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Dunn MR, Metwally EM, Vohra S, Hyslop T, Henderson LM, Reeder-Hayes K, Thompson CA, Lafata JE, Troester MA, Butler EN. Understanding mechanisms of racial disparities in breast cancer: an assessment of screening and regular care in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control 2024; 35:825-837. [PMID: 38217760 PMCID: PMC11045315 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Screening history influences stage at detection, but regular preventive care may also influence breast tumor diagnostic characteristics. Few studies have evaluated healthcare utilization (both screening and primary care) in racially diverse screening-eligible populations. METHODS This analysis included 2,058 women age 45-74 (49% Black) from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based cohort of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2008 and 2013. Screening history (threshold 0.5 mammograms per year) and pre-diagnostic healthcare utilization (i.e. regular care, based on responses to "During the past ten years, who did you usually see when you were sick or needed advice about your health?") were assessed as binary exposures. The relationship between healthcare utilization and tumor characteristics were evaluated overall and race-stratified. RESULTS Among those lacking screening, Black participants had larger tumors (5 + cm) (frequency 19.6% vs 11.5%, relative frequency difference (RFD) = 8.1%, 95% CI 2.8-13.5), but race differences were attenuated among screening-adherent participants (10.2% vs 7.0%, RFD = 3.2%, 0.2-6.2). Similar trends were observed for tumor stage and mode of detection (mammogram vs lump). Among all participants, those lacking both screening and regular care had larger tumors (21% vs 8%, RR = 2.51, 1.76-3.56) and advanced (3B +) stage (19% vs 6%, RR = 3.15, 2.15-4.63) compared to the referent category (screening-adherent and regular care). Under-use of regular care and screening was more prevalent in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas of North Carolina. CONCLUSIONS Access to regular care is an important safeguard for earlier detection. Our data suggest that health equity interventions should prioritize both primary care and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Dunn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Eman M Metwally
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanah Vohra
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louise M Henderson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Reeder-Hayes
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline A Thompson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Elston Lafata
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Love SAM, Collins JM, Anthony KM, Buchheit SF, Butler EN, Bey GS, Gondalia R, Hayden KM, Zannas AS, Bick AG, Manson JE, Desai PM, Natarajan P, Bhattacharya R, Jaiswal S, Barac A, Reiner A, Kooperberg C, Stewart JD, Whitsel EA. Individual and Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Status and Somatic Mutations Associated With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the Women's Health Initiative. Womens Health Issues 2023:S1049-3867(23)00186-X. [PMID: 38061917 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), the expansion of leukemogenic mutations in white blood cells, has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality. OBJECTIVE We examined the relationship between individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) and CHIP and evaluated effect modification by interpersonal and intrapersonal resources. METHODS The study population included 10,799 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative without hematologic malignancy or antineoplastic medication use. Individual- and neighborhood (Census tract)-level SES were assessed across several domains including education, income, and occupation, and a neighborhood-level SES summary z-score, which captures multiple dimensions of SES, was generated. Interpersonal and intrapersonal resources were self-reports. CHIP was ascertained based on a prespecified list of leukemogenic driver mutations. Weighted logistic regression models adjusted for covariates were used to estimate risk of CHIP as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS The interval-scale neighborhood-level SES summary z-score was associated with a 3% increased risk of CHIP: OR (95% CI) = 1.03 (1.00-1.05), p = .038. Optimism significantly modified that estimate, such that among women with low/medium and high levels of optimism, the corresponding ORs (95% CIs) were 1.03 (1.02-1.04) and 0.95 (0.94-0.96), pInteraction < .001. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that reduced risk of somatic mutation may represent a biological pathway by which optimism protects contextually advantaged but at-risk women against age-related chronic disease and highlight potential benefits of long-term, positive psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly-Ann M Love
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Jason M Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurtis M Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sophie F Buchheit
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganga S Bey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rahul Gondalia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Surveillance and Analytics, Real-World Analytics Solutions, IQVIA, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Hayden
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony S Zannas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pinkal M Desai
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Romit Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ana Barac
- Division of Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, District of Columbia; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alex Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - James D Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Gheybi K, Mmekwa N, Lebelo MT, Patrick SM, Campbell R, Nenzhelele M, Soh PXY, Obida M, Loda M, Shirindi J, Butler EN, Mutambirwa SBA, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. Linking African ancestral substructure to prostate cancer health disparities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20909. [PMID: 38017150 PMCID: PMC10684577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, with mortality rates loosely linked to African ancestry. Yet studies aimed at identifying contributing risk factors are lacking within the continent and as such exclude for significant ancestral diversity. Here, we investigate a series of epidemiological demographic and lifestyle risk factors for 1387 men recruited as part of the multi-ethnic Southern African Prostate Cancer Study (SAPCS). We found poverty to be a decisive factor for disease grade and age at diagnosis, with other notably significant PCa associated risk factors including sexually transmitted diseases, erectile dysfunction, gynaecomastia, and vertex or complete pattern balding. Aligned with African American data, Black ethnicity showed significant risk for PCa diagnosis (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.05-2.00), and aggressive disease presentation (ISUP ≥ 4: OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.49-3.40). New to this study, we demonstrate African ancestral population substructure associated PCa disparity, observing increased risk for advanced disease for the southern African Tsonga people (ISUP ≥ 4: OR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.62-7.27). Conversely, South African Coloured were less likely to be diagnosed with aggressive disease overall (ISUP ≥ 3: OR = 0.38, 95% 0.17-0.85). Understanding the basis for PCa health disparities calls for African inclusion, however, lack of available data has limited the power to begin discussions. Here, focusing on arguably the largest study of its kind for the African continent, we draw attention to the contribution of within African ancestral diversity as a contributing factor to PCa health disparities within the genetically diverse region of southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazzem Gheybi
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Naledi Mmekwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maphuti Tebogo Lebelo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sean M Patrick
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Pamela X Y Soh
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weil Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce Shirindi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirwa
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, Limpopo, South Africa.
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Wang A, Xu Y, Sheng X, Hughley R, Adusei B, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Adjei AA, Mensah J, Fernandez PW, Adebiyi AO, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Petersen L, Joffe M, Bensen JT, Mohler JL, Taylor JA, Butler EN, Ingles SA, Rybicki BA, Stanford JL, Zheng W, Berndt SI, Huff CD, Lachance J, Multigner L, Andrews C, Rebbeck TR, Brureau L, Chanock SJ, de Smith A, Chen F, Darst BF, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Abstract 3508: Association between clonal hematopoiesis and risk of prostate cancer in a large sample of African ancestry men. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) has been associated with inflammation, which is a risk factor for cancer, including prostate cancer. We previously reported weak evidence of an association between CHIP and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry. However, little is known for African ancestry populations. We investigated the association of age-related CHIP with overall and aggressive prostate cancer risk in a large whole-exome sequencing study of 12,049 African ancestry men, including 7,176 prostate cancer cases (of which 3,283 had aggressive disease and 1,074 had metastatic disease) and 4,873 controls. Somatic variant calling was carried out using GATK Mutect2, and only variants with minor allele frequencies (MAF) <0.1% and a variant allelic fraction (VAF) >5% were included. Variants with a MAF ≥0.1% in gnomAD were excluded. CHIP variants were identified from a list of pre-specified mutations in 74 genes. Associations were tested using regression models adjusting for age, sub-study, and top 10 principal components, with statistical significance tested by the likelihood ratio test and applying a Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing. In total, 998 variants in 57 CHIP genes were identified. Consistent with previous results, we observed a strong association between CHIP and age at blood draw. CHIP genes in aggregate were not statistically significantly associated with risks of total (OR=1.12, 95% CI=0.97-1.28), aggressive (OR=1.14, 95% CI=0.92-1.43) or metastatic (OR=1.17, 95% CI=0.91-1.49) prostate cancer. We observed that carriers of variants in DNMT3A, which is the gene that harbors the most CHIP driver mutations, had a nominally elevated risk of prostate cancer compared to non-carriers (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.08-1.68, p=0.007). Additionally, carriers of variants in EZH2, which is implicated in cancer progression, showed a suggestive association with aggressive prostate cancer (OR=7.33, 95% CI=1.01-53.21, p=0.029). After adjusting for age at blood draw, CHIP genes in aggregate were not associated with age at prostate cancer diagnosis. However, we found that EZH2 variants carriers were diagnosed 12.9 years earlier on average than non-carriers (95% CI=6.1-19.7, adjusted p=0.01). A prostate cancer polygenic risk score (PRS) constructed using 269 risk variants was not associated with CHIP carrier status in aggregate (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.92-1.06, p=0.70) or with any individual gene (all adjusted p>0.05). In summary, overall CHIP is not likely to be a risk factor of prostate cancer or aggressive disease in men of African ancestry. However, our results do confirm the association of CHIP in DNMT3A with prostate cancer risk as reported in previous studies in men of European ancestry. Future work will be needed to evaluate the biological causality of DNMT3A- and EZH2- related CHIP on prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Anqi Wang, Yili Xu, Xin Sheng, Raymond Hughley, Ben Adusei, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, Andrew A Adjei, James Mensah, Pedro W. Fernandez, Akin Olupelumi Adebiyi, Oseremen Inokhoife Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Lindsay Petersen, Maureen Joffe, Jeannette T. Bensen, James L. Mohler, Jack A. Taylor, Eboneé N. Butler, Sue A. Ingles, Benjamin A. Rybicki, Janet L. Stanford, Wei Zheng, Sonja I. Berndt, Chad D. Huff, Joseph Lachance, Luc Multigner, Caroline Andrews, Timothy R. Rebbeck, Laurent Brureau, Stephen J. Chanock, Adam de Smith, Fei Chen, Burcu F. Darst, David V. Conti, Christopher A. Haiman. Association between clonal hematopoiesis and risk of prostate cancer in a large sample of African ancestry men [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yili Xu
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xin Sheng
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maureen Joffe
- 10Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jack A. Taylor
- 13National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- 16Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Chad D. Huff
- 18University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Huston, TX
| | - Joseph Lachance
- 19Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, GA
| | - Luc Multigner
- 20Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Brureau
- 22CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | | | | | - Fei Chen
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Butler EN, Benefield T, Henderson L, Kuzmiak C, Pritchard M, Nyante S. Breast exam use during the protracted COVID-19 pandemic, by age, race, and geography. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2023; 7:7084782. [PMID: 36951539 PMCID: PMC10115465 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we analyzed data collected from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic through March 31, 2022 to identify temporal shifts in breast exam volume. Screening mammography volume stabilized toward the end of the study period, while diagnostic exam volume varied over time and by age. Older women experienced a decline in diagnostic exam volume between August 2020 and April 2021 that was not observed among women aged 50 years or less (50-69 years, monthly percentage change (MPC): -6.5; and 70+ years, MPC: -15.7). With respect to breast biopsy volume, women younger than 70 years of age had increased exam volume beginning in April 2020 and June 2020, whereas a corresponding increase among older women was delayed until April 2021(70+ years, MPC: 9.3). Findings from our study suggest a temporal shift in the use of breast exams that could result in differential detection of breast cancer by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thad Benefield
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louise Henderson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cherie Kuzmiak
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Pritchard
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Nyante
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Butler EN, Zhou CK, Curry M, McMenamin Ú, Cardwell C, Bradley MC, Graubard BI, Cook MB. Testosterone therapy and cancer risks among men in the SEER-Medicare linked database. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:48-56. [PMID: 36307648 PMCID: PMC9814238 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined associations between two forms of testosterone therapy (TT) and risks of seven cancers among men. METHODS SEER-Medicare combines cancer registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results programme with Medicare claims. Our population-based case-control study included incident cancer cases diagnosed between 1992-2015: prostate (n = 130,713), lung (n = 105,466), colorectal (n = 56,433), bladder (n = 38,873), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 17,854), melanoma (n = 14,241), and oesophageal (n = 9116). We selected 100,000 controls from a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries and used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS TT was associated with lower risk of distant-stage prostate cancer (injection/implantation OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.86; topical OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.24-1.03). We also observed inverse associations for distant-stage colorectal cancer (injection/implantation OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.90; topical OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05-0.24). Risks of distant-stage colorectal and prostate cancers decreased with time after initiating TT by injection/implantation. By contrast, TT was positively associated with distant-stage melanoma (injection/implantation OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.37-2.11). TT was not associated with bladder cancer, oesophageal cancer, lung cancer or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CONCLUSION TT was inversely associated with distant-stage prostate and colorectal cancers but was positively associated with distant-stage melanoma. These observations may suggest an aetiologic role for TT or the presence of residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Curry
- Information Management Services, Inc, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Úna McMenamin
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie C Bradley
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Butler EN, Umar A, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Kundrod KA, Signorello LB, Castle PE. Redefining precision cancer prevention to promote health equity. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:295-302. [PMID: 35181273 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Precision cancer prevention as it is currently envisioned is a targeted, molecular-based approach to intercept carcinogenesis before cancer develops or before it becomes untreatable. Unfortunately, due to systemic biases, current precision cancer prevention interventions might not be effective in all populations, especially in minoritized communities. In addition, not all cancer risk is attributable to genetic or even biological factors, but includes social determinants of health (SDH). Here, we propose a broader framework for precision cancer prevention, anchored in optimizing the benefits to harms for all people. We propose that precision cancer prevention considers not only what is being delivered, but also for whom, where, and how, with a goal of achieving cancer prevention health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brandy M Heckman-Stoddard
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn A Kundrod
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lisa B Signorello
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Philip E Castle
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Roberts MC, Spees LP, Freedman AN, Klein WMP, Prabhu Das I, Butler EN, de Moor JS. Oncologist-Reported Reasons for Not Ordering Multimarker Tumor Panels: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00431. [PMID: 34250411 PMCID: PMC8232803 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines oncologist-reported reasons for not using multimarker tumor panel testing and the association between these reasons and oncologist-level, facility-level, and patient-mix characteristics. METHODS We used data collected from a nationally representative sample (N = 1,281) of medical oncologists participating in the National Cancer Institute's National Survey of Precision Medicine in Cancer Treatment. RESULTS In addition to testing not being seen as relevant (87%) and no evidence of test utility (77%), the most frequently reported reasons for not ordering a multimarker tumor panel test was difficulty in obtaining sufficient tissue (57%) and using individual gene tests (72%). These reasons were more likely to be reported by oncologists practicing in rural clinics and less likely to be reported by oncologists with an academic affiliation or with access to genetic services such as on-site genetic counselors and internal genetic testing policies. CONCLUSION Modifiable, organizational factors were associated with ordering multimarker tumor panels. Receipt of genomics training and organizational policies related to the use of genomics were associated with lower reporting of barriers to ordering multimarker tumor panels, pointing to potential targets for future studies aimed at increasing appropriate multimarker tumor panel testing in cancer treatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Roberts
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lisa P. Spees
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew N. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - William M. P. Klein
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Irene Prabhu Das
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eboneé N. Butler
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janet S. de Moor
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Spees LP, Roberts MC, Freedman AN, Butler EN, Klein WMP, Prabhu Das I, de Moor JS. Involving patients and their families in deciding to use next generation sequencing: Results from a nationally representative survey of U.S. oncologists. Patient Educ Couns 2021; 104:33-39. [PMID: 32197930 PMCID: PMC7484216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Next generation sequencing (NGS) may aid in tumor classification and treatment. Barriers to shared decision-making may influence use of NGS. We examined, from oncologists' perspectives, whether barriers to involving patients/families in decision-making were associated with NGS use. METHODS Using data from the first national survey of medical oncologists' perspectives on precision medicine (N = 1281), we approached our analyses in two phases. Bivariate analyses initially evaluated associations between barriers to involving patients/families in deciding to use NGS and provider- and organizational-level characteristics. Modified Poisson regressions then examined associations between patient/family barriers and NGS use. RESULTS Approximately 59 % of oncologists reported at least one barrier to involving patients/families in decision-making regarding NGS use. Those reporting patient/family barriers tended to have fewer genomic resources at their practices, to be in rural or suburban areas, and to have a higher proportion of Medicaid patients. However, these barriers were not associated with NGS use. CONCLUSIONS Oncologists encounter barriers to involving patients/families in NGS testing decisions. Organizational barriers may also potentially play a role in testing decisions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To foster patient-centered care, strategies to support patient involvement in genomic testing decisions are needed, particularly among practices in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Spees
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Megan C Roberts
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Andrew N Freedman
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - William M P Klein
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Irene Prabhu Das
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Janet S de Moor
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
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Butler EN, Hall MG, Chen MS, Pepper JK, Blanton H, Brewer NT. The Prototypes of Tobacco Users Scale (POTUS) for Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use: Development and Validation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6081. [PMID: 32825565 PMCID: PMC7503746 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endorsing prototypes of cigarette smokers predicts cigarette smoking, but less is known about prototypes of users of other tobacco products. Our study sought to establish the reliability and validity of a measure of prototypes of smokers and e-cigarette users. Participants were from a national survey of smokers and non-smokers (n = 1414), a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of adult smokers (n = 2149), and adolescent children of adults in the trial (n = 112). The Prototypes of Tobacco Users Scale (POTUS) has four positive adjectives (cool, sexy, smart, and healthy) and four negative adjectives (disgusting, unattractive, immature, and inconsiderate) describing cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users. Confirmatory factor analyses identified a two-factor solution. The POTUS demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability in all three samples (median α = 0.85) and good test-retest reliability among adults in the RCT (median r = 0.61, 1-4 weeks follow-up). In the RCT, smokers more often agreed with negative prototypes for smokers than for e-cigarette users (mean = 2.03 vs. 1.67, p < 0.05); negative prototypes at baseline were also associated with more forgoing of cigarettes and making a quit attempt at the end of the trial (Week 4 follow-up). The POTUS may be useful to public health researchers seeking to design interventions that reduce tobacco initiation or cessation through the manipulation of tobacco user prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N. Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA;
| | - Marissa G. Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.G.H.); (M.S.C.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - May S. Chen
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.G.H.); (M.S.C.)
| | | | - Hart Blanton
- Department of Communication, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Noel T. Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.G.H.); (M.S.C.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Butler EN, Kelly SP, Coupland VH, Rosenberg PR, Cook MB. Abstract C016: Racial differences in the incidence of fatal prostate cancer in two countries: An ecological comparison of the United States and England. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-c016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Differential uptake of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in the US and UK has been linked to between-country differences in prostate cancer incidence. In the US, men of African ancestry have been shown to have a higher incidence of prostate cancer that is ultimately fatal compared with men of European ancestry, thus prompting calls for precision prevention approaches to screening. To assess whether temporal and racial differences are evident in the UK, we assessed the incidence of fatal prostate cancer in the US and England during a period of evolving screening recommendations and practices in both countries.
Methods: Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and Public Health England's National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, we identified prostate cancer patients newly diagnosed between 1995 and 2005, aged 45-84 years old. We defined fatal prostate cancer as death attributed to the disease within 10 years of diagnosis. To evaluate incidence trends across the 11-year study period, we used age-period-cohort modeling to calculate estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and joinpoint regression analysis to identify periods of significant change.
Results: In the US, 9% (n=38,409) of the 429,541 prostate cancer cases were fatal, compared with 17% (n=39,249) of the 228,615 cases in England. The age-adjusted incidence of fatal prostate cancer declined in the US by -4.2% per year (95%CI: -4.6%, -3.8%) and increased in England by 7.7% per year (95%CI:7.2%, 8.3%). From 2002-2005, the US experienced a more rapid decline in the incidence of fatal disease (EAPC = -6.4%; 95%CI: -8.3%, -4.5%) while rates in England continued to increase, albeit to a lesser degree (EAPC = 4.3%; 95%CI: -0.1%, 8.9%). Temporal trends for each country did not differ by race. However, a black-to-white difference persisted across the study period, with black men in both the US and England experiencing 2-to-3-fold higher incidence rates of fatal prostate cancer compared with white men.
Conclusions: During a period of increased PSA testing in the US and relatively low, but growing, use in England, we observed opposing trends for the incidence of fatal prostate cancer between the two countries. Our ecological study suggests that country-specific screening practices may influence temporal trends for the incidence of fatal prostate cancer similarly for black and white men, though a disparity persists in the absolute rate of disease occurrence between the two groups.
Citation Format: Eboneé N. Butler, Scott P. Kelly, Victoria H. Coupland, Philip R. Rosenberg, Michael B. Cook. Racial differences in the incidence of fatal prostate cancer in two countries: An ecological comparison of the United States and England [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr C016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N. Butler
- 1National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD,
| | - Scott P. Kelly
- 1National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD,
| | - Victoria H. Coupland
- 2National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Wellington House, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R. Rosenberg
- 1National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD,
| | - Michael B. Cook
- 1National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD,
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Butler EN, Cook MB. Abstract D115: The interplay between rurality-urbanicity and race in prostate cancer risk, treatment, and survival in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp19-d115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background. In this study, we compared prostate cancer incidence and survival between rural and urban settings in the US, using a recently released census-tract rurality-urbanicity metric that serves as a proxy for geographical access to care. We also examined the associations between rurality and receipt of definitive treatment and further examined whether rural-urban status serves as an explanatory factor for observed race differences in prostate cancer incidence, treatment, and survival. Methods. Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program we identified prostate cancer patients newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2015, aged 45 years and older. Patients were classified as residing in a ‘rural’ or ‘urban’ setting based on the US Department of Agriculture’s 2-level Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) measure. We defined ‘definitive treatment’ as receipt of radical prostatectomy (RP) among patients diagnosed with locoregional disease. To compare rural and urban settings we estimated relative measures for prostate cancer incidence, odds of treatment receipt, and prostate cancer survival using Poisson, logistic, and Cox regression models, respectively. We adjusted regression models for age, race, stage, or treatment, where applicable. Results. Between 2000 and 2015, men in the rural US were slightly less likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer when compared with urban US men (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.90), but were at higher risk of prostate cancer death (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.19). Patients diagnosed with locoregional disease in rural settings were also less likely to receive RP compared with their urban counterparts (odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.92) and were more likely to receive non-radical surgical interventions (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.35). In general, race differences were not evident by rural-urban status. Black men, however, were more likely to receive a prostate cancer diagnosis irrespective of geographical setting when compared with white men (rural IRR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.54 and urban IRR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.64, 1.73). Black men were also substantially less likely to receive RP (OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.49). With respect to survival, Asian or Pacific Islander men were at lower risk of prostate cancer death compared with white men (HR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.81). By contrast, American Indian/Alaskan Native and black men had the highest risks of death (HR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.43 and HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.28, respectively). Conclusions. Observed differences in prostate cancer incidence, treatment, and survival may reflect spatial differences in access to cancer prevention and cancer care. Rural-urban status does not appear to modify racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer incidence and survival.
Citation Format: Eboneé N Butler, Michael B Cook. The interplay between rurality-urbanicity and race in prostate cancer risk, treatment, and survival in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D115.
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13
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Butler EN, Kelly SP, Coupland VH, Rosenberg PS, Cook MB. Fatal prostate cancer incidence trends in the United States and England by race, stage, and treatment. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:487-494. [PMID: 32433602 PMCID: PMC7403310 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differential uptake of prostate-specific antigen testing in the US and UK has been linked to between-country differences for prostate cancer incidence. We examined stage-specific fatal prostate cancer incidence trends in the US and England, by treatment and race/ethnicity. Methods Using data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and Public Health England’s National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, we identified prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2005, aged 45–84 years. Fatal prostate cancer was defined as death attributed to the disease within 10 years of diagnosis. We used age–period–cohort models to assess trends in fatal prostate cancer incidence. Results Fatal prostate cancer incidence declined in the US by −7.5% each year and increased in England by 7.7% annually. These trends were primarily driven by locoregional disease in the US and distant disease in England. Black men in both countries had twofold to threefold higher fatal prostate cancer incidence rates, when compared with their white counterparts; however, receipt of radical prostatectomy lessened this disparity. Conclusions We report a significant increasing rate of fatal prostate cancer incidence among English men. The black–white racial disparity appears pervasive but is attenuated among those who received radical prostatectomy in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Scott P Kelly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria H Coupland
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, Wellington House, SE1 8UG, London, UK
| | - Philip S Rosenberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Hurwitz LM, Yeboah ED, Biritwum RB, Tettey Y, Adjei AA, Mensah JE, Tay E, Okyne V, Truelove A, Kelly SP, Zhou CK, Butler EN, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Cook MB. Overall and abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk in a West African population: An analysis of the Ghana Prostate Study. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2669-2676. [PMID: 32350862 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, most studies have been conducted among North American and European populations. Prostate cancer mortality appears elevated in West Africa, yet risk factors for prostate cancer in this region are unknown. We thus examined the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer using a case-control study conducted in Accra, Ghana in 2004 to 2012. Cases and controls were drawn from a population-based sample of 1037 men screened for prostate cancer, yielding 73 cases and 964 controls. An additional 493 incident cases were recruited from the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Anthropometric measurements were taken at enrollment. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and prostate cancer, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean BMI was 25.1 kg/m2 for cases and 24.3 kg/m2 for controls. After adjustment, men with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 had an increased risk of prostate cancer relative to men with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11-3.13). Elevated WC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.24-2.51) and WHR (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.99-2.16) were also associated with prostate cancer. Associations were not modified by smoking status and were evident for low- and high-grade disease. These findings indicate that overall and abdominal obesity are positively associated with prostate cancer among men in Ghana, implicating obesity as a potentially modifiable risk factor for prostate cancer in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hurwitz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard B Biritwum
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yao Tettey
- Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vicky Okyne
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Scott P Kelly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center and Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Butler EN, Bensen JT, Chen M, Conway K, Richardson DB, Sun X, Geradts J, Olshan AF, Troester MA. Prediagnostic Smoking Is Associated with Binary and Quantitative Measures of ER Protein and ESR1 mRNA Expression in Breast Tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 27:67-74. [PMID: 29133365 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Smoking is a possible risk factor for breast cancer and has been linked to increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease in some epidemiologic studies. It is unknown whether smoking has quantitative effects on ER expression.Methods: We examined relationships between smoking and ER expression from tumors of 1,888 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from a population-based study in North Carolina. ER expression was characterized using binary (±) and continuous measures for ER protein, ESR1 mRNA, and a multigene luminal score (LS) that serves as a measure of estrogen signaling in breast tumors. We used logistic and linear regression models to estimate temporal and dose-dependent associations between smoking and ER measures.Results: The odds of ER+, ESR1+, and LS+ tumors among current smokers (at the time of diagnosis), those who smoked 20 or more years, and those who smoked within 5 years of diagnosis were nearly double those of nonsmokers. Quantitative levels of ESR1 were highest among current smokers compared with never smokers overall [mean (log2) = 9.2 vs. 8.7, P < 0.05] and among ER+ cases; however, we did not observe associations between smoking measures and continuous ER protein expression.Conclusions: In relationship to breast cancer diagnosis, recent smoking was associated with higher odds of the ER+, ESR1+, and LS+ subtype. Current smoking was associated with elevated ESR1 mRNA levels and an elevated LS, but not with altered ER protein.Impact: A multigene LS and single-gene ESR1 mRNA may capture tumor changes associated with smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(1); 67-74. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xuezheng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Butler EN, Baron JA, Bensen JT, Chen M, Conway K, Olshan AF, Troester M. Abstract 4264: Smoking exposure and quantitative levels of estrogen-receptor expression in ER+ breast tumors. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Smoking is a suspected risk factor for breast cancer and has been linked to increased risk of estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) disease in some epidemiologic studies. Cigarette smoke has also been shown to have antiestrogenic effects, leading to a potentially contradictory hypothesis that smoking would lead to decreased risk of breast tumors driven by estrogen-signaling. Binary classification of breast tumors with respect to ER may mask quantitative associations between smoking and ER expression. Methods: Using data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), we examined relationships between smoking and quantitative levels of ER expression from tumors of 1,297 women with ER+ disease (i.e., ≥ 10% of tumor cells ER+ by immunohistochemical analysis). We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate associations between categorical measures of smoking and quartiles of ER protein or ESR1 mRNA expression, represented by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We also examined associations between smoking and quantitative ER levels among women with ER+ breast tumors, stratified by menopausal status. Multivariate regression models include adjustment for age, race, stage, grade, and tumor size. Results: Quantitative ESR1 was positively associated with any history of smoking (i.e., current at time of diagnosis or former smoking) (OR: 1.96 and 95% CI: 1.24 to 3.10). In addition, smoking more than 1 pack of cigarettes per day was associated with high ESR1 expression (OR: 3.19 and 95% CI: 1.29 to 7.91) as was smoking duration of > 20 years (OR: 2.08 and 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.74). Among former smokers, we observed higher ESR1 expression among those who quit 5-10 years prior to diagnosis. The magnitudes of association between smoking and quantitative levels of ESR1 expression were similar for both pre- and post-menopausal women, but were not reflected in similar association on the protein level. Conclusions: Among women with ER+ breast cancer, smoking dose and duration was positively associated with elevated ESR1 mRNA levels, regardless of menopausal status. Absence of this association for protein suggests that ESR1 RNA merits further consideration, but may suggest that ESR1 RNA more sensitively captures biological differences than ER protein expression.
Citation Format: Eboneé N. Butler, John A. Baron, Jeannette T. Bensen, Mengjie Chen, Kathleen Conway, Andrew F. Olshan, Melissa Troester. Smoking exposure and quantitative levels of estrogen-receptor expression in ER+ breast tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4264. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4264
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A. Baron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Mengjie Chen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kathleen Conway
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Butler EN, Tse CK, Bell ME, Conway K, Olshan AF, Troester MA. Active smoking and risk of Luminal and Basal-like breast cancer subtypes in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:775-86. [PMID: 27153846 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence suggests an association between active cigarette smoking and increased breast cancer risk. However, the weak magnitude of association and conflicting results have yielded uncertainty and it is unknown whether associations differ by breast cancer subtype. METHODS Using population-based case-control data from phases I and II of the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, we examined associations between self-reported measures of smoking and risk of Luminal and Basal-like breast cancers. We used logistic regression models to estimate case-control odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Ever smoking (current and former) was associated with a weakly increased risk of Luminal breast cancer (OR 1.12, 95 % CI 0.92-1.36) and was not associated with risk of Basal-like breast cancer (OR 0.96, 95 % CI 0.69-1.32). Similarly, smoking duration of more than 20 years was associated with increased risk of Luminal (OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.19-1.93), but not Basal-like breast cancer (OR 0.90, 95 % CI 0.57-1.43). When stratified by race, elevated odds ratios between smoking and Luminal breast cancer risk were found among black women across multiple exposure measures (ever smoking, duration, and dose); conversely, among white women odds ratios were attenuated or null. CONCLUSIONS Results from our study demonstrate a positive association between smoking and Luminal breast cancer risk, particularly among black women and women with long smoking histories. Addressing breast cancer heterogeneity in studies of smoking and breast cancer risk may elucidate associations masked in prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, CB 7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Chiu-Kit Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, CB 7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Bell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, CB 7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, CB 7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, CB 7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Warren JL, Butler EN, Stevens J, Lathan CS, Noone AM, Ward KC, Harlan LC. Receipt of chemotherapy among medicare patients with cancer by type of supplemental insurance. J Clin Oncol 2014; 33:312-8. [PMID: 25534387 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.55.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medicare beneficiaries with cancer bear a greater portion of their health care costs, because cancer treatment costs have increased. Beneficiaries have supplemental insurance to reduce out-of-pocket costs; those without supplemental insurance may face barriers to care. This study examines the association between type of supplemental insurance coverage and receipt of chemotherapy among Medicare patients with cancer who, per National Comprehensive Cancer Network treatment guidelines, should generally receive chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective, observational study included 1,200 Medicare patients diagnosed with incident cancer of the breast (stage IIB to III), colon (stage III), rectum (stage II to III), lung (stage II to IV), or ovary (stage II to IV) from 2000 to 2005. Using the National Cancer Institute Patterns of Care Studies and linked SEER-Medicare data, we determined each Medicare patient's supplemental insurance status (private insurance, dual eligible [ie, Medicare with Medicaid], or no supplemental insurance), consultation with an oncologist, and receipt of chemotherapy. Using adjusted logistic regression, we evaluated the association of type of supplemental insurance with oncologist consultation and receipt of chemotherapy. RESULTS Dual-eligible patients were significantly less likely to receive chemotherapy than were Medicare patients with private insurance. Patients with Medicare only who saw an oncologist had comparable rates of chemotherapy compared with Medicare patients with private insurance. CONCLUSION Dual-eligible Medicare beneficiaries received recommended cancer chemotherapy less frequently than other Medicare beneficiaries. With the increasing number of Medicaid patients under the Affordable Care Act, there will be a need for patient navigators and sufficient physician reimbursement so that low-income patients with cancer will have access to oncologists and needed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Warren
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer Stevens
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher S Lathan
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anne-Michelle Noone
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin C Ward
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Linda C Harlan
- Joan L. Warren, Anne-Michelle Noone, and Linda C. Harlan, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; Jennifer Stevens, Information Management Services, Beltsville, MD; Eboneé N. Butler, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Christopher S. Lathan, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and Kevin Ward, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of stroke is greatest among adults who have experienced a previous stroke, transient ischemic attack, or myocardial infarction. Physical activity may reduce the secondary risk of stroke through mediating effects on blood pressure, vasoconstriction, and circulating lipid concentrations; however, little is known about the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior among stroke survivors in the United States. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we describe self-reported and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among adults with a self-reported history of stroke. We also contrast physical activity among stroke survivors with that of adults without stroke (unexposed) to illustrate expected behavior in the absence of disease. RESULTS Fewer participants with stroke met weekly physical activity guidelines as outlined in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans when compared with unexposed participants (17.9% vs 25.0%) according to self-reported data. In addition, participants with stroke reported less moderate (46.1% vs 54.7%) and vigorous (9.1% vs 19.6%) leisure activity compared with unexposed participants. As measured by accelerometer, time since diagnosis was inversely associated with physical activity engagement, and participants with stroke recorded more daily hours of sedentary behavior compared with unexposed participants (10.1 hours vs 8.9 hours). CONCLUSION Findings from this study provide a basis for future work seeking to measure the impact of physical activity on the secondary prevention of stroke by characterizing the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior among stroke survivors in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N. Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kelly R. Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Chawla N, Butler EN, Lund J, Warren JL, Harlan LC, Yabroff KR. Patterns of colorectal cancer care in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014; 2013:36-61. [PMID: 23962509 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgt009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men worldwide. In this study, we used MEDLINE to conduct a systematic review of existing literature published in English between 2000 and 2010 on patterns of colorectal cancer care. Specifically, this review examined 66 studies conducted in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand to assess patterns of initial care, post-diagnostic surveillance, and end-of-life care for colorectal cancer. The majority of studies in this review reported rates of initial care, and limited research examined either post-diagnostic surveillance or end-of-life care for colorectal cancer. Older colorectal cancer patients and individuals with comorbidities generally received less surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Patients with lower socioeconomic status were less likely to receive treatment, and variations in patterns of care were observed by patient demographic and clinical characteristics, geographical location, and hospital setting. However, there was wide variability in data collection and measures, health-care systems, patient populations, and population representativeness, making direct comparisons challenging. Future research and policy efforts should emphasize increased comparability of data systems, promote data standardization, and encourage collaboration between and within European cancer registries and administrative databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Chawla
- Health Services and Economics Branch/Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 3E346, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Butler EN, Chawla N, Lund J, Harlan LC, Warren JL, Yabroff KR. Patterns of colorectal cancer care in the United States and Canada: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014; 2013:13-35. [PMID: 23962508 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and Canada. Given the high incidence and increased survival of colorectal cancer patients, prevalence is increasing over time in both countries. Using MEDLINE, we conducted a systematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2010 to describe patterns of colorectal cancer care. Specifically we examined data sources used to obtain treatment information and compared patterns of cancer-directed initial care, post-diagnostic surveillance care, and end-of-life care among colorectal cancer patients diagnosed in the United States and Canada. Receipt of initial treatment for colorectal cancer was associated with the anatomical position of the tumor and extent of disease at diagnosis, in accordance with consensus-based guidelines. Overall, care trends were similar between the United States and Canada; however, we observed differences with respect to data sources used to measure treatment receipt. Differences were also present between study populations within country, further limiting direct comparisons. Findings from this review will allow researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to evaluate treatment receipt by patient, clinical, or system characteristics and identify emerging trends over time. Furthermore, comparisons between health-care systems in the United States and Canada can identify disparities in care, allow the evaluation of different models of care, and highlight issues regarding the utility of existing data sources to estimate national patterns of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboneé N Butler
- Health Services and Economics Branch/Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr 3E436, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Hancock K, Veguilla V, Lu X, Zhong W, Butler EN, Sun H, Liu F, Dong L, DeVos JR, Gargiullo PM, Brammer TL, Cox NJ, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1945-52. [PMID: 19745214 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0906453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 960] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has emerged, causing illness globally, primarily in younger age groups. To assess the level of preexisting immunity in humans and to evaluate seasonal vaccine strategies, we measured the antibody response to the pandemic virus resulting from previous influenza infection or vaccination in different age groups. METHODS Using a microneutralization assay, we measured cross-reactive antibodies to pandemic H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) in stored serum samples from persons who either donated blood or were vaccinated with recent seasonal or 1976 swine influenza vaccines. RESULTS A total of 4 of 107 persons (4%) who were born after 1980 had preexisting cross-reactive antibody titers of 40 or more against 2009 H1N1, whereas 39 of 115 persons (34%) born before 1950 had titers of 80 or more. Vaccination with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines resulted in an increase in the level of cross-reactive antibody to 2009 H1N1 by a factor of four or more in none of 55 children between the ages of 6 months and 9 years, in 12 to 22% of 231 adults between the ages of 18 and 64 years, and in 5% or less of 113 adults 60 years of age or older. Seasonal vaccines that were formulated with adjuvant did not further enhance cross-reactive antibody responses. Vaccination with the A/New Jersey/1976 swine influenza vaccine substantially boosted cross-reactive antibodies to 2009 H1N1 in adults. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with recent seasonal nonadjuvanted or adjuvanted influenza vaccines induced little or no cross-reactive antibody response to 2009 H1N1 in any age group. Persons under the age of 30 years had little evidence of cross-reactive antibodies to the pandemic virus. However, a proportion of older adults had preexisting cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Hancock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Zaky SS, Lund M, May KA, Godette K, Holmes L, O'Regan R, Butler EN, Hair BY, Phillips R, Styblo T, Landry J. Triple negative breast cancer confers higher recurrence rates after breast conserving therapy. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract #5127
Purpose
 There has been a recent surge of information regarding the treatment outcomes for women with estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative breast cancer; known as the triple negative (TN) subtype. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of these receptor expressions on local, regional and distant recurrences, and overall survival (OS) in patients undergoing breast conserving therapy (BCT).
 Patients and Methods
 The study population included 475 primary invasive female breast cancer patients (excluding Stage IV); who were residents of Fulton-Dekalb counties in Atlanta when diagnosed in 2003-2004 and treated within the Emory University affiliated hospitals. Data was obtained from the SEER cancer registry and augmented with medical record abstraction. Median follow-up was 3.4 years. The endpoints of the study were local, regional and distant recurrences, and OS. Tumors were subgrouped as: ER-/PR-/HER2- (TN), ER+/PR+/HER2-, ER+/PR+/HER2+, ER+/PR+/HER2-. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were employed.
 Results
 For the entire population, median age was 58 years. TN tumors accounted for 17% of the cases. Of the TN patients, 78% were African-American (p<0.01) and 40% had BCT. The majority of TN tumors were high grade (71%), p< 0.01. Total recurrence was 33% among the TN patients vs. 14% in the combined non-TN patient group, p< 0.01. Death occurred among 29% of TN vs. 14% of non-TN, p< 0.01.
 For the patients that were treated with BCT, 94% of TN patients completed their adjuvant radiation therapy and 73% received chemotherapy. Of those receiving BCT, recurrence was 28% for TN patients and 6% for non-TN patients (p<0.01). Local recurrence was 9% and 4% for TN and non-TN patients, respectively and distant metastatic rate was 16% versus 2% respectively (p< 0.01). There were no regional recurrences in the BCT group. Time to recurrence, OS, time to death, and breast cancer specific death did not differ between the two groups.
 Conclusion
 A significant increase in local recurrence and distant metastatic rates were observed after BCT among patients diagnosed with TN breast cancers; however there was not a significant short-term survival difference between the TN and non-TN receptor groups. The complexity of this patient population within the conventional treatment algorithm warrants further investigation to reduce local and distant recurrences.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5127.
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Affiliation(s)
- SS Zaky
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - M Lund
- 2 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - KA May
- 3 Hematology and Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - K Godette
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - L Holmes
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - R O'Regan
- 3 Hematology and Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - EN Butler
- 2 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - BY Hair
- 2 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - R Phillips
- 5 Metro Surgical Associates, Inc, Atlanta, GA
| | - T Styblo
- 4 Surgical Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - J Landry
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Emory University - Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
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Kerr WC, Butler EN. Self-consistent mean-field theory of asymmetric first-order structural phase transitions. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:3184-3199. [PMID: 9986218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bowman CM, Berger EM, Butler EN, Toth KM, Repine JE. HEPES may stimulate cultured endothelial cells to make growth-retarding oxygen metabolites. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1985; 21:140-2. [PMID: 4008430 DOI: 10.1007/bf02621350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterion buffers are often used to modulate the pH of cell culture medium but their effect on cultured cells is controversial. We found that addition of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) caused superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitable increases in nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction and SOD and catalase inhibitable decreases in the growth of cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The findings suggest that HEPES stimulates endothelial cells to make toxic oxygen metabolites that contribute to decreased cell growth.
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Abstract
Exposure of cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hyperoxia (95% O2) caused cellular injury manifested by decreased growth rates and release of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, a greater number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) adhered to endothelial cells that had been exposed to hyperoxia for 24 or 48 h than to control endothelial cells that had been exposed to normoxia (15% O2). Direct endothelial cell injury from hyperoxia may contribute to vascular damage and the increased PMN accumulation seen in lungs of animals exposed to hyperoxia.
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Bowman CM, Butler EN, Vatter AE, Repine JE. Hyperoxia injuries endothelial cells in culture and causes increased neutrophil adherence. Chest 1983; 83:33S-35S. [PMID: 6839844 DOI: 10.1378/chest.83.5.33s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Butler EN. Observation Units: (Section of Psychiatry). Proc R Soc Med 1940; 33:725-734. [PMID: 19992291 PMCID: PMC1997736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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