1
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Lou Y, Palermo EF. Dynamic Antimicrobial Poly(disulfide) Coatings Exfoliate Biofilms On Demand Via Triggered Depolymerization. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303359. [PMID: 38288658 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are notoriously problematic in applications ranging from biomedical implants to ship hulls. Cationic, amphiphilic antibacterial surface coatings delay the onset of biofilm formation by killing microbes on contact, but they lose effectiveness over time due to non-specific binding of biomass and biofilm formation. Harsh treatment methods are required to forcibly expel the biomass and regenerate a clean surface. Here, a simple, dynamically reversible method of polymer surface coating that enables both chemical killing on contact, and on-demand mechanical delamination of surface-bound biofilms, by triggered depolymerization of the underlying antimicrobial coating layer, is developed. Antimicrobial polymer derivatives based on α-lipoic acid (LA) undergo dynamic and reversible polymerization into polydisulfides functionalized with biocidal quaternary ammonium salt groups. These coatings kill >99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus cells, repeatedly for 15 cycles without loss of activity, for moderate microbial challenges (≈105 colony-forming units (CFU) mL-1 , 1 h), but they ultimately foul under intense challenges (≈107 CFU mL-1 , 5 days). The attached biofilms are then exfoliated from the polymer surface by UV-triggered degradation in an aqueous solution at neutral pH. This work provides a simple strategy for antimicrobial coatings that can kill bacteria on contact for extended timescales, followed by triggered biofilm removal under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lou
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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2
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Abstract
The performance of antimicrobial polymers depends sensitively on the type of cationic species, charge density, and spatial arrangement of cations. Here we report antimicrobial polymers bearing unusually bulky tetraaminophosphonium groups as the source of highly delocalized cationic charge. The bulky cations drastically enhanced the biocidal activity of amphiphilic polymers, leading to remarkably potent activity in the submicromolar range. The cationic polynorbornenes with pendent tetraaminophosphonium groups killed over 98% E. coli at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL and caused a 4-log reduction of E. coli within 2 h at a concentration of 2 μg/mL, showing very rapid and potent bactericidal activity. The polymers are also highly hemolytic at similar concentrations, indicating a biocidal activity profile. Polymers of a similar chemical structure but with more flexible backbones were made to examine the effects of the flexibility of polymer chains on their activity, which turned out to be marginal. We also explore variants with different spacer arm groups separating the cations from the backbone main chain. The antibacterial activity was comparably potent in all cases, but the polymers with shorter spacer arm groups showed more rapid bactericidal kinetics. Interestingly, pronounced counterion effects were observed. Tightly bound PF6- counteranions showed poor activity at high concentrations due to gross aggregate formation and precipitation from the assay media, whereas loosely bound Cl- counterions resulted in very potent activity that monotonically increased with increasing concentration. In this paper, we reveal that bulky phosphonium cations are associated with markedly enhanced biocidal activity, which provides an innovative strategy to develop more effective self-disinfecting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jamie Gaitor
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Megan Treichel
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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3
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Ziemba AM, Woodson MCC, Funnell JL, Wich D, Balouch B, Rende D, Amato DN, Bao J, Oprea I, Cao D, Bajalo N, Ereifej ES, Capadona JR, Palermo EF, Gilbert RJ. Development of a Slow-Degrading Polymerized Curcumin Coating for Intracortical Microelectrodes. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:806-818. [PMID: 36749645 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are used with brain-computer interfaces to restore lost limb function following nervous system injury. While promising, recording ability of intracortical microelectrodes diminishes over time due, in part, to neuroinflammation. As curcumin has demonstrated neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory activity, we fabricated a 300 nm-thick intracortical microelectrode coating consisting of a polyurethane copolymer of curcumin and polyethylene glycol (PEG), denoted as poly(curcumin-PEG1000 carbamate) (PCPC). The uniform PCPC coating reduced silicon wafer hardness by two orders of magnitude and readily absorbed water within minutes, demonstrating that the coating is soft and hydrophilic in nature. Using an in vitro release model, curcumin eluted from the PCPC coating into the supernatant over 1 week; the majority of the coating was intact after an 8-week incubation in buffer, demonstrating potential for longer term curcumin release and softness. Assessing the efficacy of PCPC within a rat intracortical microelectrode model in vivo, there were no significant differences in tissue inflammation, scarring, neuron viability, and myelin damage between the uncoated and PCPC-coated probes. As the first study to implant nonfunctional probes with a polymerized curcumin coating, we have demonstrated the biocompatibility of a PCPC coating and presented a starting point in the design of poly(pro-curcumin) polymers as coating materials for intracortical electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ziemba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton 01063, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mary Clare Crochiere Woodson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Jessica L Funnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Douglas Wich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Bailey Balouch
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Deniz Rende
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Dahlia N Amato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Ingrid Oprea
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Dominica Cao
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton 01063, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Neda Bajalo
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Evon S Ereifej
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,United States Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- United States Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
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4
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Chen R, Funnell JL, Quinones GB, Bentley M, Capadona JR, Gilbert RJ, Palermo EF. Poly(pro-curcumin) Materials Exhibit Dual Release Rates and Prolonged Antioxidant Activity as Thin Films and Self-Assembled Particles. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:294-307. [PMID: 36512693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural polyphenol that exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its clinical application is limited in part by its physiological instability. Here, we report the synthesis of curcumin-derived polyesters that release curcumin upon hydrolytic degradation to improve curcumin stability and solubility in physiological conditions. Curcumin was incorporated in the polymer backbone by a one-pot condensation polymerization in the presence of sebacoyl chloride and polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mn = 1 kDa). The thermal and mechanical properties, surface wettability, self-assembly behavior, and drug-release kinetics all depend sensitively on the mole percentage of curcumin incorporated in these statistical copolymers. Curcumin release was triggered by the hydrolysis of phenolic esters on the polymer backbone, which was confirmed using a PEGylated curcumin model compound, which represented a putative repeating unit within the polymer. The release rate of curcumin was controlled by the hydrophilicity of the polymers. Burst release (2 days) and extended release (>8 weeks) can be achieved from the same polymer depending on curcumin content in the copolymer. The materials can quench free radicals for at least 8 weeks and protect primary neurons from oxidative stress in vitro. Further, these copolymer materials could be processed into both thin films and self-assembled particles, depending on the solvent-based casting conditions. Finally, we envision that these materials may have potential for neural tissue engineering application, where antioxidant release can mitigate oxidative stress and the inflammatory response following neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Chen
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jessica L Funnell
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Geraldine B Quinones
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Albany Stratton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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5
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Sorci M, Fink TD, Sharma V, Singh S, Chen R, Arduini BL, Dovidenko K, Heldt CL, Palermo EF, Zha RH. Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:25135-25146. [PMID: 35613701 PMCID: PMC9185690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
N95 respirator face masks serve as effective physical barriers against airborne virus transmission, especially in a hospital setting. However, conventional filtration materials, such as nonwoven polypropylene fibers, have no inherent virucidal activity, and thus, the risk of surface contamination increases with wear time. The ability of face masks to protect against infection can be likely improved by incorporating components that deactivate viruses on contact. We present a facile method for covalently attaching antiviral quaternary ammonium polymers to the fiber surfaces of nonwoven polypropylene fabrics that are commonly used as filtration materials in N95 respirators via ultraviolet (UV)-initiated grafting of biocidal agents. Here, C12-quaternized benzophenone is simultaneously polymerized and grafted onto melt-blown or spunbond polypropylene fabric using 254 nm UV light. This grafting method generated ultrathin polymer coatings which imparted a permanent cationic charge without grossly changing fiber morphology or air resistance across the filter. For melt-blown polypropylene, which comprises the active filtration layer of N95 respirator masks, filtration efficiency was negatively impacted from 72.5 to 51.3% for uncoated and coated single-ply samples, respectively. Similarly, directly applying the antiviral polymer to full N95 masks decreased the filtration efficiency from 90.4 to 79.8%. This effect was due to the exposure of melt-blown polypropylene to organic solvents used in the coating process. However, N95-level filtration efficiency could be achieved by wearing coated spunbond polypropylene over an N95 mask or by fabricating N95 masks with coated spunbond as the exterior layer. Coated materials demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against several lipid-enveloped viruses, as well as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. For example, a 4.3-log reduction in infectious MHV-A59 virus and a 3.3-log reduction in infectious SuHV-1 virus after contact with coated filters were observed, although the level of viral deactivation varied significantly depending on the virus strain and protocol for assaying infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Sorci
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tanner D. Fink
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Vaishali Sharma
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Sneha Singh
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New
York 12180, United
States
| | - Brigitte L. Arduini
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Katharine Dovidenko
- Center
for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New
York 12180, United
States
| | - R. Helen Zha
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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6
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Gottipati MK, Ellman SAT, Puhl DL, Guan Z, Popovich PG, Palermo EF, Gilbert RJ. Acute Dose-Dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Poly(pro-17β-estradiol) in a Mouse Model of Spinal Contusion Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:959-965. [PMID: 33635633 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) confers neuroprotection in preclinical models of spinal cord injury when administered systemically. The goal of this study was to apply E2 locally to the injured spinal cord for a sustained duration using poly(pro-E2) film biomaterials. Following contusive spinal cord injury in adult male mice, poly(pro-E2) films were implanted subdurally and neuroprotection was assessed using immunohistochemistry 7 days after injury and implantation. In these studies, poly(pro-E2) films modestly improved neuroprotection without affecting the inflammatory response when compared to the injured controls. To increase the E2 dose released, bolus-releasing poly(pro-E2) films were fabricated by incorporating unbound E2 into the poly(pro-E2) films. However, compared to the injured controls, bolus-releasing poly(pro-E2) films did not significantly enhance neuroprotection or limit inflammation at either 7 or 21 days post-injury. Future work will focus on developing poly(pro-E2) biomaterials capable of more precisely releasing therapeutic doses of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Samuel A. T. Ellman
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Devan L. Puhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Zhen Guan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Phillip G. Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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7
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Abstract
We report the synthesis of guanidinium-functionalized cationic dendrons with pendant alkyl chains of varying lengths, which are classified as antibacterial cationic molecular umbrellas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Elliot Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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8
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Chen A, Karanastasis A, Casey KR, Necelis M, Carone BR, Caputo GA, Palermo EF. Cationic Molecular Umbrellas as Antibacterial Agents with Remarkable Cell-Type Selectivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:21270-21282. [PMID: 31917544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a combinatorial library of dendrons that display a cluster of cationic charges juxtaposed with a hydrophobic alkyl chain, using the so-called "molecular umbrella" design approach. Systematically tuning the generation number and alkyl chain length enabled a detailed study of the structure-activity relationships in terms of both hydrophobic content and number of cationic charges. These discrete, unimolecular compounds display rapid and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity comparable to the activity of antibacterial peptides. Micellization was examined by pyrene emission and dynamic light scattering, which revealed that monomeric, individually solvated dendrons are present in aqueous media. The antibacterial mechanism of action is putatively driven by the membrane-disrupting nature of these cationic surfactants, which we confirmed by enzymatic assays on E. coli cells. The hemolytic activity of these dendritic macromolecules is sensitively dependent on the dendron generation and the alkyl chain length. Via structural optimization of these two key design features, we identified a leading candidate with potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (4-8 μg/mL) combined with outstanding hemocompatibility (up to 5000 μg/mL). This selected compound is >1000-fold more active against bacteria as compared to red blood cells, which represents one of the highest selectivity index values ever reported for a membrane-disrupting antibacterial agent. Thus, the leading candidate from this initial library screen holds great potential for future applications as a nontoxic, degradable disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
| | - Apostolos Karanastasis
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
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9
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Palermo EF, Schanze KS. Preface: Forum on Advances in Biocidal Materials and Interfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:21147-21148. [PMID: 32403213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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10
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Hu Y, Florio F, Chen Z, Phelan WA, Siegler MA, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Hawks R, Jiang J, Feng J, Zhang L, Wang B, Wang Y, Gall D, Palermo EF, Lu Z, Sun X, Lu TM, Zhou H, Ren Y, Wertz E, Sundararaman R, Shi J. A chiral switchable photovoltaic ferroelectric 1D perovskite. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay4213. [PMID: 32158941 PMCID: PMC7048427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Spin and valley degrees of freedom in materials without inversion symmetry promise previously unknown device functionalities, such as spin-valleytronics. Control of material symmetry with electric fields (ferroelectricity), while breaking additional symmetries, including mirror symmetry, could yield phenomena where chirality, spin, valley, and crystal potential are strongly coupled. Here we report the synthesis of a halide perovskite semiconductor that is simultaneously photoferroelectricity switchable and chiral. Spectroscopic and structural analysis, and first-principles calculations, determine the material to be a previously unknown low-dimensional hybrid perovskite (R)-(-)-1-cyclohexylethylammonium/(S)-(+)-1 cyclohexylethylammonium) PbI3. Optical and electrical measurements characterize its semiconducting, ferroelectric, switchable pyroelectricity and switchable photoferroelectric properties. Temperature dependent structural, dielectric and transport measurements reveal a ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirms its chirality. The development of a material with such a combination of these properties will facilitate the exploration of phenomena such as electric field and chiral enantiomer-dependent Rashba-Dresselhaus splitting and circular photogalvanic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fred Florio
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - W. Adam Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yuwei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Ryan Hawks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Lifu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Baiwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Daniel Gall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zonghuan Lu
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Toh-Ming Lu
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Esther Wertz
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.W.); (R.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.W.); (R.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.W.); (R.S.); (J.S.)
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11
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D'Amato AR, Puhl DL, Ellman SAT, Balouch B, Gilbert RJ, Palermo EF. Vastly extended drug release from poly(pro-17β-estradiol) materials facilitates in vitro neurotrophism and neuroprotection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4830. [PMID: 31645570 PMCID: PMC6811552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries persist for years, and currently there are no therapeutics that can address the complex injury cascade that develops over this time-scale. 17β-estradiol (E2) has broad tropism within the CNS, targeting and inducing beneficial phenotypic changes in myriad cells following injury. To address the unmet need for vastly prolonged E2 release, we report first-generation poly(pro-E2) biomaterial scaffolds that release E2 at nanomolar concentrations over the course of 1-10 years via slow hydrolysis in vitro. As a result of their finely tuned properties, these scaffolds demonstrate the ability to promote and guide neurite extension ex vivo and protect neurons from oxidative stress in vitro. The design and testing of these materials reported herein demonstrate the first step towards next-generation implantable biomaterials with prolonged release and excellent regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R D'Amato
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Devan L Puhl
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Samuel A T Ellman
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Bailey Balouch
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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12
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Vijayamohanan H, Bhide P, Boyd D, Zhou Z, Palermo EF, Ullal CK. Effect of Chemical Microenvironment in Spirothiopyran Monolayer Direct-Write Photoresists. Langmuir 2019; 35:3871-3879. [PMID: 30807181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of the microenvironment on writing chemical patterns into spirothiopyran monolayers over large areas in a single step with light. Surfaces functionalized with photoresponsive spirothiopyran are fabricated by chemically modifying amine-terminated monolayers. The merocyanine isomer selectively participates in a thiol-Michael addition reaction with maleimide-functionalized molecules, rendering these surfaces ideal for fast, mask-less direct writing. The local microenvironment of spirothiopyran is found to strongly influence the kinetics of photoswitching. The quantum yield of ring opening is found to be 17 times faster for spirothiopyran surrounded by a locally charged environment rich in guanidinium diluent molecules as compared to a closed-packed monolayer without diluents. Hydrophilic environments are also found to improve the kinetics of ring closing. Optimization of the diluent concentration leads to dramatic improvements in both contrast and yield of direct writing. This enables the monolayer to be used for maskless two-color photopatterning in which spatial control over patterning is obtained by varying the relative intensity of incident UV and green light. These experiments demonstrate the capacity of spirothiopyran monolayers to serve as a versatile toolbox for rapid, large-area surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Vijayamohanan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Parth Bhide
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Dante Boyd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Chaitanya K Ullal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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13
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Palermo EF, Lienkamp K, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Antibacterial Activity of Polymers: Discussions on the Nature of Amphiphilic Balance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F. Palermo
- Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteMaterials Science and Engineering 110 8th St. Troy NY 12180 USA
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
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14
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Palermo EF, Lienkamp K, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Antibacterial Activity of Polymers: Discussions on the Nature of Amphiphilic Balance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3690-3693. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F. Palermo
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Materials Science and Engineering 110 8th St. Troy NY 12180 USA
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Department of Chemistry The University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Department of Chemistry The University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St. London Canada
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15
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Zhou Z, Ergene C, Lee JY, Shirley DJ, Carone BR, Caputo GA, Palermo EF. Sequence and Dispersity Are Determinants of Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity Exerted by Peptidomimetic Oligo(thiophene)s. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:1896-1906. [PMID: 30574776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of functionalized oligo(thiophene)s with precisely controlled chain length, regioregularity, sequence, and pendant moieties in the side chains was prepared by iterative convergent/divergent organometallic couplings. The cationic and facially amphiphilic structures were designed to mimic the salient physiochemical features of host defense peptides (HDPs) while concurrently exerting a photodynamic mechanism of antibacterial activity. In the dark, the oligothiophenes exert broad-spectrum and rapid bactericidal activity in the micromolar regime, which is the typical range of HDP activity. Under visible light, the antibacterial potency is enhanced by orders of magnitude, leading to potency in the nanomolar concentration range, whereas the toxicity to red blood cells (RBCs) is almost unaffected by the same visible light exposure. We attribute the potent and selective antibacterial activity to a dual mechanism of action that involves bacterial cell binding, combined with reactive oxygen species production in the bound state. Comonomer sequence and chain length dispersity play important roles in dictating the observed biological activities. The most promising candidate compound from a set of screening experiments showed antibacterial activity that is 3 orders of magnitude more potent against bacteria relative to toxicity against RBCs. Importantly, this compound did not induce resistance upon 21 subinhibitory passages, whereas the activity of ciprofloxacin was reduced 32× in the same condition. Cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in vitro is orders of magnitude weaker than antibacterial activity under visible light illumination. Thus, we have established a new class of HDP-mimetic antibacterial compounds with nanomolar activity and cell type selectivity of greater than 1300-fold. These and related compounds may be highly promising candidates in the urgent search for new topical photodynamic antibacterial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | - Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
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16
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Vijayamohanan H, Kenath GS, Palermo EF, Ullal CK. Super-resolution interference lithography enabled by non-equilibrium kinetics of photochromic monolayers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28841-28850. [PMID: 35529644 PMCID: PMC9071233 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly parallelized optical super-resolution lithography techniques are key for realizing bulk volume nanopatterning in materials. The majority of demonstrated STED-inspired lithography schemes are serial writing techniques. Here we use a recently developed model spirothiopyran monolayer photoresist to study the non-equilibrium kinetics of STED-inspired lithography systems to achieve large area interference lithography with super-resolved feature dimensions. The linewidth is predicted to increase with exposure time and the contrast is predicted to go through a maximum, resulting in a narrow window of optimum exposure. Experimental results are found to match with high quantitative accuracy. The low photoinhibition saturation threshold of the spirothiopyran renders it especially conducive for parallelized large area nanopatterning. Lines with 56 and 92 nm FWHM were obtained using serial and parallel patterning, respectively. Functionalization of surfaces with heterobifunctional PEGs enables diverse patterning of any desired chemical functionality on these monolayers. These results provide important insight prior to realizing a highly parallelized volume nanofabrication technique. The non-equilibrium kinetics of spirothiopyran monolayers are studied to enable large area interference lithography with feature dimensions that circumvent the diffraction barrier.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal S. Kenath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
| | - Chaitanya K. Ullal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
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17
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Abstract
We utilized a templated ring-opening metathesis (TROM) strategy to synthesize a series of precision macrocyclic olefins, each containing two, three or four repeating units of a cyclooctene with pendant carboxylic acid side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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19
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Ergene C, Palermo EF. Antimicrobial Synthetic Polymers: An Update on Structure-Activity Relationships. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:855-865. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180213140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rising incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections, combined with a declining number of new antibiotic
drug approvals, has generated an alarming therapeutic gap that critically undermines public health. Host
Defense Peptides (HDPs), sometimes referred to as “Nature’s Antibiotics”, are short chain, amphiphilic and cationic
peptide sequences found in all multicellular organisms as part of their innate immunity. While there is a vast
diversity in terms of HDP sequence and secondary structure, they all seem to share physiochemical characteristics
that can be appropriated for macromolecular design by the synthetic polymer chemist. Over the past decade,
remarkable progress has been made in the design and synthesis of polymer-based materials that effectively mimic
HDP action – broad-spectrum antibacterial potency, rapid bactericidal kinetics, and minimal toxicity to human
cells – while offering the additional benefits of low cost, high scalability, and lower propensity to induce resistance,
relative to their peptide-based counterparts. A broad range of different macromolecular structures and
architectures have been explored in this design space, including polynorbornenes, poly(meth)acrylates,
poly(meth)acrylamides, nylon-2 polymers, and polycarbonates, to name a just few. Across all of these diverse
chemical categories, the key determinants of antibacterial and hemolytic activity are the same as in HDPs: net
cationic charge at neutral pH, well-balanced facial amphiphilicity, and the molecular weight of the compounds. In
this review, we focus in particular on recent progress in the polymethacrylate category first pioneered by Kuroda
and DeGrado and later modified, expanded upon and rigorously optimized by Kuroda’s and many other groups.
Key findings and future challenges will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
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20
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Ergene C, Palermo EF. Self-immolative polymers with potent and selective antibacterial activity by hydrophilic side chain grafting. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7217-7229. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-immolative polymers, which exert potent antibacterial activity with low hemolytic toxicity to red blood cells, are triggered to unzip into small molecules by a chemical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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21
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, coupled with the decline in the number of new antibiotic drug approvals, has created a therapeutic gap that portends an emergent public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute for Science and Technology
- Ikoma
- Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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22
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Souther KD, Leone AK, Vitek AK, Palermo EF, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Trials and tribulations of designing multitasking catalysts for olefin/thiophene block copolymerizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D. Souther
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
| | - Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthaca New York14853‐1301
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthaca New York14853‐1301
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 930 North University AvenueAnn Arbor Michigan48109‐1055
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23
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Deng B, Palermo EF, Shi Y. Comparison of chain-growth polymerization in solution versus on surface using reactive coarse-grained simulations. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Self-immolative polymers (SIMPs) are macromolecules that spontaneously undergo depolymerization into small molecules when triggered by specific external stimuli. We report here the first examples of antimicrobial SIMPs with potent, rapid, and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Their antibacterial and hemolytic activities were examined as a function of cationic functionality. Polymers bearing primary ammonium cationic groups showed more potent bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli, relative to tertiary and quaternary ammonium counterparts, whereas the quaternary ammonium polymers showed the lowest hemolytic toxicity. These antibacterial polycations undergo end-to-end depolymerization when triggered by an externally applied stimulus. Specifically, poly(benzyl ether)s end-capped with a silyl ether group and bearing pendant allyl side chains were converted to polycations by photoinitiated thiol-ene radical addition using cysteamine HCl. The intact polycations are stable in solution, but they spontaneously unzip into their component monomers upon exposure to fluoride ions, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Upon triggered depolymerization, the antibacterial potency was largely retained but the hemolytic toxicity was substantially reduced. Thus, we reveal the first example of a self-immolative antibacterial polymer platform that will enable antibacterial materials to spontaneously unzip into biologically active small molecules upon the introduction of a specifically designed stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Takahashi H, Palermo EF, Yasuhara K, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Macromol. Biosci. 10/2013. Macromol Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201370036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara Japan
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Rowan University; Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Takahashi H, Palermo EF, Yasuhara K, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Molecular design, structures, and activity of antimicrobial peptide-mimetic polymers. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1285-99. [PMID: 23832766 PMCID: PMC4020117 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antibiotics which are effective against drug-resistant bacteria without contributing to resistance development. We have designed and developed antimicrobial copolymers with cationic amphiphilic structures based on the mimicry of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. These copolymers exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with no adverse hemolytic activity. Notably, these polymers also did not result in any measurable resistance development in E. coli. The peptide-mimetic design principle offers significant flexibility and diversity in the creation of new antimicrobial materials and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Palermo EF, Vemparala S, Kuroda K. Antimicrobial Polymers: Molecular Design as Synthetic Mimics of Host-Defense Peptides. ACS Symposium Series 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1135.ch019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Hu K, Schmidt NW, Zhu R, Jiang Y, Lai GH, Wei G, Palermo EF, Kuroda K, Wong GCL, Yang L. A critical evaluation of random copolymer mimesis of homogeneous antimicrobial peptides. Macromolecules 2013; 46:1908-1915. [PMID: 23750051 PMCID: PMC3671498 DOI: 10.1021/ma302577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) have recently demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity as natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from innate immunity. This is surprising, since polymeric SMAMPs are heterogeneous in terms of chemical structure (random sequence) and conformation (random coil), in contrast to defined amino acid sequence and intrinsic secondary structure. To understand this better, we compare AMPs with a 'minimal' mimic, a well characterized family of polydisperse cationic methacrylate-based random copolymer SMAMPs. Specifically, we focus on a comparison between the quantifiable membrane curvature generating capacity, charge density, and hydrophobicity of the polymeric SMAMPs and AMPs. Synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) results indicate that typical AMPs and these methacrylate SMAMPs generate similar amounts of membrane negative Gaussian curvature (NGC), which is topologically necessary for a variety of membrane-destabilizing processes. Moreover, the curvature generating ability of SMAMPs is more tolerant of changes in the lipid composition than that of natural AMPs with similar chemical groups, consistent with the lower specificity of SMAMPs. We find that, although the amount of NGC generated by these SMAMPs and AMPs are similar, the SMAMPs require significantly higher levels of hydrophobicity and cationic charge to achieve the same level of membrane deformation. We propose an explanation for these differences, which has implications for new synthetic strategies aimed at improved mimesis of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Nathan W. Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yunjiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ghee Hwee Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
| | - Gerard C. L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
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Palermo EF, McNeil AJ. Impact of Copolymer Sequence on Solid-State Properties for Random, Gradient and Block Copolymers containing Thiophene and Selenophene. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301135n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular
Science
and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United
States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular
Science
and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United
States
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Palermo EF, Vemparala S, Kuroda K. Cationic spacer arm design strategy for control of antimicrobial activity and conformation of amphiphilic methacrylate random copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1632-41. [PMID: 22475325 DOI: 10.1021/bm300342u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of amphiphilic random copolymers were modulated by the structure of the cationic side chain spacer arms, including 2-aminoethylene, 4-aminobutylene, and 6-aminohexylene groups. Cationic amphiphilic random copolymers with ethyl methacrylate (EMA) comonomer were prepared with a range of comonomer fractions, and the library of copolymers was screened for antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. Copolymers with 4-aminobutylene cationic side chains showed an order of magnitude enhancement in their antimicrobial activity relative to those with 2-aminoethylene spacer arms, without causing adverse hemolysis. When the spacer arms were further elongated to hexylene, the copolymers displayed potent antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The 4-aminobutylene side chain appears to be the optimal spacer arm length for maximal antimicrobial potency and minimal hemolysis, when combined with hydrophobic ethylmethacrylate in a roughly 70/30 ratio. The copolymers displayed relatively rapid bactericidal kinetics and broad-spectrum activity against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of the spacer arms on the polymer conformation in the membrane-bound state was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The polymer backbones adopt an extended chain conformation, parallel to the membrane surface. A facially amphiphilic conformation at the membrane surface was observed, with the primary ammonium groups localized at the lipid phoshophate region and the nonpolar side chains of EMA comonomers buried in the hydrophobic membrane environment. This study demonstrates that the antimicrobial activity and molecular conformation of amphiphilic methacrylate random copolymers can be modulated by adjustment of cationic side chain spacer arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Mizutani M, Palermo EF, Thoma LM, Satoh K, Kamigaito M, Kuroda K. Design and synthesis of self-degradable antibacterial polymers by simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical copolymerization. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1554-63. [PMID: 22497522 DOI: 10.1021/bm300254s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-degradable antimicrobial copolymers bearing cationic side chains and main-chain ester linkages were synthesized using the simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical polymerization of t-butyl acrylate and 3-butenyl 2-chloropropionate, followed by the transformation of t-butyl groups into primary ammonium salts. We prepared a series of copolymers with different structural features in terms of molecular weight, monomer composition, amine functionality, and side chain structures to examine the effect of polymer properties on their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The acrylate copolymers containing primary amine side chains displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against E. coli but were relatively hemolytic. The acrylate copolymer with quaternary ammonium groups and the acrylamide copolymers showed low or no antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. An acrylate copolymer with primary amine side chains degraded to lower molecular weight oligomers with lower antimicrobial activity in aqueous solution. This degradation was due to amidation of the ester groups of the polymer chains by the nucleophilic addition of primary amine groups in the side chains resulting in cleavage of the polymer main chain. The degradation mechanism was studied in detail by model reactions between amine compounds and precursor copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mizutani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Zimmerman LB, Worley BV, Palermo EF, Brender JR, Lee KD, Kuroda K, Ramamoorthy A, Meyerhoff ME. Absorbance-based assay for membrane disruption by antimicrobial peptides and synthetic copolymers using pyrroloquinoline quinone-loaded liposomes. Anal Biochem 2011; 411:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Avery CW, Palermo EF, McLaughlin A, Kuroda K, Chen Z. Investigations of the interactions between synthetic antimicrobial polymers and substrate-supported lipid bilayers using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1342-9. [PMID: 21229969 DOI: 10.1021/ac1025804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was used to analyze interactions between solid-supported lipid bilayers acting as models for cellular membranes and several membrane-active random copolymers with different lipophilic side chains, named 0R (no group), 33Me (methyl group), 11Bz (benzyl group), and 33Bu (butyl group), according to both the identity and percentage of the side chains within the polymer. Biological tests of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic concentration were performed. The inherent surface sensitivity of SFG allowed for independent monitoring of isotopically labeled lipid bilayer leaflets as a function of concentration to study polymer-bilayer interaction mechanisms. Concentrations at which each bilayer leaflet was disrupted were quantitatively determined for each copolymer. Spectroscopic evidence of interaction with the bilayer below the critical concentrations was observed for the 11Bz polymer. The lipophilic butyl side chain of the 33Bu polymer was found to be oriented parallel to the surface normal. This research shows that SFG is a useful analytical technique which provides unique details regarding the interaction mechanisms of these membrane-active copolymers and lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Avery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Palermo EF, Lee DK, Ramamoorthy A, Kuroda K. Role of cationic group structure in membrane binding and disruption by amphiphilic copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:366-75. [PMID: 21171655 DOI: 10.1021/jp1083357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cationic, amphiphilic polymers are currently being used as antimicrobial agents that disrupt biomembranes, although their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, membrane association and disruption by amphiphilic polymers bearing primary, tertiary, or quaternary ammonium salt groups reveal the role of cationic group structure in the polymer-membrane interaction. The dissociation constants of polymers to liposomes of POPC were obtained by a fluorometric assay, exploiting the environmental sensitivity of dansyl moieties in the polymer end groups. Dye leakage from liposomes and solid-state NMR provided further insights into the polymer-induced membrane disruption. Interestingly, the polymers with primary amine groups induced reorganization of the bilayer structure to align lipid headgroups perpendicular to the membrane. The results showed that polymers bearing primary amines exceed the tertiary and quaternary ammonium counterparts in membrane binding and disrupting abilities. This is likely due to enhanced complexation of primary amines to the phosphate groups in the lipids, through a combination of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Sovadinova I, Palermo EF, Huang R, Thoma LM, Kuroda K. Mechanism of polymer-induced hemolysis: nanosized pore formation and osmotic lysis. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:260-8. [PMID: 21166383 DOI: 10.1021/bm1011739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysis induced by antimicrobial polymers was examined to gain an understanding of the mechanism of polymer toxicity to human cells. A series of cationic amphiphilic methacrylate random copolymers containing primary ammonium groups as the cationic functionality and either butyl or methyl groups as hydrophobic side chains have been prepared by radical copolymerization. Polymers with 0-47 mol % methyl groups in the side chains, relative to the total number of monomeric units, showed antimicrobial activity but no hemolysis. The polymers with 65 mol % methyl groups or 27 mol % butyl groups displayed both antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. These polymers induced leakage of the fluorescent dye calcein trapped in human red blood cells (RBCs), exhibiting the same dose-response curves as for hemoglobin leakage. The percentage of disappeared RBCs after hemolysis increased in direct proportion to the hemolysis percentage, indicating complete release of hemoglobin from fractions of RBCs (all-or-none leakage) rather than partial release from all cells (graded leakage). An osmoprotection assay using poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) as osmolytes indicated that the PEGs with MW > 600 provided protection against hemolysis while low molecular weight PEGs and sucrose had no significant effect on the hemolytic activity of polymers. Accordingly, we propose the mechanism of polymer-induced hemolysis is that the polymers produce nanosized pores in the cell membranes of RBCs, causing an influx of small solutes into the cells and leading to colloid-osmotic lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Sovadinova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Palermo EF, Sovadinova I, Kuroda K. Structural determinants of antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility in membrane-disrupting methacrylamide random copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 10:3098-107. [PMID: 19803480 DOI: 10.1021/bm900784x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight random copolymers bearing protonated primary amine groups and hydrophobic alkyl groups in the side chains were synthesized and their activities against E. coli , S. aureus , human red blood cells, and human epithelial carcinoma cells (HEp-2) were quantified. The mole fraction of alkyl side chains in the copolymers (f(alkyl)) and the length of the alkyl chains were major determinants of the activities. Against E. coli cells, activity was diminished as f(alkyl) was increased from 0 to about 0.2, but was then enhanced dramatically as f(alkyl) was increased further. Activity against S. aureus was diminished continually with increasing f(alkyl). The cytotoxicity to human epithelial carcinoma cells also decreased with increasing f(alkyl). Conversely, hemolytic activity showed monotonic enhancement with increasing f(alkyl). The cationic homopolymer (f(alkyl) = 0) completely inhibited S. aureus growth at 3 microM (10.2 microg/mL) and completely inhibited metabolic activity in HEp-2 cells at 10 microM (34 microg/mL), although it did not induce any detectable hemolysis up to 645 microM (2000 microg/mL). Polymer-induced dye leakage from liposomes provided a biophysical basis for understanding the factors which modulate the polymer-membrane interactions. Disruption of Zwitterionic POPC vesicles induced by the copolymers was enhanced as f(alkyl) increased, following trends similar to the hemolytic activity data. The ability of the polymers to permeabilize vesicles of POPE/POPG and DOPG/Lysyl-DOPG/CL displayed trends similar to trends in their activities against E. coli and S. aureus , respectively. This was interpreted as evidence that the antimicrobial mechanism employed by the polymers involves disruption of bacterial cell membranes. An investigation of leakage kinetics revealed that the cationic homopolymer induced a gradual release of contents from POPE/POPG and DOPG/Lysyl-DOPG/CL vesicles, while the more hydrophobic copolymers induced rapid dye efflux. The results are interpreted as evidence that the cationic homopolymer and hydrophobic copolymers in this study exert their antimicrobial action by fundamentally different mechanisms of membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Lamboy JA, Arter JA, Knopp KA, Der D, Overstreet CM, Palermo EF, Urakami H, Yu TB, Tezgel O, Tew GN, Guan Z, Kuroda K, Weiss GA. Phage wrapping with cationic polymers eliminates nonspecific binding between M13 phage and high pI target proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16454-60. [PMID: 19856910 DOI: 10.1021/ja9050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
M13 phage have provided scaffolds for nanostructure synthesis based upon self-assembled inorganic and hard materials interacting with phage-displayed peptides. Additionally, phage display has been used to identify binders to plastic, TiO(2), and other surfaces. However, synthesis of phage-based materials through the hybridization of soft materials with the phage surface remains unexplored. Here, we present an efficient "phage wrapping" strategy for the facile synthesis of phage coated with soluble, cationic polymers. Polymers bearing high positive charge densities demonstrated the most effective phage wrapping, as shown by assays for blocking nonspecific binding of the anionic phage coat to a high pI target protein. The results establish the functional group requirements for hybridizing phage with soft materials and solve a major problem in phage display-nonspecific binding by the phage to high pI target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Lamboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Palermo EF, Kuroda K. Chemical structure of cationic groups in amphiphilic polymethacrylates modulates the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1416-28. [PMID: 19354291 DOI: 10.1021/bm900044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A library of amphiphilic random copolymers containing cationic and hydrophobic side chains were prepared by copolymerization of amine-functionalized methacrylate monomers with various ratios of an alkyl methacrylate. Primary or tertiary amine groups, or quaternary ammonium groups, were utilized as the source of cationic charge in each copolymer series. The antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of these copolymers are reported, enabling a systematic assessment of the effect different amine groups exert on the biological activity of the polymers. It was shown that the copolymer composition of amphiphilic copolymers containing primary or tertiary amine groups can be tuned to achieve potent antimicrobial activity while minimizing red blood cell lysis. On the other hand, the copolymers containing quaternary ammonium groups required a greater amount of hydrophobic comonomer to express activity and showed generally lower selectivity for E. coli versus human red blood cells. Potentiometric titration data revealed the fraction of the primary or tertiary amine groups in the polymers, which are deprotonated (basic) at physiological pH. Measurements of the bactericidal and hemolytic activities in buffers of pH varying from 6 to 8 showed the impact of polymer ionization on biological activity. A decrease in the fraction of amine groups that are cationic, from alpha = 1.0 to 0.7, caused an enhancement of antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. As this value was decreased further to alpha = 0.5, loss of activity was observed. The activities of polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups were shown to be pH-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Biological and Materials Sciences, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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