Expression of alpha4beta7 and E-selectin ligand by circulating memory B cells: implications for targeted trafficking to mucosal and systemic sites

We have examined the expression of homing receptors on circulating memory B cells subsets. Blood IgD+ (naive) B cells homogeneously express a high level of intestinal homing receptor, alpha4beta7, but IgD- (putative memory) B cells comprise distinct alpha4beta7+ and alpha4beta7- subsets. Naive and alpha4beta7+ memory B cells but not alpha4beta7- cells bind MAdCAM-1, suggesting that alpha4beta7 expression may predict B cell intestinal homing. In contrast, alpha4beta7+ and alpha4beta7- B cells bind well to VCAM-1, possibly allowing recruitment of both subsets to extra-intestinal sites, including those tissues of the "common mucosal immune system" characterized by vascular VCAM-1 expression. sIgA+ B cells, which are associated with mucosal immunity in the gut and elsewhere, are heterogeneous in homing receptor expression--with discrete subsets expressing alpha4beta7, L-selectin, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA). sIgA+ CLA+ B cells are enriched by binding to E-selectin, suggesting that CLA may participate in B cell homing to nonintestinal mucosal tissues characterized by vascular E-selectin expression, such as chronically inflamed bronchial or oral mucosal. We conclude that circulating human peripheral blood memory B cells, like T cells, consist of discrete homing receptor-defined subsets. This diversity in homing phenotypes is apparent even among sIgA (presumptive mucosal) memory B cells, implying heterogeneity in trafficking mechanisms to different target mucosal surfaces.

Cell adhesion antagonists: synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of phenylalanine based inhibitors

Several phenylalanine based inhibitors were synthesized as antagonists of the leukocyte cell adhesion process that is mediated through the interactions of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM) and the integrin alpha4beta7. Analogues 20, 21, 22 and 24 displayed inhibition of adhesion in a cell based assay in the low micromolar range.

Expression of human hyaluronan synthases in response to external stimuli

In the present study we have investigated the expression of mRNAs for hyaluronan synthase isoforms (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) in different cells in response to various stimuli. Human mesothelial cells, which synthesize large amounts of hyaluronan, express mRNAs encoding all three HAS isoforms, whereas their transformed counterparts, mesothelioma cells, which produce only minute amounts of hyaluronan, express only HAS3 mRNA. Human lung fibroblasts and the glioma cell line U-118 MG express only the HAS2 and HAS3 genes. The expression of the transcripts was higher in subconfluent than in confluent cultures and was well correlated with the production of hyaluronan by the cells. Stimulation of mesothelial cells with platelet-derived growth factor-BB induced an up-regulation of mRNA for HAS2 to a maximum after 6 h of stimulation; HAS1 and HAS3 genes were only induced slightly. Transforming growth factor-beta1 reduced HAS2 mRNA slightly, and hydrocortisone reduced it strongly, within 6 h of stimulation in mesothelial cell cultures but did not significantly affect the expression of mRNAs for HAS1 and HAS3. Induction of HAS1 and HAS2 protein levels in response to the stimuli above correlated with HAS transcript levels. Thus the expression of the three HAS isoforms is more prominent in growing cells than in resting cells and is differentially regulated by various stimuli suggesting distinct functional roles of the three proteins.

The alpha(4) integrin subunit Tyr(187) has a key role in alpha(4)beta(7)-dependent cell adhesion

The integrin alpha(4)beta(7) is the cell adhesion receptor for the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1, and this interaction is dominant in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patch high endothelial venules, and plays key roles in lymphocyte recruitment at sites of inflammation. To identify alpha(4) subunit amino acids important for alpha(4)beta(7)/MAdCAM-1 interaction, we expressed mutant alpha(4) and wild type beta(7) chains in K562 cells and analyzed the effect of the mutations on cell adhesion to a soluble MAdCAM-1 (sMAdCAM-1-Ig). Transfectants expressing mutated alpha(4) at Tyr(187) displayed a substantial decrease in adhesion to this ligand, which was associated with a reduced alpha(4)beta(7)/sMAdCAM-1-Ig interaction, as determined by soluble binding assays. Addition of Mn(2+) to the adhesion assays did not restore the impaired adhesion. Mutations at alpha(4) Gln(152)Asp(153) also affected transfectant adhesion to sMAdCAM-1-Ig, but did not involve an alteration of alpha(4)beta(7)/MAdCAM-1 binding, and adhesion was restored by Mn(2+). Instead, mutations at alpha(4) Asn(123)Glu(124) did not affect this adhesion. Mutation of alpha(4) Tyr(187) abolished alpha(4)beta(7)-mediated cell adhesion to CS-1/fibronectin, an additional ligand for alpha(4)beta(7), while alpha(4) Gln(152)Asp(153) transfectant mutants showed a reduced adhesion. These results identify alpha(4) Tyr(187) as a key residue during receptor alpha(4)beta(7)/ligand interactions, indicating that it plays important roles in alpha(4)beta(7)-mediated leukocyte adhesion, and provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention in several inflammatory pathologies.

Mutational analysis of MAdCAM-1/alpha4beta7 interactions reveals significant binding determinants in both the first and second immunuglobulin domains

The selective emigration of blood born leukocytes into tissues is mediated, in part by interactions of Ig-like cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) expressed on vascular endothelium and their cognate ligands, the leukocyte integrins. Within mucosal lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal sites the mucosal vascular addressin. MAdCAM-1 is the predominant IgCAM, mediating specific lymphocyte homing via interactions with its ligand on lymphocytes, the integrin alpha4beta7. Previous studies have shown that an essential binding motif resides in the first Ig domain of all IgCAMs, containing an acidic residue (D or E) preceded by an aliphatic residue (L or I) that resides in strand C or the CD loop. However, domain swap experiments with MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 have shown a requirement for both Ig domains 1 and 2 for efficient integrin binding. We describe the use of chimeric MAdCAM-1/VCAM-1 receptors and point mutations in MAdCAM-1 to define other sites that are required for binding to the integrin alpha4beta7. We find that, in addition to critical CD loop residues, other regions in both domain one and two contribute to MAdCAM-1/alpha4beta7 interactions, including a buried arginine residue in the F strand of domain one and several acidic residues in a highly extended DE ribbon in domain 2. These mutations, when placed in the recently solved crystal structure of human MAdCAM-1 give insight into the integrin binding preference of this unique receptor.

Selective antibody blockade of lymphocyte migration to mucosal sites and mast cell adhesion

The integrins alpha4beta7 and alpha4beta1 mediate adhesion to the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and are important in T cell and allergic inflammatory reactions in the rat. The relative contributions of alpha4beta7 and alpha4beta1 in these reactions is unknown. To examine the role of alpha4beta7 in the rat a new mAb, TA-6, was developed. TA-6 inhibited adhesion to MAdCAM-1 but not to VCAM-1, a characteristic of alpha4beta7 adhesion, and immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation studies were compatible with binding to alpha4beta7. TA-6 blocked rat lymphocyte adhesion to mesenteric lymph nodes and T cell migration to mucosal lymphoid tissues and it bound to rat mucosal mast cells. TA-6 did not inhibit lymphocyte adhesion to peripheral lymph nodes and T cell migration to peripheral lymphoid tissues or cutaneous inflammatory sites, and was not expressed on connective tissue mast cells.

Novel modified tripeptide inhibitors of alpha 4 beta 7 mediated lymphoid cell adhesion to MAdCAM-1

MAdCAM-1 specifically binds the lymphocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7 and participates in the homing of leukocytes to intestinal mucosal sites. The LDT sequence located on the CD loop of MAdCAM-1 is an important binding site for MAdCAM-1/alpha 4 beta 7 interactions. N-Terminus acylation of the LDT motif and modification of the C-terminus carboxamide with amines led to low micromolar MAdCAM-1 inhibitors.

The structure of immunoglobulin superfamily domains 1 and 2 of MAdCAM-1 reveals novel features important for integrin recognition

BACKGROUND

Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is a cell adhesion molecule that is expressed on the endothelium in mucosa, and guides the specific homing of lymphocytes into mucosal tissues. MAdCAM-1 belongs to a subclass of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), the members of which are ligands for integrins. Human MAdCAM-1 has a unique dual function compared to other members in the same subclass in that it binds both the integrin alpha4beta7, through its two IgSF domains, and a selectin expressed on leukocytes, via carbohydrate sidechains. The structure determination of the two IgSF domains and comparison to the N-terminal two-domain structures of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and ICAM-2) allow us to assess the molecular basis of the interactions between integrins and their preferred ligands.

RESULTS

The crystal structure of a fragment containing the two IgSF domains of human MAdCAM-1 has been determined to 2.2 A resolution. The structure of MAdCAM-1 reveals two separate integrin-recognition motifs. The key integrin-binding residue, Asp42, resides in the CD loop of domain 1; a buried arginine residue (Arg70) plays a critical role in maintaining the conformation of this loop. The second binding site is associated with an unusual long D strand in domain 2. The D and E strands extend beyond the main body of the domain, forming a negatively charged beta ribbon unique to MAdCAM-1. This ribbon is located on the same face as the key aspartate residue in domain 1, consistent with evidence that it is involved in integrin binding.

CONCLUSIONS

The structural comparison of MAdCAM-1 to other members of the same IgSF subclass reveals some interesting features. Firstly, MAdCAM-1, like VCAM-1, has the key integrin-binding residue located on the protruding CD loop of domain 1 and binds to an integrin that lacks an I domain. This is in contrast to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 where the key residue is located at the end of the C strand on a flat surface and which bind to integrins that contain I domains. Secondly, architectural differences in the CD loops of MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 cause an 8 A shift in position of the critical aspartate residue, and may partly determine their binding preference for different integrins. Finally, the unusual charge distribution of the two-domain fragment of MAdCAM-1 is predicted to orient the molecule optimally for integrin binding on the top of its long mucin-like stalk.

Characterization of hyaluronan synthase from a human glioma cell line

In the present study we describe a method to prepare membranes with high hyaluronan synthase activity from human glioma cells by pretreatment of the cells with both testicular hyaluronidase and 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A 23-fold increase in hyaluronan synthase activity was detected in comparison to untreated cells. Using isolated membranes as a source of hyaluronan synthase activity we demonstrate that chain elongation occurs at the reducing end of the hyaluronan molecule. We also present a method to solubilize hyaluronan synthase in active form with 1% digitonin. The solubilized synthase synthesized shorter hyaluronan chains than the membrane bound enzyme. Partial purification of the solubilized enzyme on a Superdex-200 column revealed a 12-fold increase in specific activity. Affinity purified polyclonal antibodies, raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the carboxy-terminus of the deduced protein sequence of human hyaluronan synthase recognized a 66 kDa component in the purified preparations. The elution position of the solubilized hyaluronan synthesizing activity immediately after V0 corresponding to a molecular mass of about 600 kDa, suggested that the 66 kDa enzyme forms a complex with other components which may have accessory or regulatory roles during hyaluronan synthesis.

Preferential dissemination of B-cell gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma to the splenic marginal zone

The tendency for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma cells preferentially to localize around reactive B-cell follicles, both in the mucosa and regional lymph nodes, coupled with their immunophenotype, has led to the proposal that the normal cell counterpart of this lymphoma is the marginal zone B cell. In keeping with this proposition, lymphocytes expressing the lymphoma idiotype have been detected in the splenic marginal zone in a single case of gastric MALT lymphoma. To confirm that this truly represented preferential homing of MALT lymphoma to the splenic marginal zone, we have now re-examined this case, together with 17 other cases, using both immunohistochemical and molecular methods in an attempt to establish clonal identity between the gastric lymphoma and cells in the splenic marginal zone. In three cases, the spleen was characterized by marked expansion of marginal zones by cells showing the same pattern of Ig light chain restriction as the gastric lymphoma. None of the remaining 15 cases showed histologic evidence of lymphomatous infiltration. Analysis of the Ig genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, and sequencing confirmed clonal identity between the splenic marginal zone infiltrates and the gastric lymphoma in the histologically involved cases. Amplifiable DNA could be extracted from only 5 of the remaining 15 cases. In 3 of these cases, including the case previously studied using an anti-idiotype, involvement of the splenic marginal zone could be confirmed using microdissection and clone-specific PCR. No involvement could be detected in the remaining 2 cases. In addition, we have shown that mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), the primary homing receptor of gut-mucosa for lymphocytes, was strongly expressed by the sinus lining cells of the splenic marginal zone. These results provide strong evidence for preferential involvement of the marginal zone when gastric MALT lymphomas disseminate to the spleen, which is in keeping with the notion that the marginal zone B cells are the normal counterparts of MALT lymphoma cells.

Expression of lymphocyte homing receptors and vascular addressins in low-grade gastric B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

In this study, we examined lymphocyte homing receptor and vascular addressin expression in a case of primary gastric B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) with a secondary intestinal spread. We compared the findings with that observed in B cells of normal MALT and MALT acquired as a consequence of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and other low-grade gastric B-cell MALT lymphomas. The neoplastic B cells in the gastric tumor were alpha 4 beta 7-, CD62L+, whereas the intestinal secondary was alpha 4 beta 7+, CD62L-. Incubation of isolated tumor cells from the stomach by H. pylori generated T-cell-dependent proliferation of neoplastic B cells and induced expression of alpha 4 beta 7 integrin similar to the intestinal tumor. These observations indicate that reversal of homing receptor profile in the gastric tumor by antigen specific stimulation may be responsible for secondary intestinal dissemination. In normal stomach and normal MALT, alpha 4 beta 7 and CD62L expression reflected the differentiation of the B cell. Plasma cells were alpha 4 beta 7+, CD62L-, whereas a subset of memory B cells were alpha 4 beta 7-, CD62L+. Homing receptor expression in MALT lymphoma B cells was heterogeneous, however, in line with their memory B-cell phenotype in the majority of cases, the neoplastic B cells were alpha 4 beta 7-, CD62L+. Neoplastic plasma cells were always alpha 4 beta 7+, CD62L-. The venules in normal gastric mucosa expressed mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 but not peripheral lymph node addressin. In normal MALT, H. pylori-associated follicular gastritis and MALT lymphomas high endothelial venules coexpressed mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and peripheral lymph node addressin. These findings suggest expression of lymphocyte homing receptors by B cells and vascular addressins by mucosal venules are similar in normal MALT and MALT lymphomas, and factors controlling normal mucosal B-cell traffic are also operational in MALT lymphomas.

Structure-function analysis of the integrin beta 7 subunit: identification of domains involved in adhesion to MAdCAM-1

Beta 7 integrins serve special roles in mucosal immunity. Alpha 4 beta 7-mediated adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) directs lymphocyte homing to the gut, and alpha E beta 7 mediates binding of lymphocytes to E-cadherin on epithelial cells. Since alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1 but alpha 4 beta 1 does not, we used beta 7/beta 1 chimeras to directly assess the importance of specific regions of beta 7 in MAdCAM-1 binding. We found a region of beta 7 (residues 46-386) that accounts for specificity of alpha 4 beta 7 binding to MAdCAM-1. We also used human/mouse and human/rat chimeric beta 7 subunits to map epitopes recognized by fifteen anti-beta 7 mAbs. Six of seven Abs that block adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and E-cadherin (Fib 21, 22, 27, 30, 504; Act-1) mapped to amino acid residues 176-250. Residues 176-250 lie within the region of beta 7 that specifies MAdCAM-1 binding and also within a region that has a predicted structure homologous to the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domains of the integrin subunits alpha L and alpha M. Three new Abs that recognize beta 7 in the presence of Mn2+, but not Ca2+, and promote adhesion to MAdCAM-1, mapped to amino acids 46-149. One blocking and five other Abs mapped to other regions (amino acids 387-725). We conclude that a MIDAS-like domain serves a critical role in beta 7 integrin-mediated adhesion.

Structure-function analysis of the integrin beta 7 subunit: identification of domains involved in adhesion to MAdCAM-1

Beta 7 integrins serve special roles in mucosal immunity. Alpha 4 beta 7-mediated adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) directs lymphocyte homing to the gut, and alpha E beta 7 mediates binding of lymphocytes to E-cadherin on epithelial cells. Since alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1 but alpha 4 beta 1 does not, we used beta 7/beta 1 chimeras to directly assess the importance of specific regions of beta 7 in MAdCAM-1 binding. We found a region of beta 7 (residues 46-386) that accounts for specificity of alpha 4 beta 7 binding to MAdCAM-1. We also used human/mouse and human/rat chimeric beta 7 subunits to map epitopes recognized by fifteen anti-beta 7 mAbs. Six of seven Abs that block adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and E-cadherin (Fib 21, 22, 27, 30, 504; Act-1) mapped to amino acid residues 176-250. Residues 176-250 lie within the region of beta 7 that specifies MAdCAM-1 binding and also within a region that has a predicted structure homologous to the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domains of the integrin subunits alpha L and alpha M. Three new Abs that recognize beta 7 in the presence of Mn2+, but not Ca2+, and promote adhesion to MAdCAM-1, mapped to amino acids 46-149. One blocking and five other Abs mapped to other regions (amino acids 387-725). We conclude that a MIDAS-like domain serves a critical role in beta 7 integrin-mediated adhesion.

Rat mast cell lines bind to the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1)

Mast cells are key mediators of allergy and inflammation. Increased mast cell numbers are observed in the gut during helminth infestation and at many sites of inflammation. To determine whether mast cells express functional receptors for endothelial cell adhesion molecules, we studied the adhesion of two rat mucosal-type mast cell lines RBL-1 and RCMC-1 to transfected mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and VCAM-1. Both mast cell lines expressed high levels of alpha4 integrins on their surface and bound to CHO cells transfected with VCAM-1. Anti-alpha4 mAbs, TA-2 and L25, inhibited the specific adhesion of the mast cells to VCAM-1 by about 92 and 63%, respectively. Both of the mast cell lines also demonstrated an increased adhesion to CHO cells transfected with MAdCAM-1. The adhesion of RBL-1 to MAdCAM-1 was also significantly inhibited by the anti-alpha4 mAbs TA-2, L25, and HP2/1 by 39, 76, and 42%, respectively. In addition, RBL-1 cells adhered to both VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 under both static and nonstatic (shear) conditions, and this was also inhibited by the anti-alpha4 mAb TA-2. Thus, mucosal-type mast cell lines express functional alpha4 integrins that can mediate adhesion to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1. These results suggest a mechanism for mast cell accumulation at sites of inflammation and in the gut.

Rat mast cell lines bind to the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1)

Mast cells are key mediators of allergy and inflammation. Increased mast cell numbers are observed in the gut during helminth infestation and at many sites of inflammation. To determine whether mast cells express functional receptors for endothelial cell adhesion molecules, we studied the adhesion of two rat mucosal-type mast cell lines RBL-1 and RCMC-1 to transfected mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and VCAM-1. Both mast cell lines expressed high levels of alpha4 integrins on their surface and bound to CHO cells transfected with VCAM-1. Anti-alpha4 mAbs, TA-2 and L25, inhibited the specific adhesion of the mast cells to VCAM-1 by about 92 and 63%, respectively. Both of the mast cell lines also demonstrated an increased adhesion to CHO cells transfected with MAdCAM-1. The adhesion of RBL-1 to MAdCAM-1 was also significantly inhibited by the anti-alpha4 mAbs TA-2, L25, and HP2/1 by 39, 76, and 42%, respectively. In addition, RBL-1 cells adhered to both VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 under both static and nonstatic (shear) conditions, and this was also inhibited by the anti-alpha4 mAb TA-2. Thus, mucosal-type mast cell lines express functional alpha4 integrins that can mediate adhesion to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1. These results suggest a mechanism for mast cell accumulation at sites of inflammation and in the gut.

Rapid resolution of chronic colitis in the cotton-top tamarin with an antibody to a gut-homing integrin alpha 4 beta 7

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Integrins play diverse roles in cellular actions and signalling in the immune system. In the context of mucosal immune responses, the integrin alpha 4 beta 7 has received particular attention because of its intimate involvement in lymphocyte recruitment to normal gastrointestinal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the functional relevance of alpha 4 beta 7 in the pathogenesis of colonic inflammatory disease using the colitic cotton-top tamarin, an animal model of human ulcerative colitis.

METHODS

Chronically colitic cotton-top tamarins were given either a cross-reactive monoclonal antibody to human alpha 4 beta 7 or an irrelevant control monoclonal antibody. The animals were then evaluated clinically and mucosal biopsy specimens assessed by histological and quantitative morphometric analysis.

RESULTS

A blocking monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 beta 7 integrin ameliorated inflammatory activity and rapidly improved stool consistency when administered to chronically colitic animals. Furthermore, using morphometric analysis of biopsy specimens, antibody therapy reduced the mucosal density of alpha 4 beta 7+ lymphocytes and alpha 4 beta 7 neutrophils and macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the alpha 4 beta 7 integrin represents a novel, potentially organ-specific therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Functional cloning of the cDNA for a human hyaluronan synthase

Hyaluronan is a constituent of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue and is actively synthesized during wound healing and tissue repair to provide a framework for ingrowth of blood vessels and fibroblasts. Changes in the serum concentration of hyaluronan are associated with inflammatory and degenerative arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, hyaluronan has been implicated as an important substrate for migration of adhesion of leukocytes during inflammation. A human hyaluronan synthase (HuHAS1) cDNA was isolated by a functional expression cloning approach. Transfection of CHO cells conferred hyaluronidase-sensitive adhesiveness of a mucosal T cell line via the lymphocyte hyaluronan receptor, CD44, as well as increased hyaluronan levels in the cultures of transfected cells. The HuHAS1 amino acid sequence shows considerable homology to the hasA gene product of Streptococcus pyogenes, a glycosaminoglycan synthetase from Xenopus laevis (DG42), and is the human homolog of a recently described murine hyaluronan synthase.

A fundamental subdivision of circulating lymphocytes defined by adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Comparison with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and correlation with beta 7 integrins and memory differentiation

The leukocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7 is a receptor for the vascular mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Most circulating B and T lymphocytes in man are alpha 4+, and on these cells the regulated display of the beta 7 integrin chain determines the expression of alpha 4 beta 7 and, in large part, binding to MAdCAM-1. Among CD4+ T cells, beta 7 high memory cells (including the L-selectin+ subset) bind MAdCAM-1 better than beta 7int naive cells; whereas beta 7- memory cells,including skin homing lymphocytes, interact poorly if at all. Circulating alpha E beta 7+ T cells are alpha 4 beta 7high and also bind MAdCAM-1 well. B cells are also subdivided by beta 7 expression, and beta 7+ B cells bind MAdCAM-1 better than the beta 7low/- subset. The related vascular ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), expressed on endothelium primarily in nonmucosal sites of inflammation, interacts with blood lymphocytes (including beta 7high T cells) almost exclusively via alpha 4 beta 1 and binds beta 7low/-(beta 1high) better than beta 7+ B cells and memory cells better than naive CD4+ cells. beta 7-(beta 1high) memory T cells are somewhat enriched over beta 7high memory cells at low (but not at high) VCAM-1 densities. Interestingly, CD56+ NK cells, which express both alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 1, bind well to VCAM-1 but poorly to MAdCAM-1. The findings indicate that the display and function of alpha 4 beta 7 determine integrin-dependent blood lymphocyte interactions with MAdCAM-1, thus delineating discrete mucosal vs nonmucosal lymphocyte populations in vivo; that alpha 4 beta 1 dominates blood lymphocyte interactions with VCAM-1; and that quantitative and qualitative regulation of MAdCAM-1 vs VCAM-1 can critically control the recruitment of specialized lymphocyte subsets during inflammation.

A fundamental subdivision of circulating lymphocytes defined by adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Comparison with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and correlation with beta 7 integrins and memory differentiation

The leukocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7 is a receptor for the vascular mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Most circulating B and T lymphocytes in man are alpha 4+, and on these cells the regulated display of the beta 7 integrin chain determines the expression of alpha 4 beta 7 and, in large part, binding to MAdCAM-1. Among CD4+ T cells, beta 7 high memory cells (including the L-selectin+ subset) bind MAdCAM-1 better than beta 7int naive cells; whereas beta 7- memory cells,including skin homing lymphocytes, interact poorly if at all. Circulating alpha E beta 7+ T cells are alpha 4 beta 7high and also bind MAdCAM-1 well. B cells are also subdivided by beta 7 expression, and beta 7+ B cells bind MAdCAM-1 better than the beta 7low/- subset. The related vascular ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), expressed on endothelium primarily in nonmucosal sites of inflammation, interacts with blood lymphocytes (including beta 7high T cells) almost exclusively via alpha 4 beta 1 and binds beta 7low/-(beta 1high) better than beta 7+ B cells and memory cells better than naive CD4+ cells. beta 7-(beta 1high) memory T cells are somewhat enriched over beta 7high memory cells at low (but not at high) VCAM-1 densities. Interestingly, CD56+ NK cells, which express both alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 1, bind well to VCAM-1 but poorly to MAdCAM-1. The findings indicate that the display and function of alpha 4 beta 7 determine integrin-dependent blood lymphocyte interactions with MAdCAM-1, thus delineating discrete mucosal vs nonmucosal lymphocyte populations in vivo; that alpha 4 beta 1 dominates blood lymphocyte interactions with VCAM-1; and that quantitative and qualitative regulation of MAdCAM-1 vs VCAM-1 can critically control the recruitment of specialized lymphocyte subsets during inflammation.

Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) demonstrates structural and functional similarities to the alpha 4 beta 7-integrin binding domains of murine MAdCAM-1, but extreme divergence of mucin-like sequences

The mucosal vascular addressin, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), is an Ig family adhesion receptor preferentially expressed by venular endothelial cells at sites of lymphocyte extravasation in murine mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria. MAdCAM-1 specifically binds both human and mouse lymphocytes that express the homing receptor for Peyer's patches, the integrin alpha 4 beta 7. Functional expression cloning was used to isolate a cDNA from a macaque mesenteric lymph node library that encodes the homologue to murine MAdCAM-1. The macaque cDNA was subsequently used to clone the human homologue as well. Expression of human MAdCAM-1 RNA is restricted to mucosal tissues, gut-associated lymphoid tissues and spleen. Human MAdCAM-1 selectively binds both murine and human lymphocyte cell lines expressing alpha 4 beta 7. Human and macaque MAdCAM-1 have two Ig-like domains that are similar to the two amino-terminal integrin binding domains of murine MAdCAM-1. The conservation of sequences within the region homologous to the mucin/IgA domain of murine MAdCAM-1 is, however, much less apparent. These receptors exhibit considerable variation from murine MAdCAM-1 with respect to the length of the mucin-like sequence and the lack of a membrane proximal Ig (IgA-like) domain. The isolation of these different species of MAdCAM-1 demonstrates greater seleoffctive pressure for maintenance of amino acids involved in alpha 4 beta 7 binding than those sequences presumably involved in the presentation of carbohydrates for selectin binding.

Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) demonstrates structural and functional similarities to the alpha 4 beta 7-integrin binding domains of murine MAdCAM-1, but extreme divergence of mucin-like sequences

The mucosal vascular addressin, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), is an Ig family adhesion receptor preferentially expressed by venular endothelial cells at sites of lymphocyte extravasation in murine mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria. MAdCAM-1 specifically binds both human and mouse lymphocytes that express the homing receptor for Peyer's patches, the integrin alpha 4 beta 7. Functional expression cloning was used to isolate a cDNA from a macaque mesenteric lymph node library that encodes the homologue to murine MAdCAM-1. The macaque cDNA was subsequently used to clone the human homologue as well. Expression of human MAdCAM-1 RNA is restricted to mucosal tissues, gut-associated lymphoid tissues and spleen. Human MAdCAM-1 selectively binds both murine and human lymphocyte cell lines expressing alpha 4 beta 7. Human and macaque MAdCAM-1 have two Ig-like domains that are similar to the two amino-terminal integrin binding domains of murine MAdCAM-1. The conservation of sequences within the region homologous to the mucin/IgA domain of murine MAdCAM-1 is, however, much less apparent. These receptors exhibit considerable variation from murine MAdCAM-1 with respect to the length of the mucin-like sequence and the lack of a membrane proximal Ig (IgA-like) domain. The isolation of these different species of MAdCAM-1 demonstrates greater seleoffctive pressure for maintenance of amino acids involved in alpha 4 beta 7 binding than those sequences presumably involved in the presentation of carbohydrates for selectin binding.

Structural requirements for mucosal vascular addressin binding to its lymphocyte receptor alpha 4 beta 7. Common themes among integrin-Ig family interactions

The mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, is an Ig family adhesion receptor preferentially expressed by venular endothelial cells at sites of lymphocyte extravasation in mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria. MAdCAM-1 binds the lymphocyte homing receptor for Peyer's patches, the integrin alpha 4 beta 7. We describe a point mutation within the first Ig domain of MAdCAM-1 that abolishes activation-independent alpha 4 beta 7 binding. This point mutation resides within an eight-amino acid motif with homology to sequences important for the integrin binding ability of the related vascular Ig family members, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. To understand the contributions of the individual MAdCAM-1 domains, chimeric exchanges with the beta 1 integrin ligand, ICAM-1, were made. The two N-terminal domains of MAdCAM-1 are sufficient to confer alpha 4 beta 7 binding comparable to that of native MAdCAM-1. A chimera containing only the N-terminal Ig domain (domain 1) of MAdCAM-1 can also bind (to a lesser extent) alpha 4 beta 7, but only after integrin (to a lesser extent) alpha 4 beta 7, but only after integrin activation. Conversely, the first domain of ICAM-1 appears sufficient to bind activated LFA-1. These data suggest that the first domain of MAdCAM-1 is sufficient for interaction with alpha 4 beta 7, but that sequences within the second domain support this interaction, either by providing additional contact points for integrin binding or by contributing to the conformation or presentation of the N-terminal domain. The second domain of MAdCAM-1 can also support activation-dependent LFA-1 binding to domain 1 of ICAM-1. The findings parallel studies of VCAM-1 binding to alpha 4 beta 1 and suggest that structural differences exist between vascular Ig-like ligands for alpha 4 vs beta 2 integrins.

Structural requirements for mucosal vascular addressin binding to its lymphocyte receptor alpha 4 beta 7. Common themes among integrin-Ig family interactions

The mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, is an Ig family adhesion receptor preferentially expressed by venular endothelial cells at sites of lymphocyte extravasation in mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria. MAdCAM-1 binds the lymphocyte homing receptor for Peyer's patches, the integrin alpha 4 beta 7. We describe a point mutation within the first Ig domain of MAdCAM-1 that abolishes activation-independent alpha 4 beta 7 binding. This point mutation resides within an eight-amino acid motif with homology to sequences important for the integrin binding ability of the related vascular Ig family members, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. To understand the contributions of the individual MAdCAM-1 domains, chimeric exchanges with the beta 1 integrin ligand, ICAM-1, were made. The two N-terminal domains of MAdCAM-1 are sufficient to confer alpha 4 beta 7 binding comparable to that of native MAdCAM-1. A chimera containing only the N-terminal Ig domain (domain 1) of MAdCAM-1 can also bind (to a lesser extent) alpha 4 beta 7, but only after integrin (to a lesser extent) alpha 4 beta 7, but only after integrin activation. Conversely, the first domain of ICAM-1 appears sufficient to bind activated LFA-1. These data suggest that the first domain of MAdCAM-1 is sufficient for interaction with alpha 4 beta 7, but that sequences within the second domain support this interaction, either by providing additional contact points for integrin binding or by contributing to the conformation or presentation of the N-terminal domain. The second domain of MAdCAM-1 can also support activation-dependent LFA-1 binding to domain 1 of ICAM-1. The findings parallel studies of VCAM-1 binding to alpha 4 beta 1 and suggest that structural differences exist between vascular Ig-like ligands for alpha 4 vs beta 2 integrins.

Organization, regulatory sequences, and alternatively spliced transcripts of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) gene

The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) is expressed selectively at venular sites of lymphocyte extravasation into mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria, where it directs local lymphocyte trafficking. MAdCAM-1 is a multifunctional type l transmembrane adhesion molecule comprising two distal lg domains involved in alpha 4 beta 7 integrin binding, a mucin-like region able to display L-selectin-binding carbohydrates, and a membrane-proximal lg domain homologous to lgA. We show in this work that the MAdCAM-1 gene is located on chromosome 10 and contains five exons. The signal peptide and each one of the three lg domains are encoded by a distinct exon, whereas the transmembrane, cytoplasmic tail, and 3'-untranslated region of MAdCAM-1 are combined on a single exon. The mucin-like region and the third lg domain are encoded together on exon 4. An alternatively spliced MAdCAM-1 mRNA is identified that lacks the mucin/lgA-homologous exon 4-encoded sequences. This short variant of MAdCAM-1 may be specialized to support alpha 4 beta 7-dependent adhesion strengthening, independent of carbohydrate-presenting function. Sequences 5' of the transcription start site include tandem nuclear factor-kappa B sites; AP-1, AP-2, and signal peptide-1 binding sites; and an estrogen response element. Our findings reinforce the correspondence between the multidomain structure and versatile functions of this vascular addressin, and suggest an additional level of regulation of carbohydrate-presenting capability, and thus of its importance in lectin-mediated vs alpha 4 beta 7-dependent adhesive events in lymphocyte trafficking.

Organization, regulatory sequences, and alternatively spliced transcripts of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) gene

The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) is expressed selectively at venular sites of lymphocyte extravasation into mucosal lymphoid tissues and lamina propria, where it directs local lymphocyte trafficking. MAdCAM-1 is a multifunctional type l transmembrane adhesion molecule comprising two distal lg domains involved in alpha 4 beta 7 integrin binding, a mucin-like region able to display L-selectin-binding carbohydrates, and a membrane-proximal lg domain homologous to lgA. We show in this work that the MAdCAM-1 gene is located on chromosome 10 and contains five exons. The signal peptide and each one of the three lg domains are encoded by a distinct exon, whereas the transmembrane, cytoplasmic tail, and 3'-untranslated region of MAdCAM-1 are combined on a single exon. The mucin-like region and the third lg domain are encoded together on exon 4. An alternatively spliced MAdCAM-1 mRNA is identified that lacks the mucin/lgA-homologous exon 4-encoded sequences. This short variant of MAdCAM-1 may be specialized to support alpha 4 beta 7-dependent adhesion strengthening, independent of carbohydrate-presenting function. Sequences 5' of the transcription start site include tandem nuclear factor-kappa B sites; AP-1, AP-2, and signal peptide-1 binding sites; and an estrogen response element. Our findings reinforce the correspondence between the multidomain structure and versatile functions of this vascular addressin, and suggest an additional level of regulation of carbohydrate-presenting capability, and thus of its importance in lectin-mediated vs alpha 4 beta 7-dependent adhesive events in lymphocyte trafficking.

Expression and function of the MAdCAM-1 receptor, integrin alpha 4 beta 7, on human leukocytes

Recirculation of mouse lymphocytes to the gut involves binding of the lymphocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7 to the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1. In humans, indirect evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells that express high levels of alpha 4 beta 7 migrate selectively to the gut. We now report that human adult blood CD8+ T cells and B cells, like CD4+ T cells, have heterogeneous expression of alpha 4 beta 7. In contrast, NK cells, eosinophils, and newborn blood T and B cells have relatively homogeneous expression of alpha 4 beta 7. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expression of alpha 4 beta 7 was related to age, CD45RA expression, and integrin beta 1 (CD29) expression, suggesting that alpha 4 beta 7 expression changes after primary activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. To directly determine whether human alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1, we performed in vitro adhesion assays with two alpha 4 beta 7+ human lymphoma cell lines. The results indicate that human alpha 4 beta 7 is a receptor for MAdCAM-1, whereas alpha 4 beta 1 is not. Adhesion of HUT 78 cells to MAdCAM-1 required Mn2+, whereas adhesion of RPMI 8866 cells did not, suggesting that alpha 4 beta 7 may have at least two distinct functional states. The ability of lymphocytes to bind to MAdCAM-1 and recirculate to mucosal organs is likely to be influenced both by the level of alpha 4 beta 7 expression and by the functional state of the alpha 4 beta 7 molecule.

Expression and function of the MAdCAM-1 receptor, integrin alpha 4 beta 7, on human leukocytes

Recirculation of mouse lymphocytes to the gut involves binding of the lymphocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7 to the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1. In humans, indirect evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells that express high levels of alpha 4 beta 7 migrate selectively to the gut. We now report that human adult blood CD8+ T cells and B cells, like CD4+ T cells, have heterogeneous expression of alpha 4 beta 7. In contrast, NK cells, eosinophils, and newborn blood T and B cells have relatively homogeneous expression of alpha 4 beta 7. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expression of alpha 4 beta 7 was related to age, CD45RA expression, and integrin beta 1 (CD29) expression, suggesting that alpha 4 beta 7 expression changes after primary activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. To directly determine whether human alpha 4 beta 7 mediates adhesion to MAdCAM-1, we performed in vitro adhesion assays with two alpha 4 beta 7+ human lymphoma cell lines. The results indicate that human alpha 4 beta 7 is a receptor for MAdCAM-1, whereas alpha 4 beta 1 is not. Adhesion of HUT 78 cells to MAdCAM-1 required Mn2+, whereas adhesion of RPMI 8866 cells did not, suggesting that alpha 4 beta 7 may have at least two distinct functional states. The ability of lymphocytes to bind to MAdCAM-1 and recirculate to mucosal organs is likely to be influenced both by the level of alpha 4 beta 7 expression and by the functional state of the alpha 4 beta 7 molecule.

Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1

The mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, is an immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule for lymphocytes that is expressed by mucosal venules and helps direct lymphocyte traffic into Peyer's patches (PP) and the intestinal lamina propria. We demonstrate that the lymphocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7, also implicated in homing to PP, is a receptor for MAdCAM-1. Certain antibodies to alpha 4 and beta 7 integrin chains but not to the beta 2 integrin LFA-1 inhibit lymphocyte binding to purified MAdCAM-1 and to MAdCAM-1 transfectants. Lymph node lymphocytes, alpha 4 beta 7+ TK1 lymphoma cells, and a beta 7-transfected variant of an alpha 4+ B cell line, 38C13, bind constitutively to MAdCAM-1. Binding is enhanced by Mn(++)-induced integrin activation. The related integrin alpha 4 beta 1 supports efficient binding to VCAM-1 but not to MAdCAM-1, even after integrin activation, indicating that MAdCAM-1 is a preferential ligand for alpha 4 beta 7. Alpha 4 beta 7 can also bind VCAM-1, but this requires greater integrin activation than binding to MAdCAM-1. The findings imply a selective role for the interaction of alpha 4 beta 7 and MAdCAM-1 lymphocyte in homing to mucosal sites.

MAdCAM-1 has homology to immunoglobulin and mucin-like adhesion receptors and to IgA1

Tissue-specific homing of lymphocytes is regulated by interactions with the endothelium of specialized venules, such as the high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues. The mucosal vascular addressin, a 58-66K glycoprotein adhesion receptor for lymphocytes, is selectively expressed on HEV of mucosal lymphoid organ and on lamina propria venules and helps direct lymphocyte traffic to these mucosal tissues. We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that, on transfection into COS cells, encodes immunoreactive addressin that specifically binds the mucosal HEV-binding T-cell lymphoma TK1. The predicted amino-acid sequence defines the mucosal addressin as a novel immunoglobulin family member, MAdCAM-1, with two amino-terminal domains that display strong homology to previously described vascular adhesion receptors for leukocytes, ICAM-1 (ref. 6) and VCAM-1 (ref. 7). The membrane proximal domain is homologous to the third domain (C alpha 2) of another mucosa-associated immunoglobulin family member, IgA1 (refs 8, 9). In addition to the immunoglobulin domains, there is a serine/threonine-rich region which may serve as a backbone to present carbohydrate ligands to lymphocytes. MAdCAM-1 is thus a complex multidomain receptor displaying several structural motifs that may participate in lymphocyte homing interactions.

Heritable retroviral transgenes are highly expressed in chickens

This report describes expression of heritable reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) vector ME111 in 20 independent lines of transgenic chickens. The results are strikingly different from studies of Moloney virus in transgenic mice, where restricted expression of inherited proviruses has led to their use primarily as insertional mutagens rather than general agents for gene transfer. In contrast, the REV ME111 provirus is actively transcribed in a variety of tissues from transgenic chickens, is expressed from transcriptional control elements present in the long terminal repeat of the provirus, and codes for active neomycin phosphotransferase II. The REV vector system as applied to the chicken represents a departure from the long-established paradigm of retroviral transgenes in mice and provides a new approach to the study of avian biology.

Identification of the avian myeloblastosis virus genome. II. Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA from lambda proviral recombinants and leukemic myeoblast clones

Two lambda proviral DNA recombinants were characterized with a number of restriction endonucleases. One recombinant contained a complete presumptive avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) provirus flanked by cellular sequences on either side, and the second recombinant contained 85% of a myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1 (MAV-1)-like provirus with cellular sequences adjacent to the 5' end of the provirus. Comparing the restriction maps for the proviral DNAs contained in each lambda hybrid showed that the putative AMV and MAV-1-like genomes shared identical enzyme sites for 3.6 megadaltons beginning at the 5' termini of the proviruses with respect to viral RNA. Two enzyme sites near the 3'-end of the MAV-1-like provirus were not present in the putative AMV genome. We also examined a number of leukemic myeloblast clones for proviral content and cell-provirus integration sites. The presumptive AMV provirus was present in all the leukemic myeloblast clones regardless of the endogenous proviral content of the target cells or the AMV pseudotype used for conversion. Multiple cellular sites were suitable for integration of the putative AMV genome and the helper genomes. The proviral genomes were all integrated colinearly with respect to linear viral DNA.