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Kunas SL, Stuke H, Plank IS, Laing EM, Bermpohl F, Ströhle A. Neurofunctional alterations of cognitive down-regulation of craving in quitting motivated smokers. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:1012-1022. [PMID: 35175067 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive down-regulation of craving involves a neural network within the prefrontal cortex. Tobacco use disorder (TUD) and trait impulsivity have been associated with prefrontal cortex impairments and down-regulation deficits. However, general deficits in down-regulation of craving (regarding non-drug-related cues) compared to never-smokers (NS), differential alterations between drug-related and non-drug-related cues, as well as its links to subject characteristics (smoking severity, trait impulsivity) have so far sparsely been investigated in TUD. METHOD In this study, 78 subjects (37 TUD & 42 NS) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a down-regulation of craving task. Two reward cue-types were presented (drug cues and alternative rewards). Subjects applied down-regulation of craving during a LATER condition and up-regulated their craving during a NOW condition. Subjective craving ratings were assessed after each trial. To evaluate down-regulation of craving, we investigated the LATER versus NOW condition. RESULTS TUD subjects showed no differences in down-regulation on a behavioral level, neither compared to NS nor between the two reward cue-types. On a neurofunctional level, we found a stronger BOLD response in the middle temporal gyrus in TUD subjects compared to NS in the alternative reward condition. No differences between the two reward cue-types were found within TUD subjects. During down-regulation across both reward cue-types, we identified significant negative associations between activation of control areas and smoking severity. CONCLUSIONS Results neither indicate evidence for the expected general alterations in down-regulation of craving in TUD, compared to NS, nor specific alterations between drug-related and alternative reward cues on a neurofunctional level. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Coheley LM, Kindler JM, Laing EM, Oshri A, Hill Gallant KM, Warden SJ, Peacock M, Weaver CM, Lewis RD. Whole egg consumption and cortical bone in healthy children. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:1783-1791. [PMID: 29713797 PMCID: PMC6604058 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Eggs contain bioactive compounds thought to benefit pediatric bone. This cross-sectional study shows a positive link between childhood egg intake and radius cortical bone. If randomized trials confirm our findings, incorporating eggs into children's diets could have a significant impact in preventing childhood fractures and reducing the risk of osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION This study examined the relationships between egg consumption and cortical bone in children. METHODS The cross-sectional study design included 294 9-13-year-old black and white males and females. Three-day diet records determined daily egg consumption. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography measured radius and tibia cortical bone. Body composition and biomarkers of bone turnover were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Egg intake was positively correlated with radius and tibia cortical bone mineral content (Ct.BMC), total bone area, cortical area, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference, and polar strength strain index in unadjusted models (r = 0.144-0.224, all P < 0.050). After adjusting for differences in race, sex, maturation, fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST), and protein intakes, tibia relationships were nullified; however, egg intake remained positively correlated with radius Ct.BMC (r = 0.138, P = 0.031). Egg intake positively correlated with total body bone mineral density, BMC, and bone area in the unadjusted models only (r = 0.119-0.224; all P < 0.050). After adjusting for covariates, egg intake was a positive predictor of radius FFST (β = 0.113, P < 0.050) and FFST was a positive predictor of Ct.BMC (β = 0.556, P < 0.050) in path analyses. There was a direct influence of egg on radius Ct.BMC (β = 0.099, P = 0.035), even after adjusting for the mediator, FFST (β = 0.137, P = 0.020). Egg intake was positively correlated with osteocalcin in both the unadjusted (P = 0.005) and adjusted (P = 0.049) models. CONCLUSION If the positive influence of eggs on Ct.BMC observed in this study is confirmed through future randomized controlled trials, whole eggs may represent a viable strategy to promote pediatric bone development and prevent fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Coheley
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, 279 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J M Kindler
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, Stone Hall 220-B, 770 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - E M Laing
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, 279 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The University of Georgia, 208 Family Science Center (House A), 403 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, USA
| | - K M Hill Gallant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, STON 207, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S J Warden
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 1140 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Gatch Hall Suite 265, 1120 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - C M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, Stone Hall 220-B, 770 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R D Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, 279 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, USA.
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Kindler JM, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Jenkins NT, Oshri A, Isales C, Hamrick M, Lewis RD. Insulin Resistance Negatively Influences the Muscle-Dependent IGF-1-Bone Mass Relationship in Premenarcheal Girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:199-205. [PMID: 26574958 PMCID: PMC4701844 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT IGF-1 promotes bone growth directly and indirectly through its effects on skeletal muscle. Insulin and IGF-1 share a common cellular signaling process; thus, insulin resistance may influence the IGF-1-muscle-bone relationship. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of insulin resistance on the muscle-dependent relationship between IGF-1 and bone mass in premenarcheal girls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a university research center involving 147 girls ages 9 to 11 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 were measured from fasting blood samples. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from glucose and insulin. Fat-free soft tissue (FFST) mass and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Our primary outcome was BMC/height. RESULTS In our path model, IGF-1 predicted FFST mass (b = 0.018; P = .001), which in turn predicted BMC/height (b = 0.960; P < .001). IGF-1 predicted BMC/height (b = 0.001; P = .002), but not after accounting for the mediator of this relationship, FFST mass. The HOMA-IR by IGF-1 interaction negatively predicted FFST mass (b = -0.044; P = .034). HOMA-IR had a significant and negative effect on the muscle-dependent relationship between IGF-1 and BMC/height (b = -0.151; P = .047). CONCLUSIONS Lean body mass is an important intermediary factor in the IGF-1-bone relationship. For this reason, bone development may be compromised indirectly via suboptimal IGF-1-dependent muscle development in insulin-resistant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kindler
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - N K Pollock
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - E M Laing
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - N T Jenkins
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - A Oshri
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - C Isales
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - M Hamrick
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - R D Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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Berger PK, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Warden SJ, Hill Gallant KM, Hausman DB, Tripp RA, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Weaver CM, Peacock M, Lewis RD. Association of adenovirus 36 infection with adiposity and inflammatory-related markers in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3240-6. [PMID: 24926952 PMCID: PMC4154093 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although animal studies suggest that adenovirus 36 (Ad36) infection is linked to obesity and systemic inflammation, human data are scant and equivocal. OBJECTIVE Associations of Ad36 infection with total body adiposity and inflammatory-related markers were determined in 291 children aged 9-13 years (50% female, 49% black). DESIGN Fasting blood samples were measured for presence of Ad36-specific antibodies and TNF-α, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Fat mass and fat-free soft tissue mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Ad36 seropositivity [Ad36(+)] was 42%. There was a higher percentage of Ad36(+) children in the highest tertiles of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with their respective middle and lowest tertiles (both P < .03). There was also a trend toward a higher prevalence of Ad36(+) children in the highest tertile of VEGF compared with tertiles 1 and 2 (P = .05). Multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, sex, and fat-free soft tissue mass, revealed that compared with children with the lowest TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF levels (tertile 1), the adjusted odds ratios for Ad36(+) were 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.0], 2.4 (95% CI 1.4-4.0), and 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.3), respectively, for those in the highest TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF levels (tertile 3). No association was observed between Ad36(+) and greater levels of fat mass or MCP-1 (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS In children, our data suggest that Ad36(+) may be associated with biomarkers implicated in inflammation but not with greater levels of fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Berger
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (P.K.B., E.M.L., D.B.H., R.D.L.), The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Physical Therapy (S.J.W.), Indiana University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Department of Medicine (K.M.H.G., M.P.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Departments of Nutrition Science (K.M.H.G., L.D.M., C.M.W.) and Statistics (G.P.M.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and Department of Infectious Diseases (R.A.T.), The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Lewis RD, Laing EM, Hill Gallant KM, Hall DB, McCabe GP, Hausman DB, Martin BR, Warden SJ, Peacock M, Weaver CM. A randomized trial of vitamin D₃ supplementation in children: dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:4816-25. [PMID: 24092833 PMCID: PMC3849678 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Changes in serum vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption with varying doses of oral vitamin D₃ in healthy children are unknown. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the dose-response effects of supplemental vitamin D₃ on serum vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in children living at two U.S. latitudes. DESIGN Black and white children (n = 323) participated in a multisite (U.S. latitudes 34° N and 40° N), triple-masked trial. Children were randomized to receive oral vitamin D₃ (0, 400, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU/d) and were sampled over 12 weeks in winter. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D) were measured using RIA and intact PTH (iPTH) by immunoradiometric assay. Fractional calcium absorption was determined from an oral stable isotope ⁴⁴Ca (5 mg) in a 150-mg calcium meal. Nonlinear and linear regression models were fit for vitamin D metabolites, iPTH, and calcium absorption. RESULTS The mean baseline 25(OH)D value for the entire sample was 70.0 nmol/L. Increases in 25(OH)D depended on dose with 12-week changes ranging from -10 nmol/L for placebo to 76 nmol/L for 4000 IU. Larger 25(OH)D gains were observed for whites vs blacks at the highest dose (P < .01). Gains for 1,25(OH)₂D were not significant (P = .07), and decreases in iPTH were not dose-dependent. There was no dose effect of vitamin D on fractional calcium absorption when adjusted for pill compliance, race, sex, or baseline 25(OH)D. CONCLUSION Large increases in serum 25(OH)D with vitamin D₃ supplementation did not increase calcium absorption in healthy children living at 2 different latitudes. Supplementation with 400 IU/d was sufficient to maintain wintertime 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy black, but not white, children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Lewis
- PhD, The University of Georgia, 279 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602.
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Warden SJ, Hill KM, Ferira AJ, Laing EM, Martin BR, Hausman DB, Weaver CM, Peacock M, Lewis RD. Racial differences in cortical bone and their relationship to biochemical variables in Black and White children in the early stages of puberty. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1869-79. [PMID: 23093348 PMCID: PMC4163020 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoporotic fracture rates differ according to race with Blacks having up to half the rate of Whites. The current study demonstrates that racial divergence in cortical bone properties develops in early childhood despite lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Blacks. INTRODUCTION Racial differences in bone structure likely have roots in childhood as bone size develops predominantly during growth. This study aimed to compare cortical bone health within the tibial diaphysis of Black and White children in the early stages of puberty and explore the contributions of biochemical variables in explaining racial variation in cortical bone properties. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed comparing peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived cortical bone measures of the tibial diaphysis and biochemical variables in 314 participants (n = 155 males; n = 164 Blacks) in the early stages of puberty. RESULTS Blacks had greater cortical volumetric bone mineral density, mass, and size compared to Whites (all p < 0.01), contributing to Blacks having 17.0 % greater tibial strength (polar strength-strain index (SSIP)) (p < 0.001). Turnover markers indicated that Blacks had higher bone formation (osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) and lower bone resorption (N-terminal telopeptide) than Whites (all p < 0.01). Blacks also had lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (all p < 0.05). There were no correlations between tibial bone properties and 25(OH)D and PTH in Whites (all p ≥ 0.10); however, SSIP was negatively and positively correlated with 25(OH)D and PTH in Blacks, respectively (all p ≤ 0.02). Variation in bone cross-sectional area and SSIP attributable to race was partially explained by tibial length, 25(OH)D/PTH, and OC. CONCLUSIONS Divergence in tibial cortical bone properties between Blacks and Whites is established by the early stages of puberty with the enhanced cortical bone properties in Black children possibly being explained by higher PTH and OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Warden
- Center for Translational Musculoskeletal Research and Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Pollock NK, Laing EM, Hamrick MW, Baile CA, Hall DB, Lewis RD. Bone and fat relationships in postadolescent black females: a pQCT study. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:655-65. [PMID: 20449571 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite adolescent black females experiencing the highest rates of obesity, the effect of excess fat mass on bone structure and strength in this population is unknown. Our findings in postadolescent black females suggest that excess weight in the form of fat mass may adversely influence cortical bone structure and strength. INTRODUCTION Although adolescent obesity has been associated with reduced bone structure and strength in white females, this relationship has not been studied in adolescent black females, a population experiencing the highest rates of obesity. Our objective was to compare bone structure and strength between postadolescent black females with normal and high levels of adiposity. METHODS Black females with ≤ 32% body fat were classified as normal body fat (NF; n = 33, aged 19.3 ± 1.3 years); females exceeding this cutoff were classified as high body fat (HF; n = 15, aged 19.0 ± 1.1 years). Using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, tibial and radial bones were scanned at the 4% (trabecular) and 20% (cortical) sites from the distal metaphyses. Fat-free soft-tissue mass (FFST) and %body fat were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS After controlling for either FFST or body weight, the HF vs. NF group had lower total cross-sectional area (CSA; 9-17%), cortical CSA (6-15%), and strength-strain index (SSI; 13-24%) at the cortical site of the tibia (all p < 0.05). At the cortical site of the radius, the HF vs. NF group had lower total CSA (14%, p = 0.03), cortical CSA (9%, p = 0.04), and SSI (15%, p = 0.07) after control for body weight. There were no group differences in either the FFST-adjusted cortical bone values at the radius or in the trabecular bone parameters (body weight- or FFST-adjusted) at the tibia and radius. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our adiposity and bone data in late-adolescent white females, our findings in black females entering adulthood also suggest that obesity may adversely influence cortical bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Pollock
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Breen ME, Laing EM, Hall DB, Hausman DB, Taylor RG, Isales CM, Ding KH, Pollock NK, Hamrick MW, Baile CA, Lewis RD. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor-I, and bone mineral accrual during growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E89-98. [PMID: 20962027 PMCID: PMC3038478 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The extent to which 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and IGF-I influence bone mineral content (BMC) accrual from early to mid-puberty is unclear. OBJECTIVE, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study sought to determine relationships among 25(OH)D, IGF-I, and BMC in community-dwelling prepubertal females (n = 76; aged 4-8 yr at baseline) over a period of up to 9 yr. DESIGN The hypothesis that changes in IGF-I vs. 25(OH)D are more strongly associated with BMC accrual was formulated after data collection. 25(OH)D and IGF-I were log-transformed and further adjusted using two-way ANOVA for differences in season and race. Linear mixed modeling (including a random subject-specific intercept and a random subject-specific slope on age) was employed to analyze the proportion of variance the transformed 25(OH)D and IGF-I variables explained for the bone outcomes. RESULTS IGF-I was more strongly associated with BMC accrual than 25(OH)D at the total body (R(2) = 0.874 vs. 0.809), proximal femur (R(2) = 0.847 vs. 0.771), radius (R(2) = 0.812 vs. 0.759), and lumbar spine (R(2) = 0.759 vs. 0.698). The rate of BMC accrual was positively associated with changes in IGF-I but negatively associated with 25(OH)D. When IGF-I and 25(OH)D were included in the same regression equation, 25(OH)D did not have a significant predictive effect on BMC accrual above and beyond that of IGF-I. CONCLUSIONS These prospective data in early adolescent females indicate that both 25(OH)D and IGF-I have a significant impact on bone mineral accrual; however, the positive association of IGF-I and BMC accrual is greater than the negative association of 25(OH)D and BMC accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Breen
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Pollock NK, Laing EM, Modlesky CM, O'Connor PJ, Lewis RD. Former college artistic gymnasts maintain higher BMD: a nine-year follow-up. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1691-7. [PMID: 16874441 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If higher bone gains acquired from weight-bearing sports during growth persist into old age, the residual benefits could delay or even prevent osteoporotic fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if the higher areal bone mineral density (aBMD) observed 15 years after competitive training and competition in former female college artistic gymnasts (GYM) compared with controls (CON) is maintained nine years later in this same cohort approaching menopause. In this 9-year follow-up, aBMD changes were also compared between GYM (n=16; aged 45.3+/-3.3 years) and CON (n=13; aged 45.4+/-3.8 years). METHODS Total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, femoral neck, leg, and arm aBMD were assessed at baseline and follow-up using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), (Hologic QDR-1000W). GYM had higher aBMD at all sites at follow-up (P<0.05; eta (2)>0.14). RESULTS While there were no significant differences between groups for percent changes in aBMD at the total body, lumbar spine, total proximal femur, femoral neck, and arm, the change in leg aBMD was significantly different between GYM and CON (P=0.05; eta (2)=0.14). CONCLUSIONS Former female college artistic gymnasts maintained significantly higher aBMD than controls 24 years after retirement from gymnastics training and competition. This study provides greater insight into the effects of past athletic participation on skeletal health in women approaching menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Pollock
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Room 279 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Maclean D, Mitchell ET, Laing EM, Macdonald FC, Gough KJ, Dow RJ, McDevitt DG. Comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of nicardipine and propranolol, alone and in combination, in mild to moderate hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27:569-80. [PMID: 2667597 PMCID: PMC1379922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We evaluated the relative efficacies and tolerability of various low-dose combinations of nicardipine and propranolol in patients with mild-moderate essential hypertension (DBP Phase V of greater than 90-125 mmHg; WHO Grades I and II) in order to select the best one. 2. Sixty patients completed the double-blind, balanced, randomised three-way cross-over protocol, with each phase lasting 4 weeks, and in which twice daily nicardipine 40 mg or propranolol 80 mg was compared with four twice daily combinations of nicardipine (20 or 30 mg) plus propranolol (40 or 80 mg). 3. At 'peak' effect time (i.e., 2 h post-dosing) all four treatment combinations were significantly more effective than propranolol, with effects ranging from 9-23 mmHg (systolic) and 5-15 mmHg (diastolic). Only the two 30 mg nicardipine combinations with propranolol were more effective than nicardipine monotherapy, further reducing BP by 8-13 mmHg (systolic) and 5-7 mmHg (diastolic); there were no significant differences between them. 4. 'Trough' diastolic pressures were not different between treatments and 'trough' BP control was sub-optimal on all treatments. 5. 70% of patients on nicardipine monotherapy, 33% of those on propranolol monotherapy and 30% of patients during the placebo run-in complained of symptoms. In terms of complaint rates, there was little to choose between the four combinations (27-33%). Serum potassium and creatinine levels were elevated following propranolol monotherapy by 0.19 mmol 1-1 and 6.5 mumol 1-1 respectively (P less than 0.01 for both) and following the nicardipine 30 mg/propranolol 80 mg combination. Nicardipine monotherapy elevated serum T4 levels by an average of 0.57 ng dl-1 (P less than 0.05). 6. The twice daily combination of nicardipine 30 mg plus propranolol 40 mg was therefore the optimum one in terms of its efficacy and tolerability. Further studies need to be performed to test the hypothesis that a higher dose of propranolol might ameliorate troublesome vasodilator side effects. However, none of the treatments studied was ideal for clinical use in the twice daily dosage used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maclean
- University Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee
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