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McMunn LE, Walsh EM, Ben RN. Targeted development and optimization of small-molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) for the cryopreservation of biological systems. Cryo Letters 2024; 45:69-87. [PMID: 38557986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the routine use of cryopreservation for the storage of biological materials, its outcomes are often sub-optimal (including reduced post-thaw viability, recovery, and functionality) due to the damage caused by uncontrolled ice growth. Traditional cryoprotective agents (CPAs), including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), fail to prevent damage caused by ice growth and concerns over CPA cytotoxicity have fostered an increased interest in developing improved CPAs and cryoprotection strategies. The inhibition of ice recrystallization by natural antifreeze (glyco)proteins [AF(G)Ps] to improve cryopreservation outcomes has been examined; however, the ice binding properties of these substances and their challenging large-scale production make them poor CPA candidates. Therefore, the development and deployment of biocompatible, small-molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) for use as CPAs is a worthwhile objective. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies on AF(G)Ps revealed that simple carbohydrate derivatives could inhibit ice recrystallization. It was later discovered that this activity could be fine-tuned by delicately balancing the molecule's hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Current generation small-molecule IRIs have been meticulously designed to avoid binding to the surface of ice and subsequent biological testing (for both cytotoxicity and cryopreservation efficacy) has demonstrated significant improvements to the cryopreservation outcomes of several cell types. However, an individualized cell-specific approach for the simultaneous assessment of multiple cryopreservation outcomes is necessary to realize the full potential of IRIs as CPAs. This article provides a detailed overview of the development of small-molecule carbohydrate-based IRIs and highlights the crucial cell-specific biological considerations that must be taken into account when assessing cryopreservation outcomes. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr24210110112.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E McMunn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Ziogos E, Chelko SP, Harb T, Engel M, Vavuranakis MA, Landim-Vieira M, Walsh EM, Williams MS, Lai S, Halushka MK, Gerstenblith G, Leucker TM. Platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome: the impact of PCSK9 inhibition. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2023; 9:636-646. [PMID: 37468450 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction contribute to adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The goals of this study were to assess the impact of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition on markers of platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction in ACS patients and the interaction among PCSK9, platelets, and endothelial cells (ECs) on left internal mammary artery (LIMA) vascular endothelium using specimens obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). METHODS AND RESULTS Acute coronary syndromes patients enrolled in the Evolocumab in ACS trials were randomized to placebo or a single dose of 420 mg evolocumab within 24 h of hospitalization. Serum samples for analysis of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and P-selectin, markers of platelet activation, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial dysfunction, were obtained at baseline and 30 days. Additionally, LIMA segments obtained during CABG from patients who were and were not receiving evolocumab were immunostained with PCSK9; CD61, a platelet-specific marker; and CD31, an endothelial cell-specific marker. Forty-six participants were randomized to placebo or to evolocumab. Controlling for baseline levels, PF4 and vWF were significantly lower in the evolocumab, than in the placebo, group at 30 days. Immunostaining of LIMA specimens from twelve participants undergoing CABG revealed colocalization of PCSK9, CD61, and CD31 at the vascular endothelium. Administration of evolocumab was associated with decreased overlap of PCSK9, CD61, and CD31. CONCLUSIONS Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 inhibition decreases markers of platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction in ACS patients. PCSK9 is associated with platelets and vascular ECs in LIMA segments and PCSK9 inhibition decreases that interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Ziogos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Stephen P Chelko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tarek Harb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Morgan Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Vavuranakis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maicon Landim-Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Elise M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marlene S Williams
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Walsh EM, Halushka MK. A Comparison of Tissue Dissection Techniques for Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theragnostic Analysis of Human Disease. Pathobiology 2022; 90:199-208. [PMID: 35952628 PMCID: PMC9918608 DOI: 10.1159/000525979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathology has historically been the critical technique for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. Today, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics from specific cells, rather than bulk tissue, have become key to understanding underlying disease mechanisms and rendering useful diagnostic information. Extraction of desired analytes, i.e., nucleic acids or proteins, from easily accessible formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues allows for clinically relevant activities, such as sequencing biomarker mutations or typing amyloidogenic proteins. Genetic profiling has become routine for cancers as varied as non-small cell lung cancer and prostatic carcinoma. The five main tissue dissection techniques that have been developed thus far include: bulk scraping, manual macrodissection, manual microdissection, laser-capture microdissection, and expression microdissection. In this review, we discuss the importance of tissue dissection in clinical practice and research, the basic methods, applications, as well as some advantages and disadvantages for each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Walsh
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc K. Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fomchenko KM, Walsh EM, Yang X, Verma RX, Lin BL, Nieuwenhuis TO, Patil AH, Fox-Talbot K, McCall MN, Kass DA, Rosenberg AZ, Halushka MK. Spatial Proteomic Approach to Characterize Skeletal Muscle Myofibers. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:888-894. [PMID: 33251806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myofibers have differential protein expression resulting in functionally distinct slow- and fast-twitch types. While certain protein classes are well-characterized, the depth of all proteins involved in this process is unknown. We utilized the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the HPASubC tool to classify mosaic expression patterns of staining across 49,600 unique tissue microarray (TMA) images using a visual proteomic approach. We identified 2164 proteins with potential mosaic expression, of which 1605 were categorized as "likely" or "real." This list included both well-known fiber-type-specific and novel proteins. A comparison of the 1605 mosaic proteins with a mass spectrometry (MS)-derived proteomic dataset of single human muscle fibers led to the assignment of 111 proteins to fiber types. We additionally used a multiplexed immunohistochemistry approach, a multiplexed RNA-ISH approach, and STRING v11 to further assign or suggest fiber types of newly characterized mosaic proteins. This visual proteomic analysis of mature skeletal muscle myofibers greatly expands the known repertoire of twitch-type-specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Fomchenko
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Elise M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Rohan X Verma
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Brian L Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Tim O Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Arun H Patil
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Karen Fox-Talbot
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Matthew N McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg. Rm 632B, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Kumar R, Bhat TA, Walsh EM, Chaudhary AK, O'Malley J, Rhim JS, Wang J, Morrison CD, Attwood K, Bshara W, Mohler JL, Yadav N, Chandra D. Cytochrome c Deficiency Confers Apoptosome and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in African-American Men with Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1353-1368. [PMID: 30765600 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although African-American (AA) patients with prostate cancer tend to develop greater therapeutic resistance and faster prostate cancer recurrence compared with Caucasian-American (CA) men, the molecular mechanisms of this racial prostate cancer disparity remain undefined. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive evidence that cytochrome c deficiency in AA primary tumors and cancer cells abrogates apoptosome-mediated caspase activation and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby promoting therapeutic resistance and prostate cancer aggressiveness in AA men. In AA prostate cancer cells, decreased nuclear accumulation of nuclear respiration factor 1 (Nrf1) and its subsequent loss of binding to the cytochrome c promoter mediated cytochrome c deficiency. The activation of cellular Myc (c-Myc) and NF-κB or inhibition of AKT prevented nuclear translocation of Nrf1. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB or activation of AKT promoted Nrf1 binding to cytochrome c promoter, cytochrome c expression, caspase activation, and cell death. The lack of p-Drp1S616 in AA prostate cancer cells contributed to defective cytochrome c release and increased resistance to apoptosis, indicating that restoration of cytochrome c alone may be insufficient to induce effective apoptosis. Cytochrome c deficiency promoted the acquisition of glycolytic phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas cytochrome c restoration via inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB or activation of AKT attenuated glycolysis in AA prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB enhanced the efficacy of docetaxel in tumor xenografts. Therefore, restoring cytochrome c may overcome therapeutic resistance and prostate cancer aggressiveness in AA men. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive experimental, mechanistic, and clinical evidence for apoptosome and mitochondrial dysfunction in prostate cancer racial disparity. SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanistic insights on prostate cancer health disparity among American men provide novel approaches to restore mitochondrial function, which can address therapeutic resistance and aggressiveness in African-American men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elise M Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jordan O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carl D Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Pathology Resource Network, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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Walsh EM, O'Kane GM, Cadoo KA, Graham DM, Korpanty GJ, Power DG, Carney DN. Is chemotherapy always required for cancer in pregnancy? An observational study. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:875-881. [PMID: 28477329 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer in pregnancy is relatively rare, but the incidence is increasing. Several studies show that cytotoxic agents are safe to use in pregnancy from the second trimester onwards. AIMS This study assesses the maternal and foetal outcomes of cancers diagnosed during pregnancy. In particular, it focuses on a subset of women who elected to defer systemic chemotherapy until after delivery. This study examines if all cancers need to be treated during pregnancy or if, in certain cases, treatment can be safely deferred until after full-term delivery. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy in an Irish cancer centre over a 27-year period. All women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy who were referred to the medical oncology department for consideration of chemotherapy were included in this study. Medical and pharmacy records were extensively reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-five women were diagnosed with cancer in pregnancy and referred to medical oncology for consideration of systemic chemotherapy. Sixteen women (64%) commenced chemotherapy during pregnancy, seven women (28%) did not receive chemotherapy while pregnant, but commenced treatment immediately after delivery, and two (8%) did not receive any systemic chemotherapy at all. Of the seven women who commenced chemotherapy after delivery, six (85.7%) were diagnosed before 30/40 gestation. There were three cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma, two breast cancers and one ovarian cancer. After a median follow-up of 12 years, all six mothers remain disease-free. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a select cohort of patients that did not receive chemotherapy during pregnancy. There were no adverse outcomes to mothers due to delayed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - G M O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K A Cadoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Breast Cancer Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Graham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - G J Korpanty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D G Power
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital and Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - D N Carney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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O'Kane GM, Cadoo KA, Walsh EM, Emerson R, Dervan P, O'Keane C, Hurson B, O'Toole G, Dudeney S, Kavanagh E, Eustace S, Carney DN. Perioperative chemotherapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma: a 26-year single institution review. Clin Sarcoma Res 2015; 5:17. [PMID: 26175892 PMCID: PMC4501053 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-015-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy in the multimodality treatment of osteosarcoma has improved survival. Reported outcomes on adult patients are limited. Poor necrosis rates post neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is considered an adverse prognostic factor and attempts have been made to improve survival in this group. Patients and methods Adult and young adult patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma between January 1986 and August 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients identified were stratified according to stage (localised or metastatic) and age (≤40 and >40 years). Event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes were determined. In patients with localised disease ≤40 years, survival was assessed according to necrosis rates post NAC (<90 and ≥90%). NAC consisted of two cycles of methotrexate alternating with doxorubicin/cisplatin (MAP) followed by definitive surgery. Those with ≥90% tumour necrosis continued on MAP. Patients with <90% necrosis received ifosfamide and etoposide (IE) post operatively. Results A total of 108 patients were reviewed and 97 were included. Median age was 23 years (range 16–75) and 70% of patients were male. Five year EFS and OS across all groups was 57% and 63% respectively. Of the patients with localised disease (N = 81), 5-year overall survival (OS), with a median follow up of 7 years (2–26) was 70% (p < 0.0001). Patients aged 16–40 (N = 68) with localised osteosarcoma had a significantly improved 5-year OS (74%) compared to those >40 years (N = 13) (42%) (p = 0.004). Of the 68 patients with localised osteosarcoma ≤40 years, 62 were evaluated according to necrosis rates post MAP. In 33 patients who achieved ≥90% necrosis and continued MAP, 5-year OS was 82%. In 29 patients who had <90% tumour necrosis and received adjuvant IE, 5-year OS was 68% (p = 0.15). Multivariate analysis confirmed age and stage as prognostic factors but not poor necrosis rates in our treated population. Conclusions Long-term survival outcomes in a predominantly adult Irish population are similar to large reported trials. Age and stage at diagnosis are prognostic. Postoperative ifosfamide/etoposide alone in patients with poor necrosis rates is a feasible regimen, but its role in the adjuvant setting remains uncertain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13569-015-0032-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - K A Cadoo
- Gynaecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - R Emerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - P Dervan
- Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - C O'Keane
- Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - B Hurson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - G O'Toole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - S Dudeney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - E Kavanagh
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - S Eustace
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D N Carney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Walsh EM, Farrell MP, Nolan C, Gallagher F, Clarke R, McCaffrey JA, Kennedy MJ, Barry M, Kell MR, Gallagher DJ. Breast cancer detection among Irish BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutation carriers: a population-based study. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:189-94. [PMID: 25673166 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk breast cancer screening for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with clinical breast exam, mammography and MRI has reported sensitivity of 100 %, but BRCA1/2 mutation carriers still present with interval cancers. AIMS We investigated the presentation and screening patterns of an Irish cohort of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer were identified in this retrospective cohort study. Records were reviewed for BRCA1/2 mutation status, demographics, screening regimen, screening modality, stage and histology at diagnosis. RESULTS Fifty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed between 1968 and 2010 among 60 Irish hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. In 50 of 53 women, the diagnosis of breast cancer predated the identification of BRCA1/2 mutations. Breast cancer detection method was identified in 47 % of patients (n = 25): 80 % (n = 20) by clinical breast exam (CBE), 12 % by mammography (n = 3), 8 % by MRI (n = 2). Fourteen women (26 %) developed a second breast cancer. Ten of these patients (71 %) were involved in regular screening; 50 % were detected by screening mammography, 20 % by MRI and 30 % by CBE alone. Six patients (43 %) had a change in morphology from first to second breast cancers. There was no change in hormone receptor status between first and second breast cancers. CONCLUSION In this cohort of Irish BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, compliance with screening was inconsistent. There was a 30 % incidence of interval cancers occurring in women in high-risk screening. Preventive surgery may be a more effective risk reduction strategy for certain high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - M P Farrell
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - C Nolan
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - F Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - R Clarke
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - J A McCaffrey
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M J Kennedy
- Medical Oncology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M Barry
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M R Kell
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D J Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Wu J, Liang S, Bergholz J, He H, Walsh EM, Zhang Y, Xiao ZX. ΔNp63α activates CD82 metastasis suppressor to inhibit cancer cell invasion. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1280. [PMID: 24901051 PMCID: PMC4611714 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
P63 is a p53 family member involved in multiple facets of biology, including embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, senescence and aging. The p63 gene encodes multiple protein isoforms either with (TAp63) or without (ΔNp63) the N-terminal transactivation domain. Amounting evidence suggests that p63 can function as a tumor suppressor, yet the precise molecular mechanisms, and particularly the specific roles of TAp63 and ΔNp63 in cancer progression, are still largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that ΔNp63α, the predominant isoform expressed in epithelial cells and squamous cell carcinomas, inhibits cell invasion. Affymetrix gene expression profiling, combined with gain- and loss-of-function analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation, indicated that cluster of differentiation 82 (CD82), a documented metastasis suppressor, is a direct transcriptional target of ΔNp63α. Expression of ΔNp63α inhibited outgrowth in Matrigel and cancer cell invasion, which was largely reversed by specific ablation of CD82. Conversely, ΔNp63α knockdown led to increased cell invasion, which was reversed by ectopic expression of CD82. Moreover, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) by either pharmacological inhibitors or by RNA interference resulted in the downregulation of ΔNp63α and CD82 expression, concomitant with increased cell invasion, independently of β-catenin. Furthermore, decreased expression of p63 and CD82 is correlated with cancer progression. Taken together, this study reveals that ΔNp63α upregulates CD82 to inhibit cell invasion, and suggests that GSK3β can regulate cell invasion by modulating the ΔNp63α–CD82 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - S Liang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - J Bergholz
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - H He
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - E M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - Z-X Xiao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610014, China
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Walsh EM. Methods of post-thoracotomy analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:184-5; author reply 185. [PMID: 12173230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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McGowan BG, Walsh EM. Policy challenges for child welfare in the new century. Child Welfare 2000; 79:11-27. [PMID: 10659389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent changes in public policy reflect increased efforts to scapegoat poor women and children and to polarize the objectives of child protection and family preservation. This article challenges various stakeholders in the child welfare field to move beyond the quick-fix solutions and bureaucratic overregulation precipitated by horror stories of child abuse in the media. The new century presents an opportunity to pursue differential intervention strategies that protect children while empowering poor families and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G McGowan
- Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- The Pain Clinic, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Cox KL, Cheung AT, Walsh EM. Intravital microscopy: a new in vivo technique for visualizing and quantifying effects of regulatory peptides on choledochoduodenal junction motility. Regul Pept 1989; 24:1-14. [PMID: 2740528 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using intravital microscopy, we studied the in vivo effects of regulatory peptides on choledochoduodenal junction motility in guinea pigs. During basal and hormone-stimulated periods, intravital microscopy documented rhythmic, asymmetrical, "milking" contractions of the sphincter ductus choledochi (SDC) which occurred independent of sphincter ampullae (SA) contractions or were followed by SA contractions. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (greater than or equal to 0.01 micrograms/kg) increased the frequency of SDC contractions and at higher doses (greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/kg) increased the frequency of SA contractions. Pentagastrin (greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/kg) and secretin (10 micrograms/kg) decreased the contraction frequencies of both sphincters. Biliary manometry demonstrated similar effects of these peptides on the frequency of the SDC and SA contractions, but also showed that CCK-8 (0.1 microgram/kg) increased the amplitude of SDC and SA contractions while pentagastrin (1 microgram/kg) decreased the amplitude of only SDC contractions. Tetrodotoxin and atropine did not affect hormone-induced changes in frequency, but tetrodotoxin reduced the increase in amplitude of contraction caused by CCK-8. We concluded that intravital microscopy provides a sensitive, in vivo technique to visualize and quantify the complex motility of a small structure like the choledochoduodenal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Cox
- California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616
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Dunnett IA, Goodman NW, Hall CR, Lahiri SK, McOmie H, Madden AP, Mulvein JT, Powell JN, Walsh EM. Anaesthesia, teeth, and litigation. Lancet 1987; 2:1400. [PMID: 2890983 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Intravital microscopy, a new in vivo technique, documented age-dependent changes in choledochoduodenal junction motility in male guinea pigs. In the guinea pig, the choledochoduodenal junction served as a pump that actively emptied its luminal contents into the duodenum. In the neonates (less than or equal to 1 wk old), this choledochoduodenal junction pump was not fully developed. Unlike the older guinea pigs, some neonates had an incompetent sphincter ductus choledochi (SDC) allowing retrograde flow of bile during ampullary contractions. While fasting, neonates had decreased frequency of SDC (1.2 +/- 0.4 contractions/min) and ampullary (0.1 +/- 0.1 contractions/min) contractions as compared to juveniles (4-6 wk old) (SDC = 6.4 +/- 1.0; ampulla = 1.2 +/- 0.2 contractions/min) and adults (greater than 1 yr old) (SDC = 6.7 +/- 1.6; 0.8 +/- 0.2 contractions/min). Following a meal (Ensure), unlike older guinea pigs, the neonate did not have a significant increased duration and decreased frequency of SDC contractions. Altered neonatal SDC motility correlated with an incompletely developed SDC including decreased muscle mass and mucosal thickness. By 4 wk of age, choledochoduodenal junction motility was similar to that of the adult. These developmental alterations in junctional motility and structure may affect the flow of bile into the duodenum contributing to physiologic cholestasis and decreased intraduodenal bile acids seen in neonates.
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Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, Ayin S. The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis. Biol Reprod 1986; 35:1168-74. [PMID: 3828432 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod35.5.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from 28 mares was measured for migration responsiveness by use of a chamber (filter) assay. Uterine infection was induced with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares considered resistant to chronic uterine infection (Grade I). In sequential analysis of uterine flushings obtained from these mares 5, 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after infection was induced, PMNs showed an initial rise at 12 h (from 5), then a general decline in migration response and in concentration of cells per ml from 12 through 25 h post-inoculation. In contrast, PMNs obtained from the uterine flushings from mares considered susceptible to chronic uterine infection (Grade III) demonstrated premature migration dysfunction 12 h after infection. Subsequent increases in functional competence of the PMNs were demonstrated at 15 and again at 25 h after induced infection. The concentration of uterine PMNs per ml from mares considered susceptible to chronic endometritis remained elevated from 12 through 25 h after inoculation, which suggests a possible continued recruitment of new PMNs from the peripheral circulation. The results of this study suggest that uterine-derived PMNs obtained from mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection have a compromised ability to migrate. This dysfunction may play an important role in rendering the endometrium (uterus) susceptible to chronic endometritis.
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Cheung AT, Liu IK, Walsh EM, Miller ME. Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:1938-40. [PMID: 3901839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from mares considered resistant (grade I uteri) and susceptible (grade III uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. Peripheral blood PMN from noncategorized mares and from grade I and grade III mares were used as controls. Uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade I uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans, whereas uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri had significantly less phagocytic and killing capacities (P greater than or equal to 0.0001). Results of the present study, together with data obtained from chemotactic responsiveness and deformability assays of a previous study, indicated an overall deficiency in the host defense mechanism of uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri obtained 12 hours after induced Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection. This deficiency may account for the susceptibility of mares with grade III uteri to chronic endometritis.
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Liu IK, Cheung AT, Walsh EM, Miller ME, Lindenberg PM. Comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:917-20. [PMID: 4014841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis. Peripheral blood PMN obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 x 10(9) Streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours after inoculation. Uterine PMN obtained 12 hours after uterine inoculation with S zooepidemicus from resistant mares were not as deformable as peripheral blood PMN, but were within normal functional limits. The chemotactic responsiveness of uterine PMN from these mares was normal. Uterine PMN obtained from mares considered susceptible to endometritis 12 hours after uterine infection did not have chemotactic responsiveness and were nondeformable. The results indicated profound differences in the functional competence of uterine PMN between mares considered resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis.
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Abstract
The time spent in REM, quiet, and indeterminate sleep was computed in 13 aborted SIDS infants and compared to that spent in the same sleep states, in 19 normal infants. Aborted sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants were studied within a week of their aborted SIDS episode and subsequently at monthly intervals through the age of 4 months. Normal infants were studied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Sleep staging was performed by two independent observers using electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram and behavioral criteria. Although there was an increase in the percentage of time spent in quiet sleep with age in both normal and aborted SIDS infants, the significantly greater regression coefficients in normal infants (6.3 versus 2.9; P less than 0.01) indicate that there are differences in the two groups and suggest a maturational abnormality or delay in sleep state distribution in the aborted SIDS infants.
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Sear JW, Prys-Roberts C, Gray AJ, Walsh EM, Curnow JS, Dye J. Infusions of minaxolone to supplement nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. A comparison with althesin. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53:339-50. [PMID: 7225267 DOI: 10.1093/bja/53.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 19 patients, minaxolone citrate, a water-soluble steroid anaesthetic agent, has been used as a continuous infusion to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The minimum infusion rate (MIR) was found to be 11.3 micrograms kg-1 min-1 for patients premedicated with morphine 10 mg i.m. and breathing spontaneously 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects were similar to those described in a previous study for Althesin administered under comparable conditions. Recovery from minaxolone was prolonged compared with Althesin, and this may be related both to the water-solubility of the drug, and to its greater apparent volume of distribution.
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Payne IR, Walsh EM, Whittenburg EJ. Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27:565-71. [PMID: 4830078 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/27.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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