94720
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Elliot JL, French RG, Dunham E, Gierasch PJ, Veverka J, Church C, Sagan C. Occultation of ε Geminorum by Mars: Evidence for Atmospheric Tides? Science 1977; 195:485-6. [PMID: 17734747 DOI: 10.1126/science.195.4277.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Temperature profiles of the martian atmosphere have been derived from airborne observations of the 8 April 1976 occultation of epsilon Geminorum. Within the altitude range from 50 to 90 kilometers, these profiles show peak-to-peak variations of 35 degrees K with a vertical scale of 20 kilometers and represent evidence for strong tides in the martian atmosphere. However, more information is necessary to conclusively rule out a radiative explanation for the temperature variations.
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Penney D, Dunham E, Benjamin M. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure: time course of hemoglobin, heart weight and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme changes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 28:493-7. [PMID: 4851024 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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